Therapists in Portland, ME

View neighborhoods in Portland
Photo of Allison J Engelhardt, LCSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Allison J Engelhardt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, ME 04103  (Online Only)
Come as you are. You can expect empathy and a gentle approach from me. I tailor my therapeutic approach to you because your unique situation deserves a unique solution. I meet you where you’re at and explore your needs and wants with you to help you let go of what isn’t working. I believe in your ability to change and encourage exploration of your strengths. I bring warmth and authenticity to the therapeutic relationship and strive to create a non-judgmental, safe environment.
Come as you are. You can expect empathy and a gentle approach from me. I tailor my therapeutic approach to you because your unique situation deserves a unique solution. I meet you where you’re at and explore your needs and wants with you to help you let go of what isn’t working. I believe in your ability to change and encourage exploration of your strengths. I bring warmth and authenticity to the therapeutic relationship and strive to create a non-judgmental, safe environment.
(207) 742-7117 View (207) 742-7117
Photo of Simone Rollins, MA, LCPC, LCMHC, PMH-C, Counselor
Simone Rollins
Counselor, MA, LCPC, LCMHC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, ME 04103  (Online Only)
I believe wholeheartedly that all people possess the innate ability to grow and heal. I see myself as an ally and guide on your personal journey of self-discovery. Life can be overwhelming and uncertain. I offer a place for clients to experience respite from the demands of everyday life, and focus inward. I work with children and adults. My approach is client-centered, trauma-informed, strengths-based, and collaborative. In my work, I draw on Existential Therapy, Depth Psychology, Buddhist Psychology, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Therapy, and Compassion Focused Therapy.
I believe wholeheartedly that all people possess the innate ability to grow and heal. I see myself as an ally and guide on your personal journey of self-discovery. Life can be overwhelming and uncertain. I offer a place for clients to experience respite from the demands of everyday life, and focus inward. I work with children and adults. My approach is client-centered, trauma-informed, strengths-based, and collaborative. In my work, I draw on Existential Therapy, Depth Psychology, Buddhist Psychology, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Therapy, and Compassion Focused Therapy.
(207) 506-3027 View (207) 506-3027
Photo of Martina M. Sullivan, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Martina M. Sullivan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04101
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed, frustrated or just trying to make sense or find purpose in your life? I provide individual therapy for adults experiencing a broad range of life challenges and transitions including counseling services for trauma /PTSD, anxiety, depression, substance abuse and those affected by addiction, loss and grief, end of life challenges, eldercare counseling and those struggling with medical conditions impacting quality of life. My approach is collaborative; I use a combination of narrative and solution focus therapies, cognitive behavioral techniques and mindfulness, using holistic approaches working with clients on coping strategies while providing support to finding joy in the midst of struggle.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, frustrated or just trying to make sense or find purpose in your life? I provide individual therapy for adults experiencing a broad range of life challenges and transitions including counseling services for trauma /PTSD, anxiety, depression, substance abuse and those affected by addiction, loss and grief, end of life challenges, eldercare counseling and those struggling with medical conditions impacting quality of life. My approach is collaborative; I use a combination of narrative and solution focus therapies, cognitive behavioral techniques and mindfulness, using holistic approaches working with clients on coping strategies while providing support to finding joy in the midst of struggle.
(207) 358-3968 View (207) 358-3968
Photo of Danishka Valdes, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danishka Valdes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, ME 04102  (Online Only)
Danishka is a license independent clinical social work who specialized in mental health and substance use. For the past decade Danishka has worked all in many settings including hospitals, non-profits and government agencies. She loves meeting people from all walks of life and being able to hear the stories that make them unique.
Danishka is a license independent clinical social work who specialized in mental health and substance use. For the past decade Danishka has worked all in many settings including hospitals, non-profits and government agencies. She loves meeting people from all walks of life and being able to hear the stories that make them unique.
(207) 952-8845 View (207) 952-8845
Photo of Linnea J Purcell - Caring Counseling For You, LADC, LMSWCC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Caring Counseling For You
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC, LMSWCC
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04103
My goal as a therapist is to help clients walk through obstacles in life by following one's own compass. Reaching out for help is a big step. Whether it be relationship issues, food or substance addiction, isolation, ageing, grief, loss of person/pet, anxiety/depression or other life challenges. I would be happy to talk with you, help you create a plan with goals that are attainable and achievable for you.
My goal as a therapist is to help clients walk through obstacles in life by following one's own compass. Reaching out for help is a big step. Whether it be relationship issues, food or substance addiction, isolation, ageing, grief, loss of person/pet, anxiety/depression or other life challenges. I would be happy to talk with you, help you create a plan with goals that are attainable and achievable for you.
