Therapists in Poquoson, VA

Photo of Ashley Palochak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ashley Palochak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I work with a generational spectrum of clients, from adolescents to retirees, who are navigating trauma, PTSD, anxiety, or addiction. My ideal clients are often those who feel "stuck" in old patterns and are looking for a direct, authentic approach to healing. Whether you are facing old traumas, anxiety, work-related stress, or major life transitions, I help you move forward by integrating the immediate self-regulation skills of DBT with the deep processing of EMDR. Together, we work to transform the maladaptive memories into adaptive ones, giving you both the practical tools and the cognitive clarity needed to reclaim your life.
I work with a generational spectrum of clients, from adolescents to retirees, who are navigating trauma, PTSD, anxiety, or addiction. My ideal clients are often those who feel "stuck" in old patterns and are looking for a direct, authentic approach to healing. Whether you are facing old traumas, anxiety, work-related stress, or major life transitions, I help you move forward by integrating the immediate self-regulation skills of DBT with the deep processing of EMDR. Together, we work to transform the maladaptive memories into adaptive ones, giving you both the practical tools and the cognitive clarity needed to reclaim your life.
(757) 982-8229 View (757) 982-8229
Photo of Betty Eastman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Betty Eastman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Poquoson, VA 23662
Do you need help for your troubled teenager or adolescent? Is your child listless, seem depressed and complain of having no friends? Frustrated by disrespect, anger, difficulty in school. Is your child making all the wrong choices. I address issues with children and adolescents such as fears, anxiety, depression, social skills and relationship issues.
Do you need help for your troubled teenager or adolescent? Is your child listless, seem depressed and complain of having no friends? Frustrated by disrespect, anger, difficulty in school. Is your child making all the wrong choices. I address issues with children and adolescents such as fears, anxiety, depression, social skills and relationship issues.
(757) 695-4889 View (757) 695-4889
Photo of Celena Thompson, Psychologist, Psy D
Celena Thompson
Psychologist, Psy D
1 Endorsed
Poquoson, VA 23662
I have been a clinical psychologist since 1999,primarily working in the areas of PTSD, mood disorders, family conflict, crisis intervention, conduct disorders in children and adolescents, and addiction. In addition, I have specialized training in the treatment of PTSD in a wide range of populations. Specifically, I have been trained in and provided Cognitive Processing Therapy and Prolonged Exposure, both evidenced based treatments for PTSD.
I have been a clinical psychologist since 1999,primarily working in the areas of PTSD, mood disorders, family conflict, crisis intervention, conduct disorders in children and adolescents, and addiction. In addition, I have specialized training in the treatment of PTSD in a wide range of populations. Specifically, I have been trained in and provided Cognitive Processing Therapy and Prolonged Exposure, both evidenced based treatments for PTSD.
(757) 868-0072 View (757) 868-0072
Photo of Tim Webb, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Tim Webb
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Online Only
As an LPC with 37 years experience, licensed in Virginia & North Carolina I use EMDR and CBT with clients experiencing trauma, substance abuse, anxiety, depression & life changes, suicidal thoughts & men's issues. A former firefighter with experience treating Veterans, I understand the unique issues facing those who have served in uniform. I also work with clients to enhance performance on the field, in the boardroom or as operators. If indicated, I draw on each client's unique spirituality as a source of strength. Clients report increased joy, happiness and success as well as decreased anxiety, worry, self-doubt and flashbacks.
As an LPC with 37 years experience, licensed in Virginia & North Carolina I use EMDR and CBT with clients experiencing trauma, substance abuse, anxiety, depression & life changes, suicidal thoughts & men's issues. A former firefighter with experience treating Veterans, I understand the unique issues facing those who have served in uniform. I also work with clients to enhance performance on the field, in the boardroom or as operators. If indicated, I draw on each client's unique spirituality as a source of strength. Clients report increased joy, happiness and success as well as decreased anxiety, worry, self-doubt and flashbacks.
(757) 600-0830 View (757) 600-0830
Photo of Maria Weaver, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, BCN
Maria Weaver
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, BCN
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
I provide an encouraging and non-judgmental space to share your difficulties. No matter what your challenges are in life, you CAN make positive changes! I tailor my approach to help you find YOUR path and inner strength to meet YOUR goals. I use a combination of trauma informed therapy, mindfulness techniques, and cognitive-behavioral therapy to build resilience and insight, to assist you with resolving your challenges. If you desire swift, and lasting change, I offer Neurofeedback and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing), and Target2zero, an accelerated EMDR-like therapy to help you conquer your challenges.
I provide an encouraging and non-judgmental space to share your difficulties. No matter what your challenges are in life, you CAN make positive changes! I tailor my approach to help you find YOUR path and inner strength to meet YOUR goals. I use a combination of trauma informed therapy, mindfulness techniques, and cognitive-behavioral therapy to build resilience and insight, to assist you with resolving your challenges. If you desire swift, and lasting change, I offer Neurofeedback and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing), and Target2zero, an accelerated EMDR-like therapy to help you conquer your challenges.
