Counselling in Edinburgh

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Photo of Dr Darren O Reilly - Adhd Coach Therapist, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Darren O Reilly - Adhd Coach Therapist
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH3
Are you feeling stuck or overwhelmed in life's journey? Struggling with depression, anxiety, addiction, overwhelm, or procrastination? I'm a Psychologist specialising in helping young men and women (20s -30s) discover practical strategies for achieving their goals and living a happier life. We all face moments when expectations, time management, goals, connections, and self-care seem too much. Together, we'll chart a customized roadmap that harnesses your unique strengths combined with my clinical knowledge and experience, to create a course for a journey of profound and long-lasting change.
Are you feeling stuck or overwhelmed in life's journey? Struggling with depression, anxiety, addiction, overwhelm, or procrastination? I'm a Psychologist specialising in helping young men and women (20s -30s) discover practical strategies for achieving their goals and living a happier life. We all face moments when expectations, time management, goals, connections, and self-care seem too much. Together, we'll chart a customized roadmap that harnesses your unique strengths combined with my clinical knowledge and experience, to create a course for a journey of profound and long-lasting change.
0131 378 6555 View 0131 378 6555
Photo of Sophie Winter - Online Therapy, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Sophie Winter - Online Therapy
Psychotherapist, BACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12
I believe all parts of you, including parts that might cause difficulties for yourself or for others, are worthy of compassion, understanding, safety and fulfilment. I think of therapy as a space for you to feel heard, make sense of your past experiences, and build self-compassion, self-knowledge, and the skills needed to live in greater alignment with your needs and desires. Together we can work to connect with different parts of you, listen to their stories, understand why they behave the way they do, and help you to gain clarity and make life-affirming choices in the present.
I believe all parts of you, including parts that might cause difficulties for yourself or for others, are worthy of compassion, understanding, safety and fulfilment. I think of therapy as a space for you to feel heard, make sense of your past experiences, and build self-compassion, self-knowledge, and the skills needed to live in greater alignment with your needs and desires. Together we can work to connect with different parts of you, listen to their stories, understand why they behave the way they do, and help you to gain clarity and make life-affirming choices in the present.
01492 558996 View 01492 558996
Photo of Pagoda counselling services, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Pagoda counselling services
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH10
I am a person centred therapist offering bespoke counselling to anyone seeking support and help. I believe that in our work together we can facilitate change to allow you to reach your full potential.
I am a person centred therapist offering bespoke counselling to anyone seeking support and help. I believe that in our work together we can facilitate change to allow you to reach your full potential.
01934 314095 View 01934 314095
Photo of Melissa Hoskins, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Melissa Hoskins
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
I am an Edinburgh-based counsellor with experience of working with a variety of life challenges, from stress and anxiety to low mood and relationship difficulties. I use a pluralistic approach, which means I tailor sessions to your own preferences and goals. In particular, I draw on methods from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Person-Centred Therapy. I provide a compassionate space, where you can consider your life experiences openly, whilst also exploring possibilities for change. Please email me for more information or to book an appointment.
I am an Edinburgh-based counsellor with experience of working with a variety of life challenges, from stress and anxiety to low mood and relationship difficulties. I use a pluralistic approach, which means I tailor sessions to your own preferences and goals. In particular, I draw on methods from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Person-Centred Therapy. I provide a compassionate space, where you can consider your life experiences openly, whilst also exploring possibilities for change. Please email me for more information or to book an appointment.
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Photo of Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd), Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd)
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
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Photo of Melissa Grieff, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Melissa Grieff
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I appreciate that life is full of twists and turns, unexpected events that may present particular challenges at different stages in your life. This could be health issues, including physical and mental health, loss including unemployment, redundancy, bereavement, relationship breakdown, a crisis of identity and self-esteem.There could be trauma from early life experiences or events in adult life that you may have not had the time and space to fully explore and process your feelings.The opportunity to have a safe, confidential space to open yourself to all the possibilities that life holds can be life changing.
I appreciate that life is full of twists and turns, unexpected events that may present particular challenges at different stages in your life. This could be health issues, including physical and mental health, loss including unemployment, redundancy, bereavement, relationship breakdown, a crisis of identity and self-esteem.There could be trauma from early life experiences or events in adult life that you may have not had the time and space to fully explore and process your feelings.The opportunity to have a safe, confidential space to open yourself to all the possibilities that life holds can be life changing.