Photo of Rosemary McCullough, PhD, Psychologist
Rosemary McCullough
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04103
I appreciate you taking the time to learn about me and to consider working together. I have over 30 years of experience working with adolescents, adults, families and couples. I use an eclectic approach, guided by psychodynamic principles to help those I care for. I work best with individuals and couples who wish to have greater insight into the life of the mind; with a desire to reach optimal goals, and overcome obstacles to living a higher quality life. As a psychologist, I have specialty training in psychological evaluation, which can more quickly help to identify unknowns and underlying issues we can discuss in therapy.
I appreciate you taking the time to learn about me and to consider working together. I have over 30 years of experience working with adolescents, adults, families and couples. I use an eclectic approach, guided by psychodynamic principles to help those I care for. I work best with individuals and couples who wish to have greater insight into the life of the mind; with a desire to reach optimal goals, and overcome obstacles to living a higher quality life. As a psychologist, I have specialty training in psychological evaluation, which can more quickly help to identify unknowns and underlying issues we can discuss in therapy.
(207) 367-3540 View (207) 367-3540
Photo of Marc Felix, PhD, ATR, Art Therapist
Marc Felix
Art Therapist, PhD, ATR
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04101
I believe that "diagnosis and treatment" is too narrow a model to understand the depth and richness of our human experience, heal the wounds of our past history, and allow us to embody our joy and our fullness. I invite you to not only remove existing symptoms and change unhealthy behavior patterns, but to create a life of love, authenticity, and celebration.
I believe that "diagnosis and treatment" is too narrow a model to understand the depth and richness of our human experience, heal the wounds of our past history, and allow us to embody our joy and our fullness. I invite you to not only remove existing symptoms and change unhealthy behavior patterns, but to create a life of love, authenticity, and celebration.
(207) 517-0125 View (207) 517-0125
Photo of Paul D Montgomery, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Paul D Montgomery
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04103  (Online Only)
Sometimes the state of our world can feel so scary and heartbreaking that we feel immobilized. Much of our potential is blocked by feeling overwhelmed by the day to day challenge of struggling to advocate for ourselves in our communities, the world, even in our own thoughts and beliefs! It is easy to feel anxious, alone and simultaneously at war with ourselves. I emphasize serving individuals that experience marginalized identities and see myself as your co-conspirator. I work with issues of identity and non-normative experiences, in the context of gender, sexuality as well as queer experience beyond that framework
Sometimes the state of our world can feel so scary and heartbreaking that we feel immobilized. Much of our potential is blocked by feeling overwhelmed by the day to day challenge of struggling to advocate for ourselves in our communities, the world, even in our own thoughts and beliefs! It is easy to feel anxious, alone and simultaneously at war with ourselves. I emphasize serving individuals that experience marginalized identities and see myself as your co-conspirator. I work with issues of identity and non-normative experiences, in the context of gender, sexuality as well as queer experience beyond that framework
(207) 843-9518 View (207) 843-9518
Photo of Kristina Day - Pine Tree Recovery Center, LDAC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Pine Tree Recovery Center
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LDAC
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04103
Pine Tree Recovery Center utilizes a combination of evidence-based practices and holistic methods to provide an individualized recovery experience that is tailored to each patient’s unique situation. The disease of chemical dependency can strike anyone, regardless of age, gender, education, or socioeconomic status. Pine Tree Recovery Center is here to help people redirect themselves out of that negative trajectory and successfully enter a new life free from addiction.
Pine Tree Recovery Center utilizes a combination of evidence-based practices and holistic methods to provide an individualized recovery experience that is tailored to each patient’s unique situation. The disease of chemical dependency can strike anyone, regardless of age, gender, education, or socioeconomic status. Pine Tree Recovery Center is here to help people redirect themselves out of that negative trajectory and successfully enter a new life free from addiction.
(207) 600-2832 View (207) 600-2832
Photo of Tom Fitzgerald, MEd, LCPC, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tom Fitzgerald
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LCPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04103
Not accepting new clients
I am trained in Marriage and Family Therapy. My work is primarily with couples and the dance they create that is unique to them. Each couple is unique so I try to individualize the ongoing treatment. Families come in to clear up communication and better understand how each person fits into the family dance and how all the moving parts have to have a pattern that defines this family. Each family creates its own ballet!
I am trained in Marriage and Family Therapy. My work is primarily with couples and the dance they create that is unique to them. Each couple is unique so I try to individualize the ongoing treatment. Families come in to clear up communication and better understand how each person fits into the family dance and how all the moving parts have to have a pattern that defines this family. Each family creates its own ballet!
