Therapists in Williamsburg, VA

Photo of Kristin Ritchey, Pre-Licensed Professional in Williamsburg, VA
Kristin Ritchey
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Not accepting new clients
I have a passion for working with college aged individuals and young adults, but welcome individuals at any age or phase of life. Therapy with me means being seen for who you are, and embracing everything you can be. It would be an honor to walk alongside you in your mental health journey, and I look forward to meeting you!
I have a passion for working with college aged individuals and young adults, but welcome individuals at any age or phase of life. Therapy with me means being seen for who you are, and embracing everything you can be. It would be an honor to walk alongside you in your mental health journey, and I look forward to meeting you!
(757) 267-6957 View (757) 267-6957
Photo of Sharena Goosun, Resident in Counseling in Williamsburg, VA
Sharena Goosun
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
Understanding yourself and life can be quite a challenge, especially when roadblocks and hurt are thrown into the journey. If granted a handbook to navigate life, we'd all be well off. However, that is not our reality. Due to this very reason, I have dedicated my focus to better support individuals to strengthen their mental health and regain the control of their journey no matter their life circumstances. My unique and non-traditional style of therapy has built numerous therapeutic alliances and has help many adolescents, adults and families seek love, acceptance, peace, and balance.
Understanding yourself and life can be quite a challenge, especially when roadblocks and hurt are thrown into the journey. If granted a handbook to navigate life, we'd all be well off. However, that is not our reality. Due to this very reason, I have dedicated my focus to better support individuals to strengthen their mental health and regain the control of their journey no matter their life circumstances. My unique and non-traditional style of therapy has built numerous therapeutic alliances and has help many adolescents, adults and families seek love, acceptance, peace, and balance.
(757) 997-1269 View (757) 997-1269
Photo of Shane Sheffield, Resident in Counseling in Williamsburg, VA
Shane Sheffield
Resident in Counseling, RIC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
I am accepting new clients! I specialize in substance abuse, men's issues, mood disorders, life transitions, and feeling overwhelmed with the challenges of daily life. I work with clients as young as 14, supporting and navigating school issues and relationships. My primary goal is to assist you in improving your quality-of-life and overall satisfaction, regardless of your age or issue.
I am accepting new clients! I specialize in substance abuse, men's issues, mood disorders, life transitions, and feeling overwhelmed with the challenges of daily life. I work with clients as young as 14, supporting and navigating school issues and relationships. My primary goal is to assist you in improving your quality-of-life and overall satisfaction, regardless of your age or issue.
(757) 302-7977 View (757) 302-7977
Photo of Christine Marie Hallman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Williamsburg, VA
Christine Marie Hallman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188
I am a licensed clinical social worker with a specialty serving infants, toddlers and pre-school aged children and their families, and also serve elementary school-aged children. As a parent and a professional, I know how challenging parenting young children can be. I also know how foundational the early years are to children and newly developing families. I want to support caregivers to figure out strategies for best supporting and encouraging their children's behavior. This can include supporting a child who experiences an unfortunate hardship/ trauma, a family experiencing difficulties, or a child who displays challenging behavior.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with a specialty serving infants, toddlers and pre-school aged children and their families, and also serve elementary school-aged children. As a parent and a professional, I know how challenging parenting young children can be. I also know how foundational the early years are to children and newly developing families. I want to support caregivers to figure out strategies for best supporting and encouraging their children's behavior. This can include supporting a child who experiences an unfortunate hardship/ trauma, a family experiencing difficulties, or a child who displays challenging behavior.
(757) 798-7356 View (757) 798-7356
Photo of Diane J Green, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Diane J Green
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSATP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
“You can’t go back and change the beginning, but you can start where you are and change the ending.”– C.S. Lewis. Are you struggling to be your best self? Are you stuck in a cycle of alcohol or drug addiction? Are you feeling sad, anxious, depressed, or stressed? Do others see you as bad or broken when all you need is help to bridge the gap and become the person you desire to be? If you answered yes to any of those questions, and you are ready to change your ending, I would love to help you learn skills to discover your strengths, connect with your core goodness, and bridge the gap so you can be the best version of you again.
“You can’t go back and change the beginning, but you can start where you are and change the ending.”– C.S. Lewis. Are you struggling to be your best self? Are you stuck in a cycle of alcohol or drug addiction? Are you feeling sad, anxious, depressed, or stressed? Do others see you as bad or broken when all you need is help to bridge the gap and become the person you desire to be? If you answered yes to any of those questions, and you are ready to change your ending, I would love to help you learn skills to discover your strengths, connect with your core goodness, and bridge the gap so you can be the best version of you again.
