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Photo of Psychological & Counselling Services Group, Psychologist in Port Hope, ON
Psychological & Counselling Services Group
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Cobourg, ON K9A
We provide individual psychotherapy, couple therapy, family therapy, sex therapy, psychological and vocational assessment and psycho-educational assessment and intervention. We can help you and your family cope with and overcome life challenges, relationship conflicts, traumas, and mental health concerns. Our services are provided by registered psychologists, registered psychotherapists and experienced masters/doctoral clinicians under supervision.
We provide individual psychotherapy, couple therapy, family therapy, sex therapy, psychological and vocational assessment and psycho-educational assessment and intervention. We can help you and your family cope with and overcome life challenges, relationship conflicts, traumas, and mental health concerns. Our services are provided by registered psychologists, registered psychotherapists and experienced masters/doctoral clinicians under supervision.
(289) 207-6734 View (289) 207-6734
Photo of Krista Gatti @ Psychotherapy for You, Registered Social Worker in Port Hope, ON
Krista Gatti @ Psychotherapy for You
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cobourg, ON K9A  (Online Only)
I am a registered social Worker and Psychotherapist in Ontario. I am also a member of Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers. I obtained my bachelor of Social Work from the University of Manitoba and obtained my Masters of Social Work from the University of Windsor. I have a certificate in Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). I also have a certificate in Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) Therapy and Brian Spotting. I started my career by providing support to individuals who were struggling with life challenges. I have experience working with a variety of areas such as anxiety, depression, grief, separation, and sel
I am a registered social Worker and Psychotherapist in Ontario. I am also a member of Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers. I obtained my bachelor of Social Work from the University of Manitoba and obtained my Masters of Social Work from the University of Windsor. I have a certificate in Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). I also have a certificate in Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) Therapy and Brian Spotting. I started my career by providing support to individuals who were struggling with life challenges. I have experience working with a variety of areas such as anxiety, depression, grief, separation, and sel
(343) 307-4960 View (343) 307-4960