(207) 994-8549 x11 View (207) 994-8549 x11
Photo of Dr. Abigail Steinkamp, DSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Abigail Steinkamp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04101  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients, no waitlist. Evening availability. Hi there & welcome. Not feeling like yourself lately? Maybe things have piled up, and you're having trouble figuring out what to do with it all? There could have been a big life change that isn't sitting well. Whatever the reason you are here, we can work together to gain an understanding of it all. In partnership, you and I will develop a workable plan to help you return to a life you enjoy and get you feeling like...well YOU!
Accepting new clients, no waitlist. Evening availability. Hi there & welcome. Not feeling like yourself lately? Maybe things have piled up, and you're having trouble figuring out what to do with it all? There could have been a big life change that isn't sitting well. Whatever the reason you are here, we can work together to gain an understanding of it all. In partnership, you and I will develop a workable plan to help you return to a life you enjoy and get you feeling like...well YOU!
(207) 483-5598 View (207) 483-5598
Photo of Kary Goodman, LCPC, Counselor
Kary Goodman
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04103
As a counselor, I bring unconditional positive regard, a belief in individual strengths, and an unwavering commitment to you. I am genuine, empathic, intuitive, and passionate about helping you. I use person centered therapy first and foremost; meaning that I'm always looking for the good in you, believing in you and supporting you to make your life feel it's most fulfilled. For each person that's different - for some it's "happiness", for some it's being present or mindful, and for some it's managing symptoms so other things can be balanced in their life. From this support, I hope to create a space where you can pursue your needs.
As a counselor, I bring unconditional positive regard, a belief in individual strengths, and an unwavering commitment to you. I am genuine, empathic, intuitive, and passionate about helping you. I use person centered therapy first and foremost; meaning that I'm always looking for the good in you, believing in you and supporting you to make your life feel it's most fulfilled. For each person that's different - for some it's "happiness", for some it's being present or mindful, and for some it's managing symptoms so other things can be balanced in their life. From this support, I hope to create a space where you can pursue your needs.
(207) 548-5854 View (207) 548-5854
Photo of Josh Kingsbury, PhD, Psychologist
Josh Kingsbury
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04103
We all experience challenges during our everyday lives. Sometimes these challenges can seem overwhelming and discouraging. I work with people who want to make changes in their lives to help themselves overcome these difficult experiences. These changes can often be difficult to contemplate, yet alone act on. I strive to create a supportive environment for my clients where they can explore their concerns and the emotions that arise.
We all experience challenges during our everyday lives. Sometimes these challenges can seem overwhelming and discouraging. I work with people who want to make changes in their lives to help themselves overcome these difficult experiences. These changes can often be difficult to contemplate, yet alone act on. I strive to create a supportive environment for my clients where they can explore their concerns and the emotions that arise.
(207) 773-2828 x107 View (207) 773-2828 x107
Photo of Kate Dewey, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kate Dewey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04103  (Online Only)
I strive to create a safe, collaborative and supportive environment for my clients. I have a warm and relational style. Together we can tackle your life's challenges, both big and small.
I strive to create a safe, collaborative and supportive environment for my clients. I have a warm and relational style. Together we can tackle your life's challenges, both big and small.
(207) 705-5116 View (207) 705-5116
Photo of Rachael Mathieu, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachael Mathieu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, ME 04101
Not accepting new clients
I am a white queer femme, seasoned social worker and therapist committed to learning and unlearning, interested in our collective and individual healing. I believe tending to our emotional health is a radical act because we live in a society that profits from feelings of self-doubt. When we care for ourselves, we can be more present for each other. My career has shown me over and over the power of vulnerability and the beauty of resiliency. I have a commitment to working within the LGBTQAI+ as well as supporting mental health and healthcare professionals/care workers/educators and organizers.
I am a white queer femme, seasoned social worker and therapist committed to learning and unlearning, interested in our collective and individual healing. I believe tending to our emotional health is a radical act because we live in a society that profits from feelings of self-doubt. When we care for ourselves, we can be more present for each other. My career has shown me over and over the power of vulnerability and the beauty of resiliency. I have a commitment to working within the LGBTQAI+ as well as supporting mental health and healthcare professionals/care workers/educators and organizers.
(207) 802-7491 View (207) 802-7491
Photo of Jim Sparks, PhD, Psychologist
Jim Sparks
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04101
Waitlist for new clients
In more than 25 years as a psychologist, I've cultivated a profound respect for the ways people reshape their lives despite daunting problems. I see my role as helping you understand how a particular problem is working, noticing moments you are living more according to your own designs, and solidifying these changes. Couples are a particular interest of mine. I meet with couples trying to decide if they are a good fit for a committed relationship; couples who want to undo habits of conflict that diminish connection; and long-term couples who find they've drifted into parallel lives. I am keeping a waiting list for clients.