(757) 367-8317 View (757) 367-8317
Photo of Bridget Kanz, Psychologist, CP
Bridget Kanz
Psychologist, CP
Online Only
My name is Bridget Kanz and I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I believe that every person has the desire and capacity to live a full and healthy life. My goal as a therapist is to provide you with the support and skills needed to realize your potential. I have worked with a wide variety of clients throughout my career and am very comfortable treating many conditions including anxiety/panic, PTSD, bipolar, schizophrenia, schizoaffective, substance use, personality disorders, and depression.
My name is Bridget Kanz and I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I believe that every person has the desire and capacity to live a full and healthy life. My goal as a therapist is to provide you with the support and skills needed to realize your potential. I have worked with a wide variety of clients throughout my career and am very comfortable treating many conditions including anxiety/panic, PTSD, bipolar, schizophrenia, schizoaffective, substance use, personality disorders, and depression.
(804) 361-8439 View (804) 361-8439
Photo of Kim Pinto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCN, TF-CBT, CFTP, CCTS
Kim Pinto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCN, TF-CBT, CFTP, CCTS
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Even though I am not accepting new clients, I directly supervise several wonderful clinicians at The Healing Project who are. Scroll down to click on the website link. When you find life challenging, we specialize in helping you find your true north. Together we will develop a plan to get you back on track by making healthy changes. Whether you are dealing with sadness, depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, fragile self-esteem, or just feelings of being overwhelmed with life, we are here to listen, guide and empower you to discover your inner strength, your courage and your innate ability to thrive.
Even though I am not accepting new clients, I directly supervise several wonderful clinicians at The Healing Project who are. Scroll down to click on the website link. When you find life challenging, we specialize in helping you find your true north. Together we will develop a plan to get you back on track by making healthy changes. Whether you are dealing with sadness, depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, fragile self-esteem, or just feelings of being overwhelmed with life, we are here to listen, guide and empower you to discover your inner strength, your courage and your innate ability to thrive.
(757) 378-0948 View (757) 378-0948
Photo of Kimberly Green, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Kimberly Green
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor (LPC, CSAC) in the state of Virginia with over 18 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples, families, and veterans in a variety of settings. I earned my Master’s degree in Counseling from Norfolk State University and specialize in cognitive behavioral (CBT), behavior modification, client-centered, rational-emotive, family systems (FST), and brief solution-focused therapies (BSFT).
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor (LPC, CSAC) in the state of Virginia with over 18 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples, families, and veterans in a variety of settings. I earned my Master’s degree in Counseling from Norfolk State University and specialize in cognitive behavioral (CBT), behavior modification, client-centered, rational-emotive, family systems (FST), and brief solution-focused therapies (BSFT).
(757) 378-0732 View (757) 378-0732
Photo of Erin Hamilton Gibbs - Erin Hamilton Gibbs - Free Spirit Counseling, Resident in Counseling, MEd
Erin Hamilton Gibbs - Free Spirit Counseling
Resident in Counseling, MEd
Serves Area
I believe in you. I believe in your ability to change. I believe you can overcome challenges. I believe you can live the life you were always meant to have. I specialize in trauma and also have experience supporting individuals who live with PTSD, OCD, hoarding, ADHD, Autism, emotional eating, anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, and relationship and family difficulties. Clients have shared how, in me, they feel they have found someone who helps them feel safe, supported, and understood. Discover how to live life the way that best works for you. You are worth the journey. You deserve happiness.
I believe in you. I believe in your ability to change. I believe you can overcome challenges. I believe you can live the life you were always meant to have. I specialize in trauma and also have experience supporting individuals who live with PTSD, OCD, hoarding, ADHD, Autism, emotional eating, anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, and relationship and family difficulties. Clients have shared how, in me, they feel they have found someone who helps them feel safe, supported, and understood. Discover how to live life the way that best works for you. You are worth the journey. You deserve happiness.
(757) 347-5995 View (757) 347-5995
Photo of Dr. Brent C. Peterson, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MS, LPC, ATR, TCMHC
Dr. Brent C. Peterson
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MS, LPC, ATR, TCMHC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
We have expanded and have added to the team and can now see ages 5 and up for verbal and Art Therapy. Still seeing individuals for diagnostic testing, Parental Capacity Evals, and ADHD testing. Wait times are less than 1 month. My first rule of therapy you must laugh every session. Laughter truly is the best medicine.
We have expanded and have added to the team and can now see ages 5 and up for verbal and Art Therapy. Still seeing individuals for diagnostic testing, Parental Capacity Evals, and ADHD testing. Wait times are less than 1 month. My first rule of therapy you must laugh every session. Laughter truly is the best medicine.
(757) 707-8053 View (757) 707-8053

