Photo of Jennifer Mostafa, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Jennifer Mostafa
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
Hi there! Congratulations on taking the first step toward engaging in therapy. I have been practicing the art of therapy for over 10 years and believe wholeheartedly in the process of therapy. I utilize an integrative, holistic and practical approach toward achieving client goals and incorporate a variety of techniques such as Person-Centered, Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Attachment Theory, and Internal Family Systems (IFS), combined with a reality-based approach that encourages self-acceptance and insight.
Hi there! Congratulations on taking the first step toward engaging in therapy. I have been practicing the art of therapy for over 10 years and believe wholeheartedly in the process of therapy. I utilize an integrative, holistic and practical approach toward achieving client goals and incorporate a variety of techniques such as Person-Centered, Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Attachment Theory, and Internal Family Systems (IFS), combined with a reality-based approach that encourages self-acceptance and insight.
(202) 304-1180 View (202) 304-1180
Photo of Jacqueline Trombley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Jacqueline Trombley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20001
I have over 12 years experience working with both adolescents and adults. I specialize in trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, low self-esteem, and other relationship related challenges. I have a level 1 and level 2 trauma certificate from the Ferentz institute and work with both childhood and adult trauma. I am also an Internal Family Systems Certified Therapist. Though trauma is my speciality, I have experience with a wide range of mental health issues.
I have over 12 years experience working with both adolescents and adults. I specialize in trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, low self-esteem, and other relationship related challenges. I have a level 1 and level 2 trauma certificate from the Ferentz institute and work with both childhood and adult trauma. I am also an Internal Family Systems Certified Therapist. Though trauma is my speciality, I have experience with a wide range of mental health issues.
(240) 213-9099 View (240) 213-9099
Photo of Melissa Nicolaou, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Melissa Nicolaou
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20006
I have completed advanced training in psychodynamic therapy, couple therapy, sensorimotor psychotherapy, and Internal Family Systems.
Deciding to begin therapy can be a difficult step, but by building a supportive therapeutic relationship, we can understand what’s painful and troubling to you in a way that feels manageable. Maybe you’re not where you want to be in your life; you find yourself repeating familiar patterns and feeling stuck, or you feel overwhelmed by life transitions, anxiety, relationship struggles, loss, or addiction. You might find that talking to your family and friends isn’t helping you cope with your challenges as much as you'd like, and you realize you need a different kind of support.
I have completed advanced training in psychodynamic therapy, couple therapy, sensorimotor psychotherapy, and Internal Family Systems.
Deciding to begin therapy can be a difficult step, but by building a supportive therapeutic relationship, we can understand what’s painful and troubling to you in a way that feels manageable. Maybe you’re not where you want to be in your life; you find yourself repeating familiar patterns and feeling stuck, or you feel overwhelmed by life transitions, anxiety, relationship struggles, loss, or addiction. You might find that talking to your family and friends isn’t helping you cope with your challenges as much as you'd like, and you realize you need a different kind of support.
(202) 759-3283 View (202) 759-3283
Photo of Maura Healy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Maura Healy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20015
Through the lens of Internal Family Systems (IFS), I help clients to explore and understand all parts of themselves.
I believe people are fundamentally resilient. Our histories and life experiences shape us, change us and require us to adapt. But in the face of a global pandemic, rising sociopolitical tensions, climate anxiety and financial uncertainty, even the healthiest among us can struggle to cope.
Through the lens of Internal Family Systems (IFS), I help clients to explore and understand all parts of themselves.
I believe people are fundamentally resilient. Our histories and life experiences shape us, change us and require us to adapt. But in the face of a global pandemic, rising sociopolitical tensions, climate anxiety and financial uncertainty, even the healthiest among us can struggle to cope.
(202) 600-9046 View (202) 600-9046
Photo of Liz Goggin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Liz Goggin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20011  (Online Only)
I have training and professional experience using internal family systems (IFS), psychodynamic/relational models, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
The problem is not within you (even though it probably feels like it is), and yet you have the ability to shift things internally and externally to become more present, increase your connection to self and others, and to live more fully in accordance with your values. I have helped people to change their relationships with substances and other addictions; worked with military veterans to rediscover community and purpose as civilians; and supported those with complex trauma to build a sense of trust and safety in relationships.
