Counselling in Greater Edinburgh

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Pippa Watson Rees
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH10
For high achieving midlife professionals who are struggling in personal relationships or life transitions. Couples where communication/ intimacy is a problem, wondering about compatibility or have discovered infidelity. For new parents who feel depressed, anxious or have intrusive thoughts. With 30 years experience including 15 year as an OT in the NHS, 5 years as a GP Counsellor, 5 years at Oxford University Counselling Service & 5 years a Senior Therapist in a Perinatal Service. I integrate all my training & experience & invite you to talk about your struggles, with curiosity & non-judgemental exploration.
For high achieving midlife professionals who are struggling in personal relationships or life transitions. Couples where communication/ intimacy is a problem, wondering about compatibility or have discovered infidelity. For new parents who feel depressed, anxious or have intrusive thoughts. With 30 years experience including 15 year as an OT in the NHS, 5 years as a GP Counsellor, 5 years at Oxford University Counselling Service & 5 years a Senior Therapist in a Perinatal Service. I integrate all my training & experience & invite you to talk about your struggles, with curiosity & non-judgemental exploration.
01934 315782 View 01934 315782
Russell Malgorzata
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
I know that the decision to seek therapy and to find a suitable therapist can be daunting, so my approach is to never forget what it is like to sit in the client’s chair. Whether you're going through separation and divorce, experiencing abuse, depression, trauma, generally feeling sad or struggling with other emotional issues, I can help. I am here for You.
I know that the decision to seek therapy and to find a suitable therapist can be daunting, so my approach is to never forget what it is like to sit in the client’s chair. Whether you're going through separation and divorce, experiencing abuse, depression, trauma, generally feeling sad or struggling with other emotional issues, I can help. I am here for You.
0131 357 6150 View 0131 357 6150
Elisabetta Tedoldi
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Hello and welcome, and thank you for visiting my profile. I’m Elisabetta, an integrative counsellor trained at the University of Edinburgh, with a Master’s Degree in Clinical Psychology from Italy. I am based in Edinburgh and offer individual sessions in person and online, in both English and Italian. As a systemic practitioner, I also support couples and families experiencing relational difficulties or moments of impasse. My approach integrates psychodynamic, person centred and systemic–family theories. I believe that our relationships, contexts and communication patterns deeply shape how we understand ourselves and others.
Hello and welcome, and thank you for visiting my profile. I’m Elisabetta, an integrative counsellor trained at the University of Edinburgh, with a Master’s Degree in Clinical Psychology from Italy. I am based in Edinburgh and offer individual sessions in person and online, in both English and Italian. As a systemic practitioner, I also support couples and families experiencing relational difficulties or moments of impasse. My approach integrates psychodynamic, person centred and systemic–family theories. I believe that our relationships, contexts and communication patterns deeply shape how we understand ourselves and others.
0131 381 8662 View 0131 381 8662
Catherine Ede
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Edinburgh EH12
Hello, I'm Catherine, Taking the first step towards counselling can feel daunting, but you are not alone. I offer a warm, collaborative space where you can voice your feelings and experiences—of itself this can be so healing. Life is full of challenges and we respond to them in the way we were taught in childhood. Through counselling we can learn whether these habits serve us in the present. No problem is too small.
Hello, I'm Catherine, Taking the first step towards counselling can feel daunting, but you are not alone. I offer a warm, collaborative space where you can voice your feelings and experiences—of itself this can be so healing. Life is full of challenges and we respond to them in the way we were taught in childhood. Through counselling we can learn whether these habits serve us in the present. No problem is too small.
0131 381 0874 View 0131 381 0874
Best Mind Best Life Therapy
Psychotherapist, MBACP
4 Endorsed
You might look like you’re coping on the outside, but internally, it feels overwhelming or exhausting. Maybe your thoughts won’t switch off, or relationships leave you feeling confused or drained. You may feel stuck in patterns of anxiety, overthinking, low mood, depression, the impact of past or traumatic experiences, burn out or repetitive relationship issues, where nothing you try seems to change things for long. Together, with individual CBT or couples counselling, we can begin to make sense of what’s happening and find a way forward.
