Therapists in Camarillo, CA

Photo of Jannet Grau, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Jannet Grau
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
Not accepting new clients
Do you want to save your relationship or marriage or do you have issues with self esteem? I love working with couples or adult individuals. I offer traditional talk therapy or for those who are looking to overcome past painful events or trauma I use a technique called EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Couples I typically see would like to regain their connection to their partner. For this, I use EFT (Emotionally Focused Therapy). Both techniques are highly researched and have shown evidence of client improvement. Please feel free to ask me more about my approaches to see if they would be a good fit for you!
Do you want to save your relationship or marriage or do you have issues with self esteem? I love working with couples or adult individuals. I offer traditional talk therapy or for those who are looking to overcome past painful events or trauma I use a technique called EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Couples I typically see would like to regain their connection to their partner. For this, I use EFT (Emotionally Focused Therapy). Both techniques are highly researched and have shown evidence of client improvement. Please feel free to ask me more about my approaches to see if they would be a good fit for you!
(805) 232-7908 View (805) 232-7908
Photo of Marie Therese Norton, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Marie Therese Norton
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
Waitlist for new clients
My specialty is helping clients to find their meaning, goals and direction to live an effective life. I can provide tools and direction, but am more of a facilitator than a director, as the client knows best what they are seeking.
My specialty is helping clients to find their meaning, goals and direction to live an effective life. I can provide tools and direction, but am more of a facilitator than a director, as the client knows best what they are seeking.
(805) 419-2258 View (805) 419-2258
Photo of Alexis Forrey, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Alexis Forrey
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
Society and social media tell us that we should look, feel, learn, and act a certain way to “fit in.” More often than not, you don’t fit the typical mold and maybe feel like an outsider; other, different, even less than. If you feel anxious, depressed, lonely, have a difficult relationship with food and/or struggle with body image, you’re not alone. I am here to offer you support, acceptance, non-judgment, balance, and effective tools to help you live life with more fulfillment and less conflict. I see adolescents and adults living with various mental health challenges and life transitions.
Society and social media tell us that we should look, feel, learn, and act a certain way to “fit in.” More often than not, you don’t fit the typical mold and maybe feel like an outsider; other, different, even less than. If you feel anxious, depressed, lonely, have a difficult relationship with food and/or struggle with body image, you’re not alone. I am here to offer you support, acceptance, non-judgment, balance, and effective tools to help you live life with more fulfillment and less conflict. I see adolescents and adults living with various mental health challenges and life transitions.
(818) 319-4855 View (818) 319-4855
Photo of Leesha Brunson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Camarillo, CA
Leesha Brunson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
My name is Leesha Brunson, I’m an associate Marriage and Family Therapist in California, specializing in trauma and anxiety. I am a formally trained EMDR therapist with extensive experience working with persons struggling with suicidality, addiction, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and mood disorders.
My name is Leesha Brunson, I’m an associate Marriage and Family Therapist in California, specializing in trauma and anxiety. I am a formally trained EMDR therapist with extensive experience working with persons struggling with suicidality, addiction, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and mood disorders.
(805) 515-3794 View (805) 515-3794
Photo of Leslie E. Miranda, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Leslie E. Miranda
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Camarillo, CA 93010
Each person has unique strengths, powerful potential, and an innate ability to heal and thrive. Yet at times worry, sadness, or traumatic past experiences can move us off track. No matter the challenges you face, there tools to help you increase resilience, discover your strengths, get back on track, and connect to your success.
Each person has unique strengths, powerful potential, and an innate ability to heal and thrive. Yet at times worry, sadness, or traumatic past experiences can move us off track. No matter the challenges you face, there tools to help you increase resilience, discover your strengths, get back on track, and connect to your success.
(805) 856-6556 View (805) 856-6556
Photo of Tina Paxton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Tina Paxton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Camarillo, CA 93010
My name is Tina Paxton. I am a licensed clinical social worker. I have been providing therapy for the last 12 years in the State of California. I provide Problem-Solving Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal therapy, and Dialectic Behavioral Therapy. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, divorce/separation, child custody/co-parenting, life transitions, peri-natal/post-partum depression, new parents, parenting issues, ADHD, and work issues.
My name is Tina Paxton. I am a licensed clinical social worker. I have been providing therapy for the last 12 years in the State of California. I provide Problem-Solving Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal therapy, and Dialectic Behavioral Therapy. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, divorce/separation, child custody/co-parenting, life transitions, peri-natal/post-partum depression, new parents, parenting issues, ADHD, and work issues.