Online Therapists

Photo of Melanie Russell, Registered Psychotherapist in Port Hope, ON
Melanie Russell
Registered Psychotherapist, BAPsy, RP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Burlington, ON L7M  (Online Only)
Some of the models I use include CBT, DBT, ERP, CPT, ACT, Family Systems Therapy, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and the Gottman Approach, among others.
As a registered psychotherapist, I have 23 years of experience working with clients struggling with their mental health. My career started in 2000 when I began working with clients with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, OCD, personality disorders, somatic disorders, chronic pain, fatigue, sleep disorders, PTSD, and survivors of sexual abuse and assault in private and community clinics. Over the years, I have also accumulated continuing education in family and couple therapy as often mental health influences or relates to our interpersonal relationships.
Some of the models I use include CBT, DBT, ERP, CPT, ACT, Family Systems Therapy, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and the Gottman Approach, among others.
As a registered psychotherapist, I have 23 years of experience working with clients struggling with their mental health. My career started in 2000 when I began working with clients with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, OCD, personality disorders, somatic disorders, chronic pain, fatigue, sleep disorders, PTSD, and survivors of sexual abuse and assault in private and community clinics. Over the years, I have also accumulated continuing education in family and couple therapy as often mental health influences or relates to our interpersonal relationships.
(289) 312-8634 View (289) 312-8634
Photo of Janelle Anderson, Registered Social Worker in Port Hope, ON
Janelle Anderson
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Barrie, ON L4M
With over 10 years of experience, I am well-versed in a vast array of therapeutic approaches: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Somatic Experiencing (SE), Internal Family Systems (IFS), trauma-informed practice, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Emotionally-Focused Therapy (EFT) and more.
Are you caught in the relentless grip of intrusive thoughts, trapped in the cycle of rumination, or paralyzed by over-analysis? Perhaps you're navigating the complexities of anxiety, OCD, trauma, body dysmorphic disorder, or debilitating phobias? If you reached out to a therapist, have you experienced an increase in your symptoms or stagnation? If so, know that you're not alone. I am here to offer you steadfast support, compassion and tailored therapeutic techniques to support you in not only reclaiming your life but get you closer to your goals.
With over 10 years of experience, I am well-versed in a vast array of therapeutic approaches: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Somatic Experiencing (SE), Internal Family Systems (IFS), trauma-informed practice, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Emotionally-Focused Therapy (EFT) and more.
Are you caught in the relentless grip of intrusive thoughts, trapped in the cycle of rumination, or paralyzed by over-analysis? Perhaps you're navigating the complexities of anxiety, OCD, trauma, body dysmorphic disorder, or debilitating phobias? If you reached out to a therapist, have you experienced an increase in your symptoms or stagnation? If so, know that you're not alone. I am here to offer you steadfast support, compassion and tailored therapeutic techniques to support you in not only reclaiming your life but get you closer to your goals.
(705) 896-6936 View (705) 896-6936
Photo of Kayla James, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Port Hope, ON
Kayla James
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RPQ, MACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5C
Accepting new clients online and in-person. Taking the first step is often the hardest, so I congratulate you for seeking a therapist! Using a trauma informed, strengths-based approach we can work together on your journey toward living a fulfilling life. I am passionate about helping my clients work through their trauma, anxiety, and depression, and learn new techniques that allow them to thrive despite their experiences.
Accepting new clients online and in-person. Taking the first step is often the hardest, so I congratulate you for seeking a therapist! Using a trauma informed, strengths-based approach we can work together on your journey toward living a fulfilling life. I am passionate about helping my clients work through their trauma, anxiety, and depression, and learn new techniques that allow them to thrive despite their experiences.
(289) 276-1166 View (289) 276-1166
Photo of Vaughan Counselling & Psychotherapy, Registered Psychotherapist in Port Hope, ON
Vaughan Counselling & Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4L
Accepting New Clients! Welcome to our page! Whether you stumbled this page because of a recent break-up, divorce, an addiction you want to break, marriage problems or just looking to find ways to cope with your stress, you found the right place. We specialize in CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, Inner Child Work and other modalities to assist you. We can provide you with tools to help you cope but can also assist you in finding and healing the core issue.
Accepting New Clients! Welcome to our page! Whether you stumbled this page because of a recent break-up, divorce, an addiction you want to break, marriage problems or just looking to find ways to cope with your stress, you found the right place. We specialize in CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, Inner Child Work and other modalities to assist you. We can provide you with tools to help you cope but can also assist you in finding and healing the core issue.
(365) 800-5972 View (365) 800-5972
Photo of Remedy, Psychologist in Port Hope, ON
Remedy
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6G