You might look like you’re coping on the outside, but internally, it feels overwhelming or exhausting. Maybe your thoughts won’t switch off, or relationships leave you feeling confused or drained. You may feel stuck in patterns of anxiety, overthinking, low mood, depression, the impact of past or traumatic experiences, burn out or repetitive relationship issues, where nothing you try seems to change things for long. Together, with individual CBT or couples counselling, we can begin to make sense of what’s happening and find a way forward.
0131 297 6064 View 0131 297 6064
Katarzyna Pluta
Psychotherapist, MA
Online Only
I am a CBT therapist offering online therapy in English and Polish for adults who may be experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, or feeling unsettled by changes in their lives. While I bring professional training and evidence-based methods to our work, the ability to change already exists within you. In our sessions, there is space for all parts of you, including those that may feel uncomfortable or out of place just now. Together, we will explore what has been difficult, understand the patterns that may be maintaining the problem, and develop practical strategies to help you move forward.
I am a CBT therapist offering online therapy in English and Polish for adults who may be experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, or feeling unsettled by changes in their lives. While I bring professional training and evidence-based methods to our work, the ability to change already exists within you. In our sessions, there is space for all parts of you, including those that may feel uncomfortable or out of place just now. Together, we will explore what has been difficult, understand the patterns that may be maintaining the problem, and develop practical strategies to help you move forward.
0131 381 4036 View 0131 381 4036
Dr Robert Dow
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
1 Endorsed
I offer individual psychotherapy for adults, with a particular interest in psychologically complex and often hard-to-speak-about experiences. My work commonly involves shame, guilt, and self-criticism; patterns that repeat despite insight or effort; sexuality, desire, and taboo; the impact of sexual harm; sexual behaviour that feels troubling or conflicted; questions of gender, sexuality, and relationship diversity; and difficulties in relationships and intimacy. My approach is exploratory, and suited to people who want to think more deeply about what is troubling them.
I offer individual psychotherapy for adults, with a particular interest in psychologically complex and often hard-to-speak-about experiences. My work commonly involves shame, guilt, and self-criticism; patterns that repeat despite insight or effort; sexuality, desire, and taboo; the impact of sexual harm; sexual behaviour that feels troubling or conflicted; questions of gender, sexuality, and relationship diversity; and difficulties in relationships and intimacy. My approach is exploratory, and suited to people who want to think more deeply about what is troubling them.
0131 381 5405 View 0131 381 5405
Space for the Soul
Counsellor, MCOSCA
If you're a highly sensitive person (HSP) you've probably spent years trying to keep up with a pace that wasn't designed for you. Pushing past your limits, ignoring your body's signals, forcing yourself through environments that leave you depleted and chronically stressed. Maybe you've developed chronic pain, migraines, digestive issues, or exhaustion that no amount of rest or treatments seem to touch. If you want to learn to regulate your highly sensitive nervous system, heal from trauma patterns, break free from chronic stress and overwhelm, to create a sustainable and deeply meaningful life, you're in the right place.
If you're a highly sensitive person (HSP) you've probably spent years trying to keep up with a pace that wasn't designed for you. Pushing past your limits, ignoring your body's signals, forcing yourself through environments that leave you depleted and chronically stressed. Maybe you've developed chronic pain, migraines, digestive issues, or exhaustion that no amount of rest or treatments seem to touch. If you want to learn to regulate your highly sensitive nervous system, heal from trauma patterns, break free from chronic stress and overwhelm, to create a sustainable and deeply meaningful life, you're in the right place.
0131 322 1536 View 0131 322 1536
Hope to Heal Therapy
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH14
Do you need a safe, caring, confidential space to explore what is troubling you? If you are experiencing anxiety, overwhelm, sadness or low mood talking through these feelings with the right person can help. Maybe you are struggling with a bereavement or a change in health and circumstances. Whatever the difficulty I offer a free 15 minute no obligation call to see how I might support you. Please get in touch. Counselling can provide insight, a way forward, bringing hope, clarity and healing.  It involves meeting either weekly or fortnightly, usually at the same day and time. The investment in counselling can be transformative!