(757) 997-7645 View (757) 997-7645
Photo of Karina Villarroel, Pre-Licensed Professional in Williamsburg, VA
Karina Villarroel
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Not accepting new clients
I am a first-year practicum student in the Clinical Mental Health Counseling master’s program at the College of William and Mary with a specialization in couples, marriage, and family counseling. I am under the supervision of Dr. Jordan Luck LPC, LMFT, CSAC. I have a person-centered approach, meaning that I work collaboratively with clients to reach their goals while keeping them at the center of the process. I also believe that the connections or attachments that we have in our lives play a large part in our wellbeing. In our time together, I hope to help you work on building healthy connections and communication skills.
I am a first-year practicum student in the Clinical Mental Health Counseling master’s program at the College of William and Mary with a specialization in couples, marriage, and family counseling. I am under the supervision of Dr. Jordan Luck LPC, LMFT, CSAC. I have a person-centered approach, meaning that I work collaboratively with clients to reach their goals while keeping them at the center of the process. I also believe that the connections or attachments that we have in our lives play a large part in our wellbeing. In our time together, I hope to help you work on building healthy connections and communication skills.
(757) 997-7499 View (757) 997-7499
Photo of Joseph A Garcia, Psychologist in Williamsburg, VA
Joseph A Garcia
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Not accepting new clients
NOT accepting new clients at this moment! I specialize in identity development in its many forms. This includes gender and sexual minority, religious/spiritual, and cultural identity. In addition, the big questions that we all face; the meaning of life, responsibility, our mortality and grief are areas that may be covered through our work. The ultimate goal in therapy is for you to achieve balance in your life and in yourself. This often begins with the management of symptoms that can range from depression, anxiety, phobias, or other forms of emotional instability that may interfere with healing on deeper, more sustainable, levels.
NOT accepting new clients at this moment! I specialize in identity development in its many forms. This includes gender and sexual minority, religious/spiritual, and cultural identity. In addition, the big questions that we all face; the meaning of life, responsibility, our mortality and grief are areas that may be covered through our work. The ultimate goal in therapy is for you to achieve balance in your life and in yourself. This often begins with the management of symptoms that can range from depression, anxiety, phobias, or other forms of emotional instability that may interfere with healing on deeper, more sustainable, levels.
(757) 267-9438 View (757) 267-9438
Loren Council
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Have you been trying to overcome difficulties in your life only to find yourself still feeling stuck? Perhaps it is time to try something new. Therapy is a place where you can talk, think, feel, act and learn new ways of being yourself. I draw from psychodynamic and DBT (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy) approaches and invite my clients into an open experiment in which we can bring maladaptive habitual patterns into awareness and allow new ways of being to emerge.¨ I believe therapy offers the chance for an honest relationship that facilitates that change.
Have you been trying to overcome difficulties in your life only to find yourself still feeling stuck? Perhaps it is time to try something new. Therapy is a place where you can talk, think, feel, act and learn new ways of being yourself. I draw from psychodynamic and DBT (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy) approaches and invite my clients into an open experiment in which we can bring maladaptive habitual patterns into awareness and allow new ways of being to emerge.¨ I believe therapy offers the chance for an honest relationship that facilitates that change.
(757) 338-6492 View (757) 338-6492
Photo of Kelli Jones Sanness, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Kelli Jones Sanness
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
I truly enjoy working with people to help them build a strong sense of self, to encourage their confidence in relationships, and to help foster a sense of calm and security in their everyday life. People seek therapy for many reasons: adjustment to a new city or life situation, feeling overwhelmed or stuck, or problems with relationships. Some struggle with emotional turmoil and anguish from experiences survived in childhood or as an adult. Whatever your unique personal circumstance, I believe it is my duty to serve each client with respect and care. I provide clients with evidence-based treatment, tailored to the individual person.
I truly enjoy working with people to help them build a strong sense of self, to encourage their confidence in relationships, and to help foster a sense of calm and security in their everyday life. People seek therapy for many reasons: adjustment to a new city or life situation, feeling overwhelmed or stuck, or problems with relationships. Some struggle with emotional turmoil and anguish from experiences survived in childhood or as an adult. Whatever your unique personal circumstance, I believe it is my duty to serve each client with respect and care. I provide clients with evidence-based treatment, tailored to the individual person.
(757) 378-0332 View (757) 378-0332
Photo of Carter W Summerville, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Carter W Summerville
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188  (Online Only)
Complex issues arise in our lives that we struggle to understand, cope with, and move on from. From a young age to an old one, mental health symptoms can interfere with day to day life. That's where therapy comes in! You or your teen's therapeutic journey will be tailored to the unique needs, behaviors, and background present. Working together collaboratively is key in helping you or your teen to learn about emotional wellbeing, ways to change or manage behavior, and how to cope with emotions in a healthy and appropriate way.