01309 250433 View 01309 250433
Dr Anna Bak-Klimek
Counsellor, PhD
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Thank you for reading my profile. I am a qualified Cognitive-Behavioural Therapist and Chartered BPS Psychologist, currently involved in part-time teaching and research in Higher Education. I have experience in delivering cognitive behavioural interventions to vulnerable population groups including students and migrants. I regularly undertake additional training to strengthen and update my knowledge and skills in the field (e.g. CBT for Children and Adolescents and Adapting CBT to Neurodiverse Individuals). I'm also currently involved in supervising PhD student in the area of acceptability of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Thank you for reading my profile. I am a qualified Cognitive-Behavioural Therapist and Chartered BPS Psychologist, currently involved in part-time teaching and research in Higher Education. I have experience in delivering cognitive behavioural interventions to vulnerable population groups including students and migrants. I regularly undertake additional training to strengthen and update my knowledge and skills in the field (e.g. CBT for Children and Adolescents and Adapting CBT to Neurodiverse Individuals). I'm also currently involved in supervising PhD student in the area of acceptability of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
0131 381 2496 View 0131 381 2496
Photo of Lovisa Tidblom, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Lovisa Tidblom
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
Whether you are new to therapy or have been attending for years, whether you have a clear goal or are uncertain about your reasons, I am here to guide you in finding your way forward.
Whether you are new to therapy or have been attending for years, whether you have a clear goal or are uncertain about your reasons, I am here to guide you in finding your way forward.
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Photo of Let Me Sleep in Edinburgh, Scotland
Let Me Sleep
PhD
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12  (Online Only)
Sleep issues - With my sleep training in CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) & Angelic Reiki. I offer gentle methods to provide help for those who have sleeping issues, such as falling/staying asleep, insomnia & many other general sleeping concerns. If you struggling to sleep & wish a step by step method in an easy to follow program created by result proven strategies then I can help you. I offer 2 styles of help. My 1st is a 1-2-1 program in a 4-week program, working weekly to help you achieve better sleep. The 2nd is a D.I.Y. self-sleep guide, the same theories used, but you complete it at your own pace.
Sleep issues - With my sleep training in CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) & Angelic Reiki. I offer gentle methods to provide help for those who have sleeping issues, such as falling/staying asleep, insomnia & many other general sleeping concerns. If you struggling to sleep & wish a step by step method in an easy to follow program created by result proven strategies then I can help you. I offer 2 styles of help. My 1st is a 1-2-1 program in a 4-week program, working weekly to help you achieve better sleep. The 2nd is a D.I.Y. self-sleep guide, the same theories used, but you complete it at your own pace.
0131 510 2079 View 0131 510 2079
Photo of Pam Black, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Pam Black
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12
Waitlist for new clients
People come to counselling for many reasons. Sometimes this decision is motivated by a need for change or perhaps having to deal with unexpected change. For others it may be a desire to talk, to understand and be understood. I believe there can be real value in talking with someone who is trained and experienced to listen in a way that allows you to feel heard and understood. I provide a safe and non-judgemental space where we can explore the issues that you want to address.
People come to counselling for many reasons. Sometimes this decision is motivated by a need for change or perhaps having to deal with unexpected change. For others it may be a desire to talk, to understand and be understood. I believe there can be real value in talking with someone who is trained and experienced to listen in a way that allows you to feel heard and understood. I provide a safe and non-judgemental space where we can explore the issues that you want to address.
0131 381 1479 View 0131 381 1479
Photo of Soul Safe Therapy, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Soul Safe Therapy
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH3  (Online Only)
My name is Margi and I am a Person Centred Counsellor based in central Edinburgh. I provide a safe, non-judgemental private space for you to feel comfortable to explore your thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Through respect and trust, together we can explore your life situation and establish your desired goals towards a brighter future. I understand that committing to therapy takes courage. By seeking counselling you have already taken the first step towards change. My role is to help guide you and support you through those times that you may struggle to see the way ahead. My style is relaxed, warm and gentle.
My name is Margi and I am a Person Centred Counsellor based in central Edinburgh. I provide a safe, non-judgemental private space for you to feel comfortable to explore your thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Through respect and trust, together we can explore your life situation and establish your desired goals towards a brighter future. I understand that committing to therapy takes courage. By seeking counselling you have already taken the first step towards change. My role is to help guide you and support you through those times that you may struggle to see the way ahead. My style is relaxed, warm and gentle.