Remedy is a vibrant and open-minded clinical practice that is committed to the personal growth of our clients. Our philosophy is to innovate mental health care and to work with our clients to amplify and support the lives they want to live. People seek therapy for a number of reasons, including to pursue personal exploration and an enhanced experience of life, as well as to address specific mental health concerns. However your goals for therapy may look, we are here to hold space for you. We believe that you are the expert in your own life, and we will work collaboratively with you to design a therapy plan that meets your needs.
Remedy is a vibrant and open-minded clinical practice that is committed to the personal growth of our clients. Our philosophy is to innovate mental health care and to work with our clients to amplify and support the lives they want to live. People seek therapy for a number of reasons, including to pursue personal exploration and an enhanced experience of life, as well as to address specific mental health concerns. However your goals for therapy may look, we are here to hold space for you. We believe that you are the expert in your own life, and we will work collaboratively with you to design a therapy plan that meets your needs.
(647) 691-4772 View (647) 691-4772
Photo of Dina Dawod, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Port Hope, ON
Dina Dawod
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, RP(Q)
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mississauga, ON L4Z
I am committed to making a positive impact on people's lives. I am a firm believer in the power of empathy and active listening and I am dedicated to creating a safe and non-judgmental space for clients to explore their thoughts and emotions. I believe that the most profound human connections are built upon empathy, trust, and a sincere desire to help others. My approach to therapy is integrative, drawing from various techniques to tailor treatment plans to the specific needs of each client. I have witnessed the transformative impact of a therapeutic relationship built on trust and mutual respect, as both a therapist and a client.
I am committed to making a positive impact on people's lives. I am a firm believer in the power of empathy and active listening and I am dedicated to creating a safe and non-judgmental space for clients to explore their thoughts and emotions. I believe that the most profound human connections are built upon empathy, trust, and a sincere desire to help others. My approach to therapy is integrative, drawing from various techniques to tailor treatment plans to the specific needs of each client. I have witnessed the transformative impact of a therapeutic relationship built on trust and mutual respect, as both a therapist and a client.
(289) 302-7374 View (289) 302-7374
Photo of Milton Psychotherapy Centre-Accepting New Clients, Registered Social Worker, Psychotherapist in Port Hope, ON
Milton Psychotherapy Centre-Accepting New Clients
Registered Social Worker, Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Milton, ON L9T
Your journey in therapy will never be the same as someone else's journey. At Milton Psychotherapy Centre, we pride ourselves in providing dynamic, personalized, and creative mental health services to help our client's meet their unique goals. Whether you know exactly what you would like to work with your therapist, or if you are not quite sure what you need but you know that you want to see changes in your life - we've got you. Our team of approachable, down-to-earth, highly skilled therapists are ready to help you move in the direction of your goals.
Your journey in therapy will never be the same as someone else's journey. At Milton Psychotherapy Centre, we pride ourselves in providing dynamic, personalized, and creative mental health services to help our client's meet their unique goals. Whether you know exactly what you would like to work with your therapist, or if you are not quite sure what you need but you know that you want to see changes in your life - we've got you. Our team of approachable, down-to-earth, highly skilled therapists are ready to help you move in the direction of your goals.
(905) 878-3543 View (905) 878-3543
Photo of Kelly Kozluk, Registered Psychotherapist in Port Hope, ON
Kelly Kozluk
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, HBSc
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4L  (Online Only)
Seeking out therapy is not only for when you or your relationship are in a state of crisis; therapy can also be preventative when things are going well, proactive when expecting challenging life transitions and reactive when distress starts impacting your daily life. I am ready to meet you where you are in your journey and support you to explore the past, to stand with you in the present and work with you towards future well-being and goals. I believe in the importance of healthy relationships and a comprehensive approach, so welcome working with individuals, couples and families.
Seeking out therapy is not only for when you or your relationship are in a state of crisis; therapy can also be preventative when things are going well, proactive when expecting challenging life transitions and reactive when distress starts impacting your daily life. I am ready to meet you where you are in your journey and support you to explore the past, to stand with you in the present and work with you towards future well-being and goals. I believe in the importance of healthy relationships and a comprehensive approach, so welcome working with individuals, couples and families.
Photo of Natasha Sharma, Counsellor in Port Hope, ON
Natasha Sharma
Counsellor, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Etobicoke, ON M9B
Hi! I'm Natasha Sharma: Therapist, TEDx Speaker, and CEO of NKS Therapy. Do you feel sad, stressed out, irritable or angry? Do you feel unable to let go of things that happened in the past, or worry constantly about the future? Are you experiencing distress, anxiety or depressed mood? As we have seen with the COVID-19 pandemic, life can be challenging. And unpredictable We can't always control it but we can control how we experience & respond to it. At my clinic NKS Therapy we provide you the tools to identify your emotions & get control over them. We offer expert counselling therapy for individuals, couples/marriage, & families.