Complex issues arise in our lives that we struggle to understand, cope with, and move on from. From a young age to an old one, mental health symptoms can interfere with day to day life. That's where therapy comes in! You or your teen's therapeutic journey will be tailored to the unique needs, behaviors, and background present. Working together collaboratively is key in helping you or your teen to learn about emotional wellbeing, ways to change or manage behavior, and how to cope with emotions in a healthy and appropriate way.
(757) 704-5436 View (757) 704-5436
Photo of Two Rivers Wellness Center, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Two Rivers Wellness Center, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
12 years and older may receive treatment for various mental health conditions. Our staff is able to address issues of self-esteem, anger management, substance abuse, depression or anxiety, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, immigration assessments and various other mental health disorders. Children, the elderly and anyone in between in search of validation, resources and adaptive tools will find a safe space based on mutual trust and authenticity.
12 years and older may receive treatment for various mental health conditions. Our staff is able to address issues of self-esteem, anger management, substance abuse, depression or anxiety, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, immigration assessments and various other mental health disorders. Children, the elderly and anyone in between in search of validation, resources and adaptive tools will find a safe space based on mutual trust and authenticity.
(757) 260-4099 View (757) 260-4099
Photo of Open Doors Behavioral Health Services, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Williamsburg, VA
Open Doors Behavioral Health Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I provide services to those who are facing a wide range of mental health challenges by helping them navigate through anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, and other issues. My approach is multifaceted in order to address unique needs and circumstances. Empowering you to believe in your agency to shape your own life is a crucial aspect of my work. By helping you build skills to manage stress, develop healthy relationships, and process trauma, I'll help equip you with the tools you need to not only cope with life's challenges but also to thrive. I offer a haven to explore your strengths, vulnerabilities, and aspirations.
I provide services to those who are facing a wide range of mental health challenges by helping them navigate through anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, and other issues. My approach is multifaceted in order to address unique needs and circumstances. Empowering you to believe in your agency to shape your own life is a crucial aspect of my work. By helping you build skills to manage stress, develop healthy relationships, and process trauma, I'll help equip you with the tools you need to not only cope with life's challenges but also to thrive. I offer a haven to explore your strengths, vulnerabilities, and aspirations.
(757) 709-6793 View (757) 709-6793
Photo of Alix Price, Psychologist in Williamsburg, VA
Alix Price
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Dr. Alexandra ("Alix") Price is a clinical psychologist who has more than 16 years of experience assessing and treating various mental health diagnoses. She believes in holistic recovery and is particularly passionate about the importance of connection within the therapy relationship. Dr. Price works with adults who are struggling with adjustment disorders, depression, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, grief, life transition problems, women's issues, stress management, and much more.
Dr. Alexandra ("Alix") Price is a clinical psychologist who has more than 16 years of experience assessing and treating various mental health diagnoses. She believes in holistic recovery and is particularly passionate about the importance of connection within the therapy relationship. Dr. Price works with adults who are struggling with adjustment disorders, depression, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, grief, life transition problems, women's issues, stress management, and much more.
View
Photo of Anna Potter, Pre-Licensed Professional in Williamsburg, VA
Anna Potter
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
I have spent several years working with children and teens in various capacities in community health and child welfare. I have a unique ability to connect with youth and families that enable them to harness their strengths in order to heal and achieve therapeutic goals. I utilize evidence-based trauma-informed treatments in conjunction with creative activities and somatic exercises to engage my clients in therapy. I work with clients of any age but specialize in children, teens, and families.
I have spent several years working with children and teens in various capacities in community health and child welfare. I have a unique ability to connect with youth and families that enable them to harness their strengths in order to heal and achieve therapeutic goals. I utilize evidence-based trauma-informed treatments in conjunction with creative activities and somatic exercises to engage my clients in therapy. I work with clients of any age but specialize in children, teens, and families.
(757) 866-5203 View (757) 866-5203
Photo of Anna Mahr, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Anna Mahr
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I am a trauma therapist who goes beyond traditional talk therapy and cognitive interventions. Perhaps you are a self-aware person who just can't understand why it's so difficult to move on from certain things, or you're having reactions to things that just don't feel like the real you! I can help go to the heart of these issues to find what you need to still process or heal from. I treat trauma, including attachment trauma, sexual assault, witnessing domestic or community violence, and trauma of early childhood. I also treat clients who are experiencing guilt, shame, recurring negative cognitions, anxiety, and depression.