(805) 973-0299 View (805) 973-0299
Photo of Jennifer Stocker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Jennifer Stocker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Camarillo, CA 93010
I am a bilingual (Spanish/English) licensed marriage and family therapist with extensive experience working with individuals struggling with trauma, anxiety, depression, and PTSD. I firmly believe humans possess an inherent resilience and strength to overcome life’s many challenges. Recognizing that therapy isn't one-size-fits-all, I tailor my approach, employing a blend of methods customized to your unique needs. My treatment modalities include, but are not limited to, psychodynamic therapy, structural family therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
I am a bilingual (Spanish/English) licensed marriage and family therapist with extensive experience working with individuals struggling with trauma, anxiety, depression, and PTSD. I firmly believe humans possess an inherent resilience and strength to overcome life’s many challenges. Recognizing that therapy isn't one-size-fits-all, I tailor my approach, employing a blend of methods customized to your unique needs. My treatment modalities include, but are not limited to, psychodynamic therapy, structural family therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
(805) 600-2524 View (805) 600-2524
Photo of Camille Black, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Camille Black
Marriage & Family Therapist, DBA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am dedicated to empowering you by first and foremost showing you unconditional support. Once this relationship of trust is formed, we can work toward healing old wounds and discovering your inherent self-worth. I enjoy working with adults throughout the life cycle and I have a passion for working with couples. My goal is to help you identify and remove obstacles so you can successfully move through life’s many transitions. Therapy can be difficult at times as we will explore the issues that are preventing you from living life to its full potential.
Welcome! I am dedicated to empowering you by first and foremost showing you unconditional support. Once this relationship of trust is formed, we can work toward healing old wounds and discovering your inherent self-worth. I enjoy working with adults throughout the life cycle and I have a passion for working with couples. My goal is to help you identify and remove obstacles so you can successfully move through life’s many transitions. Therapy can be difficult at times as we will explore the issues that are preventing you from living life to its full potential.
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Photo of Yolande Brizendine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Yolande Brizendine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
As a counselor, I work with clients to restore trust, joy, purpose and meaningful connections in life. If you have been through a trauma or loss, if you are overcoming abuse & victimization, job loss, or divorce, if you are feeling disappointment with the direction your life has taken, or if you feel you are simply "going through the motions" ... I will come alongside you to provide a safe and gentle environment for healing. You may be surprised by how much healing and joy is possible. Take your first step today!
As a counselor, I work with clients to restore trust, joy, purpose and meaningful connections in life. If you have been through a trauma or loss, if you are overcoming abuse & victimization, job loss, or divorce, if you are feeling disappointment with the direction your life has taken, or if you feel you are simply "going through the motions" ... I will come alongside you to provide a safe and gentle environment for healing. You may be surprised by how much healing and joy is possible. Take your first step today!
(818) 575-6136 View (818) 575-6136
Photo of Blair Guerrero, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Camarillo, CA
Blair Guerrero
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Camarillo, CA 93010
You need a safe space for venting, compassion and challenge. You want therapy fueled by your values, catered to your unique needs and rooted in social justice. In a world that asks you to mask and hide yourself, you want a place to show yourself and honor your authentic being. I am here for all of this and so much more.
You need a safe space for venting, compassion and challenge. You want therapy fueled by your values, catered to your unique needs and rooted in social justice. In a world that asks you to mask and hide yourself, you want a place to show yourself and honor your authentic being. I am here for all of this and so much more.
(805) 902-4291 View (805) 902-4291
Photo of Kent L Coleman, Psychologist in Camarillo, CA
Kent L Coleman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Camarillo, CA 93010
Clients do well when they are interested in changing their problems to joy and love for self and others. I help them succeed. Depression, anxiety in all their different and difficult forms can be very debilitating and painful. Together our treatment responsibility is amelioration of these distressing feelings, thoughts, behaviors, replacing them with healthy, bright, beautiful psychological changes.
Clients do well when they are interested in changing their problems to joy and love for self and others. I help them succeed. Depression, anxiety in all their different and difficult forms can be very debilitating and painful. Together our treatment responsibility is amelioration of these distressing feelings, thoughts, behaviors, replacing them with healthy, bright, beautiful psychological changes.