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Photo of Ruth Burnett, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Ruth Burnett
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH1  (Online Only)
Children and teenagers can benefit from counselling therapies, and studies show that these are hugely effective, both in the short and long term. For older kids and teens, talking therapy can provide a unique space to safely explore what's going on to make them sad, angry, or anxious. For younger children, using play and art, as well as talking therapy, can help them begin to piece together things that might be difficult for them. Life doesn't always go according to plan, and sometimes things happen that no one is prepared for - an accident, a traumatic experience, a situation no one could have foreseen happening.
Children and teenagers can benefit from counselling therapies, and studies show that these are hugely effective, both in the short and long term. For older kids and teens, talking therapy can provide a unique space to safely explore what's going on to make them sad, angry, or anxious. For younger children, using play and art, as well as talking therapy, can help them begin to piece together things that might be difficult for them. Life doesn't always go according to plan, and sometimes things happen that no one is prepared for - an accident, a traumatic experience, a situation no one could have foreseen happening.
0131 510 3790 View 0131 510 3790
Photo of Ela Lourenco, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Ela Lourenco
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH3
Are you struggling with moments of anxiety or going through a hard time you cannot seem to shake off? Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious or numb? Life can be challenging at times, as though nothing will feel right again. Sometimes, it can feel as though life 'should feel good' and you cannot understand why you feel so low. It can feel isolating and lonely to not be able to express to your family and friends how you feel - perhaps this has made you feel 'invisible'. Or others' needs have come first for so long that you no longer are in touch with what you need for yourself and find it hard to truly feel connected with others.
Are you struggling with moments of anxiety or going through a hard time you cannot seem to shake off? Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious or numb? Life can be challenging at times, as though nothing will feel right again. Sometimes, it can feel as though life 'should feel good' and you cannot understand why you feel so low. It can feel isolating and lonely to not be able to express to your family and friends how you feel - perhaps this has made you feel 'invisible'. Or others' needs have come first for so long that you no longer are in touch with what you need for yourself and find it hard to truly feel connected with others.
0131 381 4853 View 0131 381 4853
Photo of Melissa Favre-Lorraine, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Melissa Favre-Lorraine
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH11  (Online Only)
As a versatile therapist, I enjoy using a range of methods including person-centred, psychodynamic, CBT, trauma-focused, somatic, and more. This allows me to tailor my approach to better meet your needs as an individual or a couple. Over the years, I have helped clients with various presenting issues, including processing trauma, managing anxiety, or simply understanding themselves better. I strive to create a warm and inclusive space where people of all genders, races, ages, abilities, and backgrounds can feel comfortable bringing their true selves without shame or judgment.
As a versatile therapist, I enjoy using a range of methods including person-centred, psychodynamic, CBT, trauma-focused, somatic, and more. This allows me to tailor my approach to better meet your needs as an individual or a couple. Over the years, I have helped clients with various presenting issues, including processing trauma, managing anxiety, or simply understanding themselves better. I strive to create a warm and inclusive space where people of all genders, races, ages, abilities, and backgrounds can feel comfortable bringing their true selves without shame or judgment.
0131 322 0964 View 0131 322 0964
Photo of Donatella Tamborrini Psychological Therapies, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Donatella Tamborrini Psychological Therapies
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH10
Hello, my name is Donatella Tamborrini. I am a psychotherapist with over 1 9 years experience in mental health care based in Scotland. I am professionally qualified to use talking therapies to help make sense of mental health and emotional difficulties in young people, adults and families. I deliver research based psychological therapies, designed to improve mental health difficulties. I work with a focus, which is entirely based on the individuals’ needs, so that psychological therapies can be delivered with flexibility, within a safe and nurturing therapeutic relationship, at a sustainable pace that fosters change.
Hello, my name is Donatella Tamborrini. I am a psychotherapist with over 1 9 years experience in mental health care based in Scotland. I am professionally qualified to use talking therapies to help make sense of mental health and emotional difficulties in young people, adults and families. I deliver research based psychological therapies, designed to improve mental health difficulties. I work with a focus, which is entirely based on the individuals’ needs, so that psychological therapies can be delivered with flexibility, within a safe and nurturing therapeutic relationship, at a sustainable pace that fosters change.
0131 381 8157 View 0131 381 8157
Photo of Roberta Dutra, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Roberta Dutra
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH10
Hello and welcome to my profile. I’m Roberta, a qualified counsellor offering face-to-face and online counselling sessions. I’d like to welcome you to my counselling practice where you listened to and accepted unconditionally. I am passionate about giving people space to talk about your personal difficulties where they can be heard, valued and understood. By having the space to emotionally talk about your personal struggles you can gain a sense of clarity. Then, together we can work towards your personal therapeutic goals.