I have training and professional experience using internal family systems (IFS), psychodynamic/relational models, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
The problem is not within you (even though it probably feels like it is), and yet you have the ability to shift things internally and externally to become more present, increase your connection to self and others, and to live more fully in accordance with your values. I have helped people to change their relationships with substances and other addictions; worked with military veterans to rediscover community and purpose as civilians; and supported those with complex trauma to build a sense of trust and safety in relationships.
(650) 699-6980 View (650) 699-6980
Photo of Chandra Davis | Mind Body Art Therapy, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Chandra Davis | Mind Body Art Therapy
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, ATR-BC, LCPC-S, LPC, LCPAT, ATCS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
Since 2010, we have specialized in anxiety, depression and PTSD; with a focus on psychodynamic, attachment, Family Systems and mindfulness practices.
Georgia O'Keeffe once said, "To create one's own world in any of the arts takes courage." Our practice has both art therapists and counselors (licensed in MD and DC), we understand the courage it takes to create a better life for yourself using comprehensive care. In addition, the integrated healing and creative processes provide a holistic approach to personal expression, growth and development. Whether your goals are managing depression, anxiety, and/or stress, enhancing your relationships, or creating a greater sense of stability and control in your life, we are confident we can provide you with the guidance and support you need.
Since 2010, we have specialized in anxiety, depression and PTSD; with a focus on psychodynamic, attachment, Family Systems and mindfulness practices.
Georgia O'Keeffe once said, "To create one's own world in any of the arts takes courage." Our practice has both art therapists and counselors (licensed in MD and DC), we understand the courage it takes to create a better life for yourself using comprehensive care. In addition, the integrated healing and creative processes provide a holistic approach to personal expression, growth and development. Whether your goals are managing depression, anxiety, and/or stress, enhancing your relationships, or creating a greater sense of stability and control in your life, we are confident we can provide you with the guidance and support you need.
(301) 799-8957 View (301) 799-8957
Photo of Asha Gray, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Asha Gray
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20004
Are you a survivor of abuse, violence or trauma desiring assistance with managing nightmares, flashbacks or other symptoms of trauma? I can help through providing coping skills, trauma informed education, & Internal Family Systems therapy to manage triggers & process emotions to create long term coping strategies using a harm reduction and empowerment model.
Have you felt out of sync, unable to communicate clearly, frustrated and wanting to try something different but unhappy with what you've tried? I enjoy helping folks learn new ways of communicating, finding new perspectives to barriers and working through individual or relationship struggles to have their needs and wants met. If you are having difficulty making it through your everyday, dealing with the stresses of life, or managing anxiety, depression or ADHD; I can help. I will help you learn new coping skills using your own personal strengths to assist you with enhancing your quality of life while building self-compassion.
Are you a survivor of abuse, violence or trauma desiring assistance with managing nightmares, flashbacks or other symptoms of trauma? I can help through providing coping skills, trauma informed education, & Internal Family Systems therapy to manage triggers & process emotions to create long term coping strategies using a harm reduction and empowerment model.
Have you felt out of sync, unable to communicate clearly, frustrated and wanting to try something different but unhappy with what you've tried? I enjoy helping folks learn new ways of communicating, finding new perspectives to barriers and working through individual or relationship struggles to have their needs and wants met. If you are having difficulty making it through your everyday, dealing with the stresses of life, or managing anxiety, depression or ADHD; I can help. I will help you learn new coping skills using your own personal strengths to assist you with enhancing your quality of life while building self-compassion.
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Photo of Emma Kupferman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Emma Kupferman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C, CPT
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20003  (Online Only)
I use a strengths-based approach incorporating IFS and somatic experiencing to empower clients in creating the change they seek to live their most full, authentic lives.
In therapy we will identify what kind of sexual/intimate life you most want and the barriers you are experiencing in having that sexual/intimate life. Sometimes that means exploring past experiences, sometimes it means talking about desires or about your body in new ways. I will create a safe space for you to share about body positivity, exploration of ethical non-monogamy, challenges with sexual desires, and gender identity. Now offering Clinical Social Work Supervision to licensees in MD and DC.
I use a strengths-based approach incorporating IFS and somatic experiencing to empower clients in creating the change they seek to live their most full, authentic lives.