Do you need a safe, caring, confidential space to explore what is troubling you? If you are experiencing anxiety, overwhelm, sadness or low mood talking through these feelings with the right person can help. Maybe you are struggling with a bereavement or a change in health and circumstances. Whatever the difficulty I offer a free 15 minute no obligation call to see how I might support you. Please get in touch. Counselling can provide insight, a way forward, bringing hope, clarity and healing.  It involves meeting either weekly or fortnightly, usually at the same day and time. The investment in counselling can be transformative!
01506 537283 View 01506 537283
Leap Psychological Services
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Not accepting new clients
Life can throw you a curveball when you least expect it. From day-to-day issues to unforeseen crises and mental health difficulties; many obstacles can stop you from pursuing your dreams. These situations can be hard to deal with alone. That is why Leap Psychological Services offer face-to-face and online psychological wellbeing therapies/counselling and life and personal coaching services. Covering the United Kingdom and the rest of the world, we work with both individuals and groups and can work in various languages. We team up with trusted independent psychological wellbeing practitioners, life and personal coaches worldwide.
Life can throw you a curveball when you least expect it. From day-to-day issues to unforeseen crises and mental health difficulties; many obstacles can stop you from pursuing your dreams. These situations can be hard to deal with alone. That is why Leap Psychological Services offer face-to-face and online psychological wellbeing therapies/counselling and life and personal coaching services. Covering the United Kingdom and the rest of the world, we work with both individuals and groups and can work in various languages. We team up with trusted independent psychological wellbeing practitioners, life and personal coaches worldwide.
0131 322 1691 View 0131 322 1691
Carolyn Clark
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
I have 40 years of experience helping people understand themselves more deeply, heal from trauma, and build healthier ways of living and relating. My approach is warm, collaborative, and grounded in trauma‑informed practice. I work gently but effectively, helping you make sense of what’s happening inside you — not just at the surface level, but in the deeper emotional and subconscious patterns that shape how you think, feel, and behave. I offer on-line and in-person sessions to work through a wide range of concerns
I have 40 years of experience helping people understand themselves more deeply, heal from trauma, and build healthier ways of living and relating. My approach is warm, collaborative, and grounded in trauma‑informed practice. I work gently but effectively, helping you make sense of what’s happening inside you — not just at the surface level, but in the deeper emotional and subconscious patterns that shape how you think, feel, and behave. I offer on-line and in-person sessions to work through a wide range of concerns
0131 381 7245 View 0131 381 7245
Freya McKenzie
Psychotherapist, PTUK
Edinburgh EH15
I support children aged 3-13 with social, emotional, behavioural and mental health difficulties. Seeking therapy can be daunting, but I aim to offer a safe, supportive environment where children can work through their difficulties at a pace that suits them. Play Therapy is a gentle, child-led approach that creates lasting long-term skills. By offering early support to children we give them the best possible chance of thriving, and prevent their difficulties from worsening over time.
I support children aged 3-13 with social, emotional, behavioural and mental health difficulties. Seeking therapy can be daunting, but I aim to offer a safe, supportive environment where children can work through their difficulties at a pace that suits them. Play Therapy is a gentle, child-led approach that creates lasting long-term skills. By offering early support to children we give them the best possible chance of thriving, and prevent their difficulties from worsening over time.
01934 317089 View 01934 317089
Tim Bush
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH12
I am an experienced psychotherapist practicing in the West End of Edinburgh City. I have experience in helping people to process and manage a wide range of issues, including limited to anxiety, depression, stress, fatigue/burnout, procrastination, grief and relationship conflicts. My particular interest and specialty would be issues surrounding fatherhood (something which can affect all of us, not simply men). Psychotherapy can be many things, but in essence it can be viewed as a chance for a person to gain deeper understanding of their own mental processes, and to think about how they might be affecting their lives.