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Alex Chipps, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, MSW
Alex Chipps
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, MSW
Online Only
You’re the one people rely on. You show up, perform, and keep things moving, but inside your mind rarely turns off. You overthink conversations, replay decisions, and carry responsibility that was never really yours to begin with. You probably look extremely functional from the outside, but on the inside you feel exhausted. I work with adults who are high-achieving but overwhelmed, especially those navigating anxiety, relationship patterns, and the lingering impact of past traumas. Many of my clients are trying to understand why they react the way they do, why boundaries feel uncomfortable, or why it’s so hard to relax.
You’re the one people rely on. You show up, perform, and keep things moving, but inside your mind rarely turns off. You overthink conversations, replay decisions, and carry responsibility that was never really yours to begin with. You probably look extremely functional from the outside, but on the inside you feel exhausted. I work with adults who are high-achieving but overwhelmed, especially those navigating anxiety, relationship patterns, and the lingering impact of past traumas. Many of my clients are trying to understand why they react the way they do, why boundaries feel uncomfortable, or why it’s so hard to relax.
(757) 906-3490 View (757) 906-3490
Photo of Krystle Stricklin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, CGP
Krystle Stricklin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, CGP
1 Endorsed
Newport News, VA 23606
Krystle Stricklin, LCSW, MSW, CGP believes that the counseling process is a collaborative journey and she aims to create a comfortable and supportive environment of trust where she and her clients can explore emotional needs and overcome barriers that limit full potential. She works together with her clients to discover their hidden resources and strengths, to bring new insights, and improved quality of life. She combines several therapeutic orientations to meet the needs of her clients including Person-Centered, Cognitive-Behavioral, Solution-Focused, Motivational Interviewing, Grief Counseling, and Mindfulness Therapies.
Krystle Stricklin, LCSW, MSW, CGP believes that the counseling process is a collaborative journey and she aims to create a comfortable and supportive environment of trust where she and her clients can explore emotional needs and overcome barriers that limit full potential. She works together with her clients to discover their hidden resources and strengths, to bring new insights, and improved quality of life. She combines several therapeutic orientations to meet the needs of her clients including Person-Centered, Cognitive-Behavioral, Solution-Focused, Motivational Interviewing, Grief Counseling, and Mindfulness Therapies.
(470) 798-2745 View (470) 798-2745
Photo of Dayla Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Dayla Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
We all face difficult life challenges, but we don’t have to face them alone. I offer a safe, supportive, non-judgmental environment where you can process through life’s difficult moments. I believe that every individual has the ability to identify long-term positive coping skills and improve their lives as they achieve personal goals. My approach is person-centered, strengths-based, and culturally responsive, including solution-focused, cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic therapies.
We all face difficult life challenges, but we don’t have to face them alone. I offer a safe, supportive, non-judgmental environment where you can process through life’s difficult moments. I believe that every individual has the ability to identify long-term positive coping skills and improve their lives as they achieve personal goals. My approach is person-centered, strengths-based, and culturally responsive, including solution-focused, cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic therapies.
(757) 781-0052 View (757) 781-0052
Photo of Ashlea Azzopardi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ashlea Azzopardi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Do you often feel weighed down by anxiety or shame? Do you question your ability as a parent, partner, employee, or a friend? Well I get it, because I’ve been there too. I have experienced the transformative power of therapy and I hope to help guide you on your path to healing. I have a core belief that everything comes back to self-worth. With a healthy level of self worth, you will no longer question whether we are good enough; you will know you are enough. It is my goal to create a safe environment for you to tell your stories, to empower you to speak your mind and to make the changes you want to see in your life.
Do you often feel weighed down by anxiety or shame? Do you question your ability as a parent, partner, employee, or a friend? Well I get it, because I’ve been there too. I have experienced the transformative power of therapy and I hope to help guide you on your path to healing. I have a core belief that everything comes back to self-worth. With a healthy level of self worth, you will no longer question whether we are good enough; you will know you are enough. It is my goal to create a safe environment for you to tell your stories, to empower you to speak your mind and to make the changes you want to see in your life.
(757) 909-6824 View (757) 909-6824
Photo of Hannah Green, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hannah Green
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Williamsburg, VA 23185
People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons. Sometimes there's a specific problem that needs attention. Other times there's no single issue, but you know something isn't working and you'd like things to feel different. My background in hospice and healthcare has given me a particular interest in grief, caregiving, chronic illness, and life transitions, but I also work with adults experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, relationship concerns, and feeling overwhelmed by life's demands.
People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons. Sometimes there's a specific problem that needs attention. Other times there's no single issue, but you know something isn't working and you'd like things to feel different. My background in hospice and healthcare has given me a particular interest in grief, caregiving, chronic illness, and life transitions, but I also work with adults experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, relationship concerns, and feeling overwhelmed by life's demands.