In more than 25 years as a psychologist, I've cultivated a profound respect for the ways people reshape their lives despite daunting problems. I see my role as helping you understand how a particular problem is working, noticing moments you are living more according to your own designs, and solidifying these changes. Couples are a particular interest of mine. I meet with couples trying to decide if they are a good fit for a committed relationship; couples who want to undo habits of conflict that diminish connection; and long-term couples who find they've drifted into parallel lives. I am keeping a waiting list for clients.
(207) 358-4704 View (207) 358-4704
Photo of Nancy Shaw - Nancy Shaw, Psychotherapist, LCPC, MA, LCPC, NCC, BC-TMH, Counselor
Nancy Shaw, Psychotherapist, LCPC
Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04103  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
When we make the choice to live a healthier existence, to thrive rather than just survive in the world, we may find that we need support, nurturing, guidance, or just a witness to our life process. I can be that for you. Choosing the right therapist is paramount. I am dedicated to the development of human potential and will assist you in increasing self-awareness, self-healing, emotional/spiritual growth, and behavior change. I believe in the co-creation of the therapeutic process. Together, we will identify and explore areas/issues that may be causing you discomfort/distress. I can help.
When we make the choice to live a healthier existence, to thrive rather than just survive in the world, we may find that we need support, nurturing, guidance, or just a witness to our life process. I can be that for you. Choosing the right therapist is paramount. I am dedicated to the development of human potential and will assist you in increasing self-awareness, self-healing, emotional/spiritual growth, and behavior change. I believe in the co-creation of the therapeutic process. Together, we will identify and explore areas/issues that may be causing you discomfort/distress. I can help.
(207) 761-2796 View (207) 761-2796
Photo of Katherine Vilnrotter, MGHI, HG DipP
Katherine Vilnrotter
MGHI, HG DipP
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04102  (Online Only)
I’m Katherine Vilnrotter. I believe that every person is important and has a voice to be heard. The stories we align ourselves with, determine our perceptions of ourselves, our situations, and others. The richer the story, the more useful tools it has to offer us on our journey. The beauty of a story is its fluidity; it is always changing, evolving, and transforming along with the characters it holds. I’m honored to witness every story and enrich it with new tools and perspectives along the way. If you'd like to get to know me a bit better, you can listen to my podcast at... https://doc.simplecast.com/episodes/youre-not-broken
I’m Katherine Vilnrotter. I believe that every person is important and has a voice to be heard. The stories we align ourselves with, determine our perceptions of ourselves, our situations, and others. The richer the story, the more useful tools it has to offer us on our journey. The beauty of a story is its fluidity; it is always changing, evolving, and transforming along with the characters it holds. I’m honored to witness every story and enrich it with new tools and perspectives along the way. If you'd like to get to know me a bit better, you can listen to my podcast at... https://doc.simplecast.com/episodes/youre-not-broken
(207) 358-4502 View (207) 358-4502
Photo of Sue Wiley, MA, EdS, LCPC
Sue Wiley
Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, EdS, LCPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Portland, ME 04103
Email is the best way to reach me. I believe that we are all equipped with the strength to face life's challenges, but depression, anxiety, grief, loss, and other life issues can become barriers to our natural ability to overcome obstacles. At times we can all use some support in order come through these issues. My aim as a counselor is to support you to better deal with life's challenges, while respecting you as the unique individual that you are, and incorporating holistic wellness and other evidence based techniques into a healing environment.
Email is the best way to reach me. I believe that we are all equipped with the strength to face life's challenges, but depression, anxiety, grief, loss, and other life issues can become barriers to our natural ability to overcome obstacles. At times we can all use some support in order come through these issues. My aim as a counselor is to support you to better deal with life's challenges, while respecting you as the unique individual that you are, and incorporating holistic wellness and other evidence based techniques into a healing environment.
(207) 613-2479 x156 View (207) 613-2479 x156
Photo of Tyler Connolly, LCPC, Counselor
Tyler Connolly
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Portland, ME 04101
Tyler Connolly is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) with 7 years of experience in the mental health field, working with adolescents and adults in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Tyler completed his Master of Science (MS) in Mental Health and Counseling at the University of Saint Francis in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He utilizes talk therapy and active listening in addition to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, motivational therapy, and Gestalt therapy.
Tyler Connolly is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) with 7 years of experience in the mental health field, working with adolescents and adults in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Tyler completed his Master of Science (MS) in Mental Health and Counseling at the University of Saint Francis in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He utilizes talk therapy and active listening in addition to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, motivational therapy, and Gestalt therapy.
(207) 393-2164 View (207) 393-2164
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Portland, ME

900+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Portland, ME who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
85% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD
71% Self Esteem
66% Life Transitions
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% BlueCross and BlueShield
61% Aetna
58% Elevance

How Therapists in Portland, ME see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Portland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.