I am an experienced psychotherapist practicing in the West End of Edinburgh City. I have experience in helping people to process and manage a wide range of issues, including limited to anxiety, depression, stress, fatigue/burnout, procrastination, grief and relationship conflicts. My particular interest and specialty would be issues surrounding fatherhood (something which can affect all of us, not simply men). Psychotherapy can be many things, but in essence it can be viewed as a chance for a person to gain deeper understanding of their own mental processes, and to think about how they might be affecting their lives.
0131 381 4014 View 0131 381 4014
Craig Miller
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Waitlist for new clients
My practice is (non)Gender, LGBTQIA+, non-monogomy and kink affirmative. A safe, confidential and grounded space to share whatever might be concerning you. Anxiety, family/relationship struggles, traumatic experiences, feeling low...there are lots of reasons that may have driven you in search of someone to speak with. We will explore whatever has led you to seek counselling at whatever pace feels safest and easiest for you. In terms of how you might experience me...Open, warm, grounded, not afraid to have a laugh or shed a tear, sensitive, non-judgemental and welcoming of all regardless of race, age, gender, sexuality or history.
My practice is (non)Gender, LGBTQIA+, non-monogomy and kink affirmative. A safe, confidential and grounded space to share whatever might be concerning you. Anxiety, family/relationship struggles, traumatic experiences, feeling low...there are lots of reasons that may have driven you in search of someone to speak with. We will explore whatever has led you to seek counselling at whatever pace feels safest and easiest for you. In terms of how you might experience me...Open, warm, grounded, not afraid to have a laugh or shed a tear, sensitive, non-judgemental and welcoming of all regardless of race, age, gender, sexuality or history.
0131 381 0175 View 0131 381 0175
Cooper Kerr
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
Maybe you know the changes you want to make, but the steps to get there are unclear or just never seem to happen. Maybe you’re not sure what would change things for the better, or maybe you’re feeling harassed by painful thoughts and feelings. Through weekly therapy sessions, I support clients to gain a deeper understanding of themselves, and give them often long-awaited insight into the intricate and perplexing system of thoughts, emotions, sensations and actions that make up the experience of our everyday life. Through this knowledge and support, I empower clients to make gradual but significant improvements in their lives.
Maybe you know the changes you want to make, but the steps to get there are unclear or just never seem to happen. Maybe you’re not sure what would change things for the better, or maybe you’re feeling harassed by painful thoughts and feelings. Through weekly therapy sessions, I support clients to gain a deeper understanding of themselves, and give them often long-awaited insight into the intricate and perplexing system of thoughts, emotions, sensations and actions that make up the experience of our everyday life. Through this knowledge and support, I empower clients to make gradual but significant improvements in their lives.
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Roberta Dutra
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Edinburgh EH10
Are you going through a big life change or feeling lost in a place that once felt familiar? Whether you are navigating a new country, the end of a relationship, past trauma, or a shift in your identity, you don't have to go through it alone. I am here to help you make sense of your emotions, reconnect with your inner strength, and build a life that feels more like your own. I am a CBT Brazilian-born counsellor, based in the UK, and my path into this work has been deeply personal. I've lived through challenges and experiences that shape how I work: with compassion, cultural awareness, and deep respect for each person's unique story.
Are you going through a big life change or feeling lost in a place that once felt familiar? Whether you are navigating a new country, the end of a relationship, past trauma, or a shift in your identity, you don't have to go through it alone. I am here to help you make sense of your emotions, reconnect with your inner strength, and build a life that feels more like your own. I am a CBT Brazilian-born counsellor, based in the UK, and my path into this work has been deeply personal. I've lived through challenges and experiences that shape how I work: with compassion, cultural awareness, and deep respect for each person's unique story.
01934 311356 View 01934 311356
Raphie Piquiot
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Raphie is a qualified art therapist who offers a calm, compassionate and collaborative space to explore your therapeutic needs. Her approach is warm and non-directive, allowing you to lead the process while being supported and heard. No previous experience with art is needed. Raphie believes the creative journey is the therapeutic process, helping to express thoughts, feelings, and experiences that may be difficult to put into words. Sessions are tailored to each individual through ongoing reflection and collaboration. Her practice is rooted in psychodynamic and person-centred approaches and considers clients' personal contexts.