(757) 997-7701 View (757) 997-7701
Photo of Destiny Hodgson, Resident in Counseling, MSEd
Destiny Hodgson
Resident in Counseling, MSEd
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My goal is to provide a welcoming space for an individual to explore different difficulties in their lives, such as self-esteem, grief, and anxiety. I believe that my role as a counselor is to support the individual in getting where they want to be. I also come from a latin background and am fluent in Spanish.
My goal is to provide a welcoming space for an individual to explore different difficulties in their lives, such as self-esteem, grief, and anxiety. I believe that my role as a counselor is to support the individual in getting where they want to be. I also come from a latin background and am fluent in Spanish.
(866) 541-3874 x757802 View (866) 541-3874 x757802
Photo of Ebony Renee Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CPT, CCPT
Ebony Renee Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CPT, CCPT
Serves Area
I work with individuals, couples and families dealing with a variety of conditions. Whether there is one person or more in my office, my therapeutic philosophy is the same. This is because I believe that the quality of our relationships has a direct impact on the overall quality of our lives. For individuals, this means taking ownership of your own personal actions, values and personal growth. I help couples to learn how to improve their communication skills, develop tools to enhance their relationship, create better boundaries, and identify positive ways to respond to their spouse amid conflict and differences in perspective.
I work with individuals, couples and families dealing with a variety of conditions. Whether there is one person or more in my office, my therapeutic philosophy is the same. This is because I believe that the quality of our relationships has a direct impact on the overall quality of our lives. For individuals, this means taking ownership of your own personal actions, values and personal growth. I help couples to learn how to improve their communication skills, develop tools to enhance their relationship, create better boundaries, and identify positive ways to respond to their spouse amid conflict and differences in perspective.
(571) 601-1352 View (571) 601-1352
Photo of Beth C Johnston-Sabat, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Beth C Johnston-Sabat
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Online Only
Currently taking online only...I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. I studied Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Regent University. I also have a BS in Psychology with a minor in Organizational Leadership and Management from Regent University. I have broad experience in counseling, which has allowed me to work with a diverse group of people from various backgrounds and symptom presentations.
Currently taking online only...I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. I studied Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Regent University. I also have a BS in Psychology with a minor in Organizational Leadership and Management from Regent University. I have broad experience in counseling, which has allowed me to work with a diverse group of people from various backgrounds and symptom presentations.
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Photo of Marsha Cox, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Marsha Cox
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Serves Area
Ready to make real progress toward your goals? With degrees from UVA and Virginia Tech and over 5 years of experience in mental healthcare, I focus on helping clients build practical tools and coping strategies that create lasting change. I value your time and take a focused, goal-oriented approach to help you reach your therapy goals efficiently and effectively.
Ready to make real progress toward your goals? With degrees from UVA and Virginia Tech and over 5 years of experience in mental healthcare, I focus on helping clients build practical tools and coping strategies that create lasting change. I value your time and take a focused, goal-oriented approach to help you reach your therapy goals efficiently and effectively.
(434) 205-6668 View (434) 205-6668
Photo of Beverly Johnson, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, NCC
Beverly Johnson
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, NCC
Online Only
The most important factor in determining a successful course of therapy is the connection between client and therapist. It's a relationship. I believe that structuring sessions to fit each individual's need is the greatest opportunity to improve how people live. My practice empowers people to express themselves, be present, learn about the self and find ways to align mind + body. I will provide a safe, non-judgmental, supportive space where you can begin to better understand yourself and work through challenges that are interfering with your life and happiness.
The most important factor in determining a successful course of therapy is the connection between client and therapist. It's a relationship. I believe that structuring sessions to fit each individual's need is the greatest opportunity to improve how people live. My practice empowers people to express themselves, be present, learn about the self and find ways to align mind + body. I will provide a safe, non-judgmental, supportive space where you can begin to better understand yourself and work through challenges that are interfering with your life and happiness.
(910) 356-9930 View (910) 356-9930

See more therapy options for Poquoson

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Poquoson, VA

10+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Poquoson, VA who prioritize treating:

90% Depression
90% Anxiety
90% Trauma and PTSD
90% Social Anxiety
90% Complex PTSD
90% Health Anxiety
90% Medical Trauma

Average years in practice

21 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
88% BlueCross and BlueShield
88% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Poquoson, VA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Poquoson?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.