Hi! I am a trauma therapist who goes beyond traditional talk therapy and cognitive interventions. Perhaps you are a self-aware person who just can't understand why it's so difficult to move on from certain things, or you're having reactions to things that just don't feel like the real you! I can help go to the heart of these issues to find what you need to still process or heal from. I treat trauma, including attachment trauma, sexual assault, witnessing domestic or community violence, and trauma of early childhood. I also treat clients who are experiencing guilt, shame, recurring negative cognitions, anxiety, and depression.
(757) 829-7163 View (757) 829-7163
Photo of Sharon Harper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Williamsburg, VA
Sharon Harper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome to my page! I know this process can seem overwhelming and you might not know what exactly to do. Good news- you are already doing it! Look through these pages, use the filters provided, and then reach out to a therapist or 2 who you feel comfortable with and let the therapist take it from there. Most important is that you find someone who is the right fit for you. If you are thinking that person might be me, Keep reading! (2024 NOTE- I do not have after school or after work hours available)
Welcome to my page! I know this process can seem overwhelming and you might not know what exactly to do. Good news- you are already doing it! Look through these pages, use the filters provided, and then reach out to a therapist or 2 who you feel comfortable with and let the therapist take it from there. Most important is that you find someone who is the right fit for you. If you are thinking that person might be me, Keep reading! (2024 NOTE- I do not have after school or after work hours available)
(757) 345-8500 View (757) 345-8500
Photo of Victoria Haynes, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Victoria Haynes
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMFT, CST
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Waitlist for new clients
Throughout our lives, we all experience periods of darkness and struggle. It's only natural that sometimes we want to give up -- whether it's on our relationships, our passions, or even ourselves. For those experiencing difficulty with their intimate relationships, communication with significant others, exploring gender or sexual identity, depression, or traumatic experiences, psychotherapy with me may be a route to better health and wellness.
Throughout our lives, we all experience periods of darkness and struggle. It's only natural that sometimes we want to give up -- whether it's on our relationships, our passions, or even ourselves. For those experiencing difficulty with their intimate relationships, communication with significant others, exploring gender or sexual identity, depression, or traumatic experiences, psychotherapy with me may be a route to better health and wellness.
(540) 264-3738 View (540) 264-3738
Photo of Morgan Walker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Morgan Walker
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
I’m glad you’re here. I don’t have to know you yet to already believe that you are deserving of wellness and support. With that said, I would like to get to know you. The process of searching for a therapist and finding a good fit can feel overwhelming and challenging. If you’re in search of support and would like to see if we could work well together, please contact me to set up an initial connection. I am here to help in all the ways that I can.
I’m glad you’re here. I don’t have to know you yet to already believe that you are deserving of wellness and support. With that said, I would like to get to know you. The process of searching for a therapist and finding a good fit can feel overwhelming and challenging. If you’re in search of support and would like to see if we could work well together, please contact me to set up an initial connection. I am here to help in all the ways that I can.
(757) 781-0780 View (757) 781-0780
Photo of Glenn Clavet, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Glenn Clavet
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Are you going through a difficult situation or making an important life decision? Do you want to explore ways to achieve a more fulfilling life?
Are you going through a difficult situation or making an important life decision? Do you want to explore ways to achieve a more fulfilling life?
(757) 856-6252 View (757) 856-6252
Photo of Justine Evirs, Pre-Licensed Professional in Williamsburg, VA
Justine Evirs
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, CPRS, CSAC-S
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188  (Online Only)
Are you having thoughts similar to "I think I have a problem with drinking" or "why can't I stop using this drug or doing this behavior" then you are in the right place. I've been there so many times in my life and I became a Substance Abuse Counselor to help people just like you and me. Addiction does not discriminate and can affect any age, race, social class, gender and it doesn't care what you do for a living, how many kids you have, or how many volunteer roles you have. If you are looking for a confidential space to learn more about addiction and recovery this you may have just found it.
Are you having thoughts similar to "I think I have a problem with drinking" or "why can't I stop using this drug or doing this behavior" then you are in the right place. I've been there so many times in my life and I became a Substance Abuse Counselor to help people just like you and me. Addiction does not discriminate and can affect any age, race, social class, gender and it doesn't care what you do for a living, how many kids you have, or how many volunteer roles you have. If you are looking for a confidential space to learn more about addiction and recovery this you may have just found it.
View

See more therapy options for Williamsburg

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Williamsburg, VA

200+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Williamsburg, VA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
84% Depression
73% Coping Skills
72% Self Esteem
68% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
65% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Anthem | Elevance
68% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Williamsburg, VA see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Williamsburg?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.