Raphie is a qualified art therapist who offers a calm, compassionate and collaborative space to explore your therapeutic needs. Her approach is warm and non-directive, allowing you to lead the process while being supported and heard. No previous experience with art is needed. Raphie believes the creative journey is the therapeutic process, helping to express thoughts, feelings, and experiences that may be difficult to put into words. Sessions are tailored to each individual through ongoing reflection and collaboration. Her practice is rooted in psychodynamic and person-centred approaches and considers clients' personal contexts.
0131 381 0427 View 0131 381 0427
Greg Barton
Counsellor, MBACP
Working face to face & online as a therapist I seek to establish a safe space where you are able to explore those challenges in your life that keep you from moving forward or from leading the life that you aspire to have. I will support & guide you through the complexity of emotions you are experiencing. Working as wilderness therapist I also run 3 week 'Rites of Passage' journeys to the Himalayas for young adults and 3-week 'Reflection Journeys' for mature adults wanting to take stock of where they are today & where they want to be tomorrow. These journeys start in Kathmandu trekking through Mustang to the Tibetan border.
Working face to face & online as a therapist I seek to establish a safe space where you are able to explore those challenges in your life that keep you from moving forward or from leading the life that you aspire to have. I will support & guide you through the complexity of emotions you are experiencing. Working as wilderness therapist I also run 3 week 'Rites of Passage' journeys to the Himalayas for young adults and 3-week 'Reflection Journeys' for mature adults wanting to take stock of where they are today & where they want to be tomorrow. These journeys start in Kathmandu trekking through Mustang to the Tibetan border.
0131 357 3826 View 0131 357 3826
Kresen Counselling
Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
I've a particular interest in supporting people who are dealing with anxiety regarding their relationship difficulties, those living with the pain of grief and loss, or past trauma, as well as those who are facing difficult issues in the workplace, loneliness or major life transitions. All these experiences can leave us feeling isolated, sad or overwhelmed. Together, I hope we can create a safe space to explore your feelings and develop a deeper understanding of what your needs are. By developing more understanding and self-awareness, you'll then be in a better position to make any important changes to your life.
I've a particular interest in supporting people who are dealing with anxiety regarding their relationship difficulties, those living with the pain of grief and loss, or past trauma, as well as those who are facing difficult issues in the workplace, loneliness or major life transitions. All these experiences can leave us feeling isolated, sad or overwhelmed. Together, I hope we can create a safe space to explore your feelings and develop a deeper understanding of what your needs are. By developing more understanding and self-awareness, you'll then be in a better position to make any important changes to your life.
0131 381 4176 View 0131 381 4176
Zaid Al-Nayazi
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
3 Endorsed
Hello, I’m Zaid. Many of the people I work with have spent most of their lives adapting & shifting themselves to fit family, culture, work, or whatever space they’re in. It creates a particular kind of tiredness that comes from always trying to make sense of where you belong. If you’re neurodivergent, from a mixed or migrant background, or just carrying more than people realise, you might know that feeling well. I know something of that in-between space myself. It’s part of what brought me into therapy work, and it shapes how I sit with people. I integrate the person-centred approach and emotion-focused practice.
Hello, I’m Zaid. Many of the people I work with have spent most of their lives adapting & shifting themselves to fit family, culture, work, or whatever space they’re in. It creates a particular kind of tiredness that comes from always trying to make sense of where you belong. If you’re neurodivergent, from a mixed or migrant background, or just carrying more than people realise, you might know that feeling well. I know something of that in-between space myself. It’s part of what brought me into therapy work, and it shapes how I sit with people. I integrate the person-centred approach and emotion-focused practice.
0131 381 6580 View 0131 381 6580

See more therapy options for Greater Edinburgh

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Greater Edinburgh

800+

Average cost per session

£65

Counsellors in Greater Edinburgh who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
81% Self Esteem
80% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
75% Stress
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Aviva
55% Bupa
52% AXA PPP

How Counsellors in Greater Edinburgh see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
23% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Greater Edinburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.