Hi! I'm Natasha Sharma: Therapist, TEDx Speaker, and CEO of NKS Therapy. Do you feel sad, stressed out, irritable or angry? Do you feel unable to let go of things that happened in the past, or worry constantly about the future? Are you experiencing distress, anxiety or depressed mood? As we have seen with the COVID-19 pandemic, life can be challenging. And unpredictable We can't always control it but we can control how we experience & respond to it. At my clinic NKS Therapy we provide you the tools to identify your emotions & get control over them. We offer expert counselling therapy for individuals, couples/marriage, & families.
(289) 207-4800 View (289) 207-4800
Photo of Giselle Jordana Baker, Registered Psychotherapist in Port Hope, ON
Giselle Jordana Baker
Registered Psychotherapist, BSc, MACP, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mississauga, ON L4Z
We were not meant to be perfect; but we were meant to live a wholesome and purposeful life. Therefore, I support individuals and their families through significant life challenges to develop a sense of completeness and fulfillment. To do that, I create a safe space of empathy, trust and understanding for healing, growth and resilience to occur. My main focus is to help persons overcome difficulties, build self-esteem and resilience, increase confidence; and most importantly, discover that peace and love within themselves.
We were not meant to be perfect; but we were meant to live a wholesome and purposeful life. Therefore, I support individuals and their families through significant life challenges to develop a sense of completeness and fulfillment. To do that, I create a safe space of empathy, trust and understanding for healing, growth and resilience to occur. My main focus is to help persons overcome difficulties, build self-esteem and resilience, increase confidence; and most importantly, discover that peace and love within themselves.
(289) 270-6801 x706 View (289) 270-6801 x706
Photo of Barb Kirkham, Registered Psychotherapist in Port Hope, ON
Barb Kirkham
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MEd, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Burlington, ON L7S
Congratulations for taking the first step towards wellness by looking for help. I can promise you that if selected I am committed to helping you navigate the ups and downs of your life. Being a Psychotherapist isn't just a job for me; it's my passion. Through my own life experiences as a wife, mother, daughter, and friend, I've gained deep insights that I will bring to the table. These insights along with my formal education will help me relate better to your joys and challenges. I look forward to the opportunity to get to know you better.
Congratulations for taking the first step towards wellness by looking for help. I can promise you that if selected I am committed to helping you navigate the ups and downs of your life. Being a Psychotherapist isn't just a job for me; it's my passion. Through my own life experiences as a wife, mother, daughter, and friend, I've gained deep insights that I will bring to the table. These insights along with my formal education will help me relate better to your joys and challenges. I look forward to the opportunity to get to know you better.
(289) 401-5238 View (289) 401-5238
Photo of Connect and Thrive Psychology, Psychologist in Port Hope, ON
Connect and Thrive Psychology
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5C  (Online Only)
We are a team of mental health professionals supporting individuals and couples. We have expertise in working with clients who struggle with interpersonal communication, assertiveness, and problematic emotions (e.g., anxiety, shame, anger) that impacts their self-worth, their ability to function, and their relationships. Some of our clinicians also have specialized training treating anxiety disorders (social anxiety, generalized anxiety, phobias, panic disorder, agoraphobia), obsessive-compulsive disorder, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and complex mental illness, as well as in rehabilitation psychology.
We are a team of mental health professionals supporting individuals and couples. We have expertise in working with clients who struggle with interpersonal communication, assertiveness, and problematic emotions (e.g., anxiety, shame, anger) that impacts their self-worth, their ability to function, and their relationships. Some of our clinicians also have specialized training treating anxiety disorders (social anxiety, generalized anxiety, phobias, panic disorder, agoraphobia), obsessive-compulsive disorder, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and complex mental illness, as well as in rehabilitation psychology.
(647) 370-2543 View (647) 370-2543
Photo of Mary Ventrella, Registered Psychotherapist in Port Hope, ON
Mary Ventrella
Registered Psychotherapist, PhD, MA, CYCP, RP
Verified Verified
Aurora, ON L4G
Doctoral degree in Counselling Studies and Certified Child and Youth Counsellor. Support working with children, marriages & families from all stages. I have been in practice for over 33 years. The focus includes: building safety, healthy attachment and attunement, healing from trauma by using NUROFEEDBACK, EMDR and BRAINSPOTTING, decreasing anxiety, depression and OCD, family and marital issues and building self-confidence, emotional regulation, living mindfully with purpose, spirituality, supporting goals and aspirations, living in relational harmony and investing in fulfilling relationships and life goals.
Doctoral degree in Counselling Studies and Certified Child and Youth Counsellor. Support working with children, marriages & families from all stages. I have been in practice for over 33 years. The focus includes: building safety, healthy attachment and attunement, healing from trauma by using NUROFEEDBACK, EMDR and BRAINSPOTTING, decreasing anxiety, depression and OCD, family and marital issues and building self-confidence, emotional regulation, living mindfully with purpose, spirituality, supporting goals and aspirations, living in relational harmony and investing in fulfilling relationships and life goals.
(647) 492-4016 View (647) 492-4016
Photo of Ahmad Shihab, Registered Psychotherapist in Port Hope, ON
Ahmad Shihab
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Mississauga, ON L5T