(805) 973-9064 View (805) 973-9064
Photo of Jen Bailey, Psychologist in Camarillo, CA
Jen Bailey
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Camarillo, CA 93010  (Online Only)
If you've been struggling with issues related to depression, anxiety, self harm, ADHD, gender identity, sexual orientation, or medical trauma, I can help you navigate these challenges and find your place in the world. My goal is to help you build a vision for a better future and take concrete steps to make it a reality. I'll teach you concrete skills to cope with life's challenges, build better relationships, and increase your sense of confidence in the decisions you make for yourself. If you're a parent looking for services for your youth, I will include you in treatment and offer you help engaging with your child.
If you've been struggling with issues related to depression, anxiety, self harm, ADHD, gender identity, sexual orientation, or medical trauma, I can help you navigate these challenges and find your place in the world. My goal is to help you build a vision for a better future and take concrete steps to make it a reality. I'll teach you concrete skills to cope with life's challenges, build better relationships, and increase your sense of confidence in the decisions you make for yourself. If you're a parent looking for services for your youth, I will include you in treatment and offer you help engaging with your child.
(805) 779-3589 View (805) 779-3589
Photo of Carly Makie-Bennett, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Carly Makie-Bennett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
Immediate openings for telehealth clients! Do you struggle to live to your true potential and get stuck in long standing patterns and negative perceptions that have been holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life? Now is the time for you to create the life that you have wanted. With compassion and understanding, I will work with you to help build on your strengths and attain personal growth t. I will provide you support and practical feedback to help address your personal challenges while you learn new skills and insights to better understand yourself and the world around you.
Immediate openings for telehealth clients! Do you struggle to live to your true potential and get stuck in long standing patterns and negative perceptions that have been holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life? Now is the time for you to create the life that you have wanted. With compassion and understanding, I will work with you to help build on your strengths and attain personal growth t. I will provide you support and practical feedback to help address your personal challenges while you learn new skills and insights to better understand yourself and the world around you.
(805) 243-1248 View (805) 243-1248
Photo of Michelle Giguère, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Michelle Giguère
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR, Somatic, Reiki
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
It is so exhausting living inside a traumatized body and mind. Anxiety that seems to come out of nowhere; thoughts, feelings, and the overwhelm of re-experiencing events. Feelings of unsafety or a constant need to be hyperaware. Insomnia, changes in appetite make matters worse because the body and mind don't get the needed fuel and rest leading to cycles of collapse. The anxiety and collapse cycle can cause us to feel disconnected from ourselves, loved ones and the world. We can lose trust in our own judgment and ability to heal. My approach is informed by a holistic integration of practices to help reconnect mind, body and soul.
It is so exhausting living inside a traumatized body and mind. Anxiety that seems to come out of nowhere; thoughts, feelings, and the overwhelm of re-experiencing events. Feelings of unsafety or a constant need to be hyperaware. Insomnia, changes in appetite make matters worse because the body and mind don't get the needed fuel and rest leading to cycles of collapse. The anxiety and collapse cycle can cause us to feel disconnected from ourselves, loved ones and the world. We can lose trust in our own judgment and ability to heal. My approach is informed by a holistic integration of practices to help reconnect mind, body and soul.
(805) 243-3980 View (805) 243-3980
Teri Michelle McHugh
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Camarillo, CA 93010
Over 29 years working of clinical experience working with individuals, couples, and families surrounding issues of depression,anxiety,PTSD behavioral problems, substance abuse, ADHD,OCD, life coaching. My goal is to provide each person that comes in for therapy tools and feedback that they are able to use immediately to decrease symptoms, increase overall awareness of patterns of behvaior and increase insight of past and current ways of being that may not be working for them currently. I am certified in both Behavioral Medicine and Chemical Dependency.
Over 29 years working of clinical experience working with individuals, couples, and families surrounding issues of depression,anxiety,PTSD behavioral problems, substance abuse, ADHD,OCD, life coaching. My goal is to provide each person that comes in for therapy tools and feedback that they are able to use immediately to decrease symptoms, increase overall awareness of patterns of behvaior and increase insight of past and current ways of being that may not be working for them currently. I am certified in both Behavioral Medicine and Chemical Dependency.
(805) 265-0503 View (805) 265-0503
Photo of The New Beginnings Center - Sean Baker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
The New Beginnings Center - Sean Baker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, SEP
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
I work with people who are addressing the challenges of resolving trauma, whose symptoms often appear as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain and illness. As an LMFT, I hold certifications in both Somatic Experiencing® and gestalt therapy. I specialize in addressing emotional health/well-being and relationship concerns of the queer community. I support my clients' discovery and expression of their gender and sexual identity in ways that honor their unique individuality and sense of self.