Hello and welcome to my profile. I’m Roberta, a qualified counsellor offering face-to-face and online counselling sessions. I’d like to welcome you to my counselling practice where you listened to and accepted unconditionally. I am passionate about giving people space to talk about your personal difficulties where they can be heard, valued and understood. By having the space to emotionally talk about your personal struggles you can gain a sense of clarity. Then, together we can work towards your personal therapeutic goals.
01934 311356 View 01934 311356
Photo of SMT Counselling, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
SMT Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH10
I am a Pluralistic counsellor with 25 years of experience working with adults, children & young people in a variety of settings.  Counselling will help you identify and move past the obstacles that may have been keeping you back in your life and to identify your personal values and strengths. It will empower you to see your life through a different lens, to gain new perspectives and achieve the outcomes you’re striving for. Anxiety, depression, stress, negative thinking patterns... can affect parts of your life and your ability to handle your situation. Are you ready to explore the possibilities for a happier and healthier life?
I am a Pluralistic counsellor with 25 years of experience working with adults, children & young people in a variety of settings.  Counselling will help you identify and move past the obstacles that may have been keeping you back in your life and to identify your personal values and strengths. It will empower you to see your life through a different lens, to gain new perspectives and achieve the outcomes you’re striving for. Anxiety, depression, stress, negative thinking patterns... can affect parts of your life and your ability to handle your situation. Are you ready to explore the possibilities for a happier and healthier life?
0131 381 8059 View 0131 381 8059
Photo of Lorraine Woolford, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Lorraine Woolford
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
I strive to create a trusting and authentic connection with each of my clients. Through our work together, we can explore the deeper dynamics and patterns that may be influencing your thoughts and behaviours, leading to new insights and a greater understanding of yourself. My work with you will be at your pace and I look forward to working creatively with you in a warm and committed relationship. I believe you hold the internal resources that can help you along the way, and I am here to support you in accessing them.
I strive to create a trusting and authentic connection with each of my clients. Through our work together, we can explore the deeper dynamics and patterns that may be influencing your thoughts and behaviours, leading to new insights and a greater understanding of yourself. My work with you will be at your pace and I look forward to working creatively with you in a warm and committed relationship. I believe you hold the internal resources that can help you along the way, and I am here to support you in accessing them.
0131 381 1429 View 0131 381 1429
Photo of Lorena Recio Aparicio, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Lorena Recio Aparicio
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH5
If you are tired of feeling confused and lost in your life and you struggle to deal with daily life events, if you are experiencing a difficult moment and you do not have the coping skills to bear it or if you feel you are not confident enough to make the changes that you would like to make and you struggle with your relationships and putting bounderies to those relationships, I would like to help you by upskilling you with the knowledge and abilites you need to face the issues you might find.
If you are tired of feeling confused and lost in your life and you struggle to deal with daily life events, if you are experiencing a difficult moment and you do not have the coping skills to bear it or if you feel you are not confident enough to make the changes that you would like to make and you struggle with your relationships and putting bounderies to those relationships, I would like to help you by upskilling you with the knowledge and abilites you need to face the issues you might find.
0131 381 8043 View 0131 381 8043
Photo of Christine Stewart Smith in Edinburgh, Scotland
Christine Stewart Smith
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH10  (Online Only)
Thank you for taking the time to read my profile. Maybe you’re looking for psychotherapy for yourself, or for someone you care about. In the 34 years I’ve been a practicing psychotherapist I know that people usually try a variety of things before they finally reach out and contact a professional. It feels awful, frustrating and overwhelming to feel stuck. One of the things I love about my work is coming alongside someone and helping them find their unique way of becoming free from that stuck place.
Thank you for taking the time to read my profile. Maybe you’re looking for psychotherapy for yourself, or for someone you care about. In the 34 years I’ve been a practicing psychotherapist I know that people usually try a variety of things before they finally reach out and contact a professional. It feels awful, frustrating and overwhelming to feel stuck. One of the things I love about my work is coming alongside someone and helping them find their unique way of becoming free from that stuck place.
01764 915803 View 01764 915803

See more therapy options for Edinburgh

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Edinburgh

500+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Edinburgh who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Self Esteem
81% Depression
77% Stress
76% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
59% Bereavement

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aviva
56% AXA PPP
48% Vitality

How Counsellors in Edinburgh see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Edinburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.