Hello My name is Ahmad Shihab, a Registered Psychotherapist Qualifying and Director of Serenity Psychotherapy Clinic. I offer psychotherapy services to individuals, couples, and families virtually (online). I offer services in English or Arabic (most dialects). When it comes to therapy, my philosophy is that the client is at the heart of the process, and I simply have the privilege to walk alongside them in their journey of healing and growth. I work from a client-centered and integrative theoretical frameworks.
Hello My name is Ahmad Shihab, a Registered Psychotherapist Qualifying and Director of Serenity Psychotherapy Clinic. I offer psychotherapy services to individuals, couples, and families virtually (online). I offer services in English or Arabic (most dialects). When it comes to therapy, my philosophy is that the client is at the heart of the process, and I simply have the privilege to walk alongside them in their journey of healing and growth. I work from a client-centered and integrative theoretical frameworks.
(289) 797-3318 View (289) 797-3318
Photo of Your Lifetime Counselling, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Port Hope, ON
Your Lifetime Counselling
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MD, MACP, RP(q), PMP, CCRP
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakville, ON L6H
I wear many professional hats. I am an MD, MACP, RP(q), a Clinical Researcher, a Project Management Professional, a Professor at George Brown College, previously an instructor for 15 years at UofT and a family oriented female. I am a published author in the Journal of American College of Cardiology, International Diabetes Federation and the Journal of European Society of Cardiology. I have a number of years worth of work experience in mental health. I have taken care of clients in the in/out patient settings. I believe in providing a non-judgmental and safe space for people to share. My aim is to build stronger communities.
I wear many professional hats. I am an MD, MACP, RP(q), a Clinical Researcher, a Project Management Professional, a Professor at George Brown College, previously an instructor for 15 years at UofT and a family oriented female. I am a published author in the Journal of American College of Cardiology, International Diabetes Federation and the Journal of European Society of Cardiology. I have a number of years worth of work experience in mental health. I have taken care of clients in the in/out patient settings. I believe in providing a non-judgmental and safe space for people to share. My aim is to build stronger communities.
(289) 677-1873 View (289) 677-1873
Photo of Dr. Leeor Granite, Psychologist in Port Hope, ON
Dr. Leeor Granite
Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Verified Verified
Markham, ON L3R
Starting therapy can be daunting, particularly when burdened with stress, anxiety, or feelings of sadness. Identifying and working through the underlying causes of these mental and emotional states can yield profound transformations. Outcomes include uplifted moods, enhanced coping mechanisms for life's adversities, and improved life satisfaction. As a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Ontario, Canada, I deeply understand the enduring impact of our personal histories.
Starting therapy can be daunting, particularly when burdened with stress, anxiety, or feelings of sadness. Identifying and working through the underlying causes of these mental and emotional states can yield profound transformations. Outcomes include uplifted moods, enhanced coping mechanisms for life's adversities, and improved life satisfaction. As a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Ontario, Canada, I deeply understand the enduring impact of our personal histories.
(289) 796-1244 View (289) 796-1244
Photo of Christina Lee, Registered Social Worker in Port Hope, ON
Christina Lee
Registered Social Worker
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Barrie, ON L4N
Are you feeling burnt out or overwhelmed? Is anxiety impacting your day-today life? Do you need help healing from difficult past relationships, traumatic events, or abuse? Do you find yourself repeating unhelpful behaviors and not know how to stop them? In therapy, you can learn coping skills to manage the anxiety or feelings holding you back. You will better understand what powers your difficulties and get the tools that you need to feel and function better. You can build self-esteem and develop communication skills. Your past does not have to dictate your future. You can take the driver's seat of your life journey. Start t
Are you feeling burnt out or overwhelmed? Is anxiety impacting your day-today life? Do you need help healing from difficult past relationships, traumatic events, or abuse? Do you find yourself repeating unhelpful behaviors and not know how to stop them? In therapy, you can learn coping skills to manage the anxiety or feelings holding you back. You will better understand what powers your difficulties and get the tools that you need to feel and function better. You can build self-esteem and develop communication skills. Your past does not have to dictate your future. You can take the driver's seat of your life journey. Start t
(249) 490-8864 View (249) 490-8864
Photo of Karen Lynn Goslin, Registered Social Worker in Port Hope, ON
Karen Lynn Goslin
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C
With over 30 years of clinical experience, I welcome Children, Teens, Adults, Couples & Families into my practice who are facing anxiety, depression, anger, trauma, grief, addiction, chronic pain/illness, or stress from relationship conflicts. I specialize in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Relapse Prevention Therapy, and Self-Care which are personalized to your unique circumstance. I also provide a special Couple's Program and a Deeper Healing Program that addresses pain and utilizes strength to repair.
With over 30 years of clinical experience, I welcome Children, Teens, Adults, Couples & Families into my practice who are facing anxiety, depression, anger, trauma, grief, addiction, chronic pain/illness, or stress from relationship conflicts. I specialize in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Relapse Prevention Therapy, and Self-Care which are personalized to your unique circumstance. I also provide a special Couple's Program and a Deeper Healing Program that addresses pain and utilizes strength to repair.
(647) 696-9623 View (647) 696-9623