I work with people who are addressing the challenges of resolving trauma, whose symptoms often appear as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain and illness. As an LMFT, I hold certifications in both Somatic Experiencing® and gestalt therapy. I specialize in addressing emotional health/well-being and relationship concerns of the queer community. I support my clients' discovery and expression of their gender and sexual identity in ways that honor their unique individuality and sense of self.
(805) 467-7253 x2 View (805) 467-7253 x2
Photo of Bianca Cobarruvias, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Camarillo, CA
Bianca Cobarruvias
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
Distress tolerance, emotion regulation, phases of life challenges and overall improvement of intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships, may be areas of concern that show up as depression, anxiety, stress related symptoms and/or in a spectrum of challenges that impact your ideal life. My role as an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist is to assist you in gaining a better understanding of your struggles, to adapt and to reduce the impact you may experience while gaining empowerment, drive and confidence to accomplish your long-term goals.
Distress tolerance, emotion regulation, phases of life challenges and overall improvement of intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships, may be areas of concern that show up as depression, anxiety, stress related symptoms and/or in a spectrum of challenges that impact your ideal life. My role as an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist is to assist you in gaining a better understanding of your struggles, to adapt and to reduce the impact you may experience while gaining empowerment, drive and confidence to accomplish your long-term goals.
(805) 855-1521 View (805) 855-1521
Photo of Elevate Mental Health - Accepting New Clients, Psychologist in Camarillo, CA
Elevate Mental Health - Accepting New Clients
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Camarillo, CA 93010
Elevate Mental Health is now accepting new clients both in person and telehealth! Call or email today. People struggle to live their true potential and get stuck in long standing behavior patterns and negative perceptions that hold them back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. We are here to help you break the cycle and begin to create change in your relationships, finances, career, education, athletic endeavors, and daily living. We want to help you with your anxiety, depression, marriage, addiction, trauma, stress or other life events. Call today so we can match you with the provider that can meet your needs.
Elevate Mental Health is now accepting new clients both in person and telehealth! Call or email today. People struggle to live their true potential and get stuck in long standing behavior patterns and negative perceptions that hold them back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. We are here to help you break the cycle and begin to create change in your relationships, finances, career, education, athletic endeavors, and daily living. We want to help you with your anxiety, depression, marriage, addiction, trauma, stress or other life events. Call today so we can match you with the provider that can meet your needs.
(805) 590-7869 View (805) 590-7869
Photo of Nancy J Bates, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Nancy J Bates
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, SEP
Verified Verified
Camarillo, CA 93010
As your therapist, I will provide empathy,awareness and education. I am a therapist who listens compassionately to identify keys factors that are important in understanding your life journey. I will help you develop skills and resources that will increase the quality of your life. I will assist you in exploring relationship issues in a safe, supportive atmosphere. You can heal from traumatic life events,learn to cope with anxiety or depression or process your grief and loss issues. You can learn communication skills develop your personal self-worth or learn to face life transitions with more confidence.
As your therapist, I will provide empathy,awareness and education. I am a therapist who listens compassionately to identify keys factors that are important in understanding your life journey. I will help you develop skills and resources that will increase the quality of your life. I will assist you in exploring relationship issues in a safe, supportive atmosphere. You can heal from traumatic life events,learn to cope with anxiety or depression or process your grief and loss issues. You can learn communication skills develop your personal self-worth or learn to face life transitions with more confidence.
(805) 367-5418 View (805) 367-5418
Photo of Linda Marlene Henson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Camarillo, CA
Linda Marlene Henson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Camarillo, CA 93011
"Communication is the key to a healthy relationship." Ever heard this before? One of the most talked about subjects when it comes to romantic relationships is communication. But what about it? How can couples have good communication and create a healthy relationship? So much time is spent investing in finding the right person only to have difficulties and a breakdown in communication and ultimately the union. One of the most important relationships in our lives is our romantic relationship. Learning to understand each other and develop that deep emotional connection and lasting bond is one of the tasks that couples face.
"Communication is the key to a healthy relationship." Ever heard this before? One of the most talked about subjects when it comes to romantic relationships is communication. But what about it? How can couples have good communication and create a healthy relationship? So much time is spent investing in finding the right person only to have difficulties and a breakdown in communication and ultimately the union. One of the most important relationships in our lives is our romantic relationship. Learning to understand each other and develop that deep emotional connection and lasting bond is one of the tasks that couples face.
(805) 465-7998 View (805) 465-7998

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Camarillo, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Camarillo, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
65% Trauma and PTSD
63% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Aetna
63% Optum
61% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Camarillo, CA see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Camarillo?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.