In therapy we will identify what kind of sexual/intimate life you most want and the barriers you are experiencing in having that sexual/intimate life. Sometimes that means exploring past experiences, sometimes it means talking about desires or about your body in new ways. I will create a safe space for you to share about body positivity, exploration of ethical non-monogamy, challenges with sexual desires, and gender identity. Now offering Clinical Social Work Supervision to licensees in MD and DC.
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Photo of Tonya Frazier, Counselor in Washington, DC
Tonya Frazier
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20011  (Online Only)
Treatment is provided utilizing EMDR, Internal Family Systems, Narrative Therapy, Emotional Freedom Technique and Exposure Therapy, In addition, Cognitive Behavior therapy and Dialectical Behavior therapy skills are taught to assist with the management of moods and behaviors.
I am now acceptig new clients as well as starting a wait list. Please email before calling and check my areas of focus and specialty before contacting me. I am currently working with clients who want to work through Trauma, Depression, Anxiety, Phobias, Grief and Loss.
Treatment is provided utilizing EMDR, Internal Family Systems, Narrative Therapy, Emotional Freedom Technique and Exposure Therapy, In addition, Cognitive Behavior therapy and Dialectical Behavior therapy skills are taught to assist with the management of moods and behaviors.
I am now acceptig new clients as well as starting a wait list. Please email before calling and check my areas of focus and specialty before contacting me. I am currently working with clients who want to work through Trauma, Depression, Anxiety, Phobias, Grief and Loss.
(443) 291-7688 View (443) 291-7688
Photo of Erica Greenspan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Erica Greenspan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20001
I integrate IFS Parts work into my therapy, taking a non-pathologizing approach to mental health.
Hi, I'm Erica. I'm so glad you made it here. My clients describe me as warm, approachable, and curious. As is such, my therapeutic style is person-centered and rooted in relational psychotherapy. My specialty is working with young adults, those who identify as Quarter-lifers, Millennials, and Gen Z'ers. I have found this life stage to be most unpredictable and turbulent, making it an opportune time for mental health support. Whether it's depression, anxiety, loneliness or stress, we will dive in to explore the root of your pain in order to find relief.
I integrate IFS Parts work into my therapy, taking a non-pathologizing approach to mental health.
Hi, I'm Erica. I'm so glad you made it here. My clients describe me as warm, approachable, and curious. As is such, my therapeutic style is person-centered and rooted in relational psychotherapy. My specialty is working with young adults, those who identify as Quarter-lifers, Millennials, and Gen Z'ers. I have found this life stage to be most unpredictable and turbulent, making it an opportune time for mental health support. Whether it's depression, anxiety, loneliness or stress, we will dive in to explore the root of your pain in order to find relief.
(240) 221-6667 View (240) 221-6667
Photo of Stephanie O'Brien, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Stephanie O'Brien
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009
Loss is the universal human condition. At times, all of us move with a sense of "lostness" - be it around a death, a relationship, our sense of safety, hopes for the future. Yet as a culture, we have a hard time being with loss and accompanying grief. I believe that loss and grief deserve attention. You may know exactly why you are seeking therapy, or you may something may just feel off. My role is to help you learn about yourself and your losses. I hold special interest and skill supporting people with experiences of infertility/pregnancy loss, relationship loss, trauma, illness and death and dying.
Loss is the universal human condition. At times, all of us move with a sense of "lostness" - be it around a death, a relationship, our sense of safety, hopes for the future. Yet as a culture, we have a hard time being with loss and accompanying grief. I believe that loss and grief deserve attention. You may know exactly why you are seeking therapy, or you may something may just feel off. My role is to help you learn about yourself and your losses. I hold special interest and skill supporting people with experiences of infertility/pregnancy loss, relationship loss, trauma, illness and death and dying.
(202) 804-9592 View (202) 804-9592
Photo of Sasha Taskier, Marriage & Family Therapist in Washington, DC
Sasha Taskier
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PMH-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20008  (Online Only)
The therapeutic process is meant to be a collaborative, effective and healing experience. I work with individuals and couples as they work to navigate life's transitions, increase understanding of themselves and their loved ones, heal from past hurts, and work to improve interpersonal relationships. My approach to therapy is culturally sensitive, affirming and focused on strengths. I am committed to joining you where you are in this moment, and walking alongside you on your journey, as an empathic and attuned guide.