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Nearby Exposure Response Prevention (ERP) Counsellors Searches for Port Hope

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Exposure Response Prevention (ERP) Counsellors

Do I need exposure and response prevention therapy?

Many clients decide to seek help for obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours when these symptoms are distressing enough to disrupt everyday life. Any thoughts or behaviours that cause friction in close relationships are also worth addressing. In addition, the client’s symptoms don’t have to be severe for them to benefit from ERP therapy.

Is exposure and response prevention therapy part of cognitive behavioural therapy?

Exposure and response prevention is one specific type of CBT that focuses on behavioural change in response to triggering stimuli. It is related to exposure therapy but adds an additional component of preventing compulsive and harmful responses.

How long does exposure and response prevention therapy take?

While every patient is different, exposure and response prevention therapy typically lasts around 12 sessions, although some treatments can take longer. A therapist will determine if the treatment is complete based on how the client faces their fears, particularly the strongest ones. When a client feels less anxiety about stimuli that once evoked terror or distress, that is generally an indication that they are nearing the end of ERP therapy.

What are the limitations of exposure and response prevention therapy?

The most common pitfalls of exposure and response prevention therapy include not addressing a client’s core fears, allowing the client to avoid their most distressing stimuli, and using imaginary exposure when the client requires real-life exposure (and vice versa). ERP therapy is most effective when the client commits to the full course of treatment; if the client stops early or doesn’t practice what they have learned outside of therapy sessions, they are less likely to have successful outcomes.