The therapeutic process is meant to be a collaborative, effective and healing experience. I work with individuals and couples as they work to navigate life's transitions, increase understanding of themselves and their loved ones, heal from past hurts, and work to improve interpersonal relationships. My approach to therapy is culturally sensitive, affirming and focused on strengths. I am committed to joining you where you are in this moment, and walking alongside you on your journey, as an empathic and attuned guide.
(202) 949-3457 View (202) 949-3457
Photo of Eclectic DC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Eclectic DC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PMH-C, WPA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20018  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I identify as an ethicist; a Womanist who advocates and practices feminist ideals, cultural humility through continuous learning, bodily integrity, reproductive justice, sex work is work, pacifism by utilizing non-violent resistance techniques. I believe children have rights, whistleblowers are vital in society, I embrace LGBTQ+, Black Lives Matter is factual, and representation matters. I practice mindfulness with the philosophy of ‘margin to center’ action. I embody, advocate, and support activism in action and respect of human rights. Neither ever ends, even when it is inconvenient or uncomfortable. We must remain firmly resolved
I identify as an ethicist; a Womanist who advocates and practices feminist ideals, cultural humility through continuous learning, bodily integrity, reproductive justice, sex work is work, pacifism by utilizing non-violent resistance techniques. I believe children have rights, whistleblowers are vital in society, I embrace LGBTQ+, Black Lives Matter is factual, and representation matters. I practice mindfulness with the philosophy of ‘margin to center’ action. I embody, advocate, and support activism in action and respect of human rights. Neither ever ends, even when it is inconvenient or uncomfortable. We must remain firmly resolved
(202) 968-3652 View (202) 968-3652
Photo of Laelia Gilborn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Laelia Gilborn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MPH
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20003
Adult clients come to me when feeling stuck, anxious or depressed. Others are coping with trauma, loss, relationship issues, parenting struggles, or a major life change. Using a variety of approaches, I help clients gain insight and self-acceptance, to navigate life transitions from a position of strength, to grow in relationships, and to make meaning from loss. Therapy is a wonderful form of self-care. Whether you are in crisis or just feeling stuck, I strive to be an honest, accepting, and active partner in your journey to greater fulfillment.
Adult clients come to me when feeling stuck, anxious or depressed. Others are coping with trauma, loss, relationship issues, parenting struggles, or a major life change. Using a variety of approaches, I help clients gain insight and self-acceptance, to navigate life transitions from a position of strength, to grow in relationships, and to make meaning from loss. Therapy is a wonderful form of self-care. Whether you are in crisis or just feeling stuck, I strive to be an honest, accepting, and active partner in your journey to greater fulfillment.
(202) 998-4757 View (202) 998-4757
Photo of Alysa Ain, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Alysa Ain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, LGSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036
Therapy is a creative space where we collaborate to help you discover what you need to live a satisfying, joyful life, and develop the freedom and courage to make choices that honor these needs. As a former corporate lawyer, I have a special interest in working with professionals (particularly lawyers!) who feel stressed and stuck in their careers. I also love working with anyone else urgently asking: What do I actually want? How can I feel more at home in my life and in the world?
Therapy is a creative space where we collaborate to help you discover what you need to live a satisfying, joyful life, and develop the freedom and courage to make choices that honor these needs. As a former corporate lawyer, I have a special interest in working with professionals (particularly lawyers!) who feel stressed and stuck in their careers. I also love working with anyone else urgently asking: What do I actually want? How can I feel more at home in my life and in the world?
(202) 335-4433 View (202) 335-4433
Photo of Shally Vaid, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Shally Vaid
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20006
I strive to create a safe, supportive, non-judgmental space for clients who feel burdened with hard feelings. You may be navigating a period of anxiety or depression, struggling with a difficult phase of life, or are unsure how to move beyond past experiences. We will create a collaborative partnership where we can work through these questions together, empowering you to find a path back to joy and calm in your life. I work with college students, adults, am Gottman-trained in couples work, and have particular expertise with clients experiencing infertility, adjusting to parenthood or navigating the joys and challenges of older kids.
I strive to create a safe, supportive, non-judgmental space for clients who feel burdened with hard feelings. You may be navigating a period of anxiety or depression, struggling with a difficult phase of life, or are unsure how to move beyond past experiences. We will create a collaborative partnership where we can work through these questions together, empowering you to find a path back to joy and calm in your life. I work with college students, adults, am Gottman-trained in couples work, and have particular expertise with clients experiencing infertility, adjusting to parenthood or navigating the joys and challenges of older kids.
(202) 760-2749 View (202) 760-2749
Photo of Melissa L. Kilbride & Associates, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Melissa L. Kilbride & Associates, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C, LCSW, CST
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20002
Therapy is an incredible tool for anyone searching to foster insight, growth, overall well-being, and change. It can be a frightening and intimidating journey, so our initial goal is to create a comfortable, trusting, and collaborative relationship with you. We provide psychotherapy for adults and couples dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, grief, sexual and gender identity, and adjustment challenges. In addition, Melissa Kilbride provides seminars to parents on talking to their children about their bodies and sex, consent, and on supporting anxiety in children.
Therapy is an incredible tool for anyone searching to foster insight, growth, overall well-being, and change. It can be a frightening and intimidating journey, so our initial goal is to create a comfortable, trusting, and collaborative relationship with you. We provide psychotherapy for adults and couples dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, grief, sexual and gender identity, and adjustment challenges. In addition, Melissa Kilbride provides seminars to parents on talking to their children about their bodies and sex, consent, and on supporting anxiety in children.
(202) 499-4003 View (202) 499-4003
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology--Washington DC location, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Silver Lake Psychology--Washington DC location
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
(202) 991-3191 View (202) 991-3191
Photo of Danielle Blessing Taylor, Marriage & Family Therapist in Washington, DC
Danielle Blessing Taylor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20006
We see individuals, families and couples in DC, MD, VA, PA, and FL. We provide an encouraging, warm and open environment to help learn more about yourself and heal from the root up. We identify when negative patterns began and guide you to lead a happier and more peaceful life.
We see individuals, families and couples in DC, MD, VA, PA, and FL. We provide an encouraging, warm and open environment to help learn more about yourself and heal from the root up. We identify when negative patterns began and guide you to lead a happier and more peaceful life.
(202) 569-8845 View (202) 569-8845
Photo of Sarah Loveland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Sarah Loveland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
I am a clinical social worker focused on supporting adults, adolescents, and children navigating the impact of trauma, loss, and challenging life transitions. Whether you’re struggling with grief, anxiety, depression, recent loss, a major life change, perinatal mood disorders or some other challenge, I’m confident we can work together on the outcomes you seek.
I am a clinical social worker focused on supporting adults, adolescents, and children navigating the impact of trauma, loss, and challenging life transitions. Whether you’re struggling with grief, anxiety, depression, recent loss, a major life change, perinatal mood disorders or some other challenge, I’m confident we can work together on the outcomes you seek.
(202) 933-8896 View (202) 933-8896
Internal Family Systems (IFS) Therapists

What is Internal Family Systems therapy?

Internal Family Systems (IFS) is a type of talk therapy that focuses on sub-personalities, or “families,” within a person, which may be made up of wounded parts and unpleasant emotions like anger and shame. These sub-personalities can come into conflict with each other and with an individual’s core Self, leaving the person feeling detached from positive traits such as the “8 C’s” of confidence, calmness, creativity, clarity, curiosity, courage, compassion, and connectedness. By healing a patient’s wounded parts, a therapist aims to restore balance and bring on positive change.

How does Internal Family Systems therapy work?

An IFS therapist will work with a patient to identify their particular sub-personalities, recognize the emotions powering them, and release them. By doing so, the patient should become more able to address any underlying problems their sub-personalities may have been trying to protect them from. Ultimately, a patient discovers ways to manage internal and external conflicts on their own, through techniques such as relaxation exercises, journaling, and making charts depicting the relationships between their core Self and their distinct parts.

Does Internal Family Systems therapy work?

IFS therapy has been shown to help people address conditions such as depression, anxiety, panic, fears and phobias, trauma, and substance use disorders. Some research has also found that it can help individuals deal with symptoms of physical health conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, such as pain, everyday functioning, depressive feelings, and low self-compassion. There are some conditions for which IFS treatment, specifically discussions of one’s “parts,” may be less appropriate, such as schizophrenia or other states that involve psychosis or paranoia.

How long does Internal Family Systems therapy take?

As with most forms of talk therapy, there is no set duration or end point for IFS therapy. After becoming comfortable with a therapist and the core concepts of IFS, some patients quickly make progress. While experiences vary, most will find that it is a relatively longer-term therapy, involving months and sometimes years of sessions.