Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

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Photo of Gary L Hirshberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Gary L Hirshberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63110
I am a licensed clinical social worker who practices both individual and couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with client's from diverse backgrounds. My training as a social worker has given me the understanding of how both childhood and current life circumstances impact people. I work to assist client's in understanding how they deal with these problems. My goal is never to provide answers for people, but to help people to understand themselves so that they can function and operate independently of their conflicts and problems.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who practices both individual and couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with client's from diverse backgrounds. My training as a social worker has given me the understanding of how both childhood and current life circumstances impact people. I work to assist client's in understanding how they deal with these problems. My goal is never to provide answers for people, but to help people to understand themselves so that they can function and operate independently of their conflicts and problems.
(314) 238-8961 View (314) 238-8961
Photo of Mary Beth Harper, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Mary Beth Harper
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63141
The therapeutic relationship is viewed as a collaborative effort where client and therapist join together to seek understanding, healing, and peace. Mary Beth has over 30 years' experience as a Marriage and Family Therapist. Premarital and marital therapy is provided with a balanced perspective seeking ways to build or rebuild intimate friendship and devoted connection. Individual therapy also provided, focused on issues such as relationship conflict, loss, anxiety and depression.
The therapeutic relationship is viewed as a collaborative effort where client and therapist join together to seek understanding, healing, and peace. Mary Beth has over 30 years' experience as a Marriage and Family Therapist. Premarital and marital therapy is provided with a balanced perspective seeking ways to build or rebuild intimate friendship and devoted connection. Individual therapy also provided, focused on issues such as relationship conflict, loss, anxiety and depression.
(314) 527-2122 View (314) 527-2122
Photo of Jason Eccker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Jason Eccker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63139
Waitlist for new clients
As a social worker, my goal is to partner with my clients so that they may achieve their goals. I have a diverse background in treating trauma, addiction and mental health from a strengths-based perspective, and I have been successful in helping clients to integrate long-term solutions in their daily lives. I feel that my ability to create a strong therapeutic alliance with clients as one of my biggest strengths. For those suffering from PTSD/other past trauma, I offer EMDR therapy which continues to be researched as highly effective for individuals suffering from these conditions.
As a social worker, my goal is to partner with my clients so that they may achieve their goals. I have a diverse background in treating trauma, addiction and mental health from a strengths-based perspective, and I have been successful in helping clients to integrate long-term solutions in their daily lives. I feel that my ability to create a strong therapeutic alliance with clients as one of my biggest strengths. For those suffering from PTSD/other past trauma, I offer EMDR therapy which continues to be researched as highly effective for individuals suffering from these conditions.
(314) 696-6089 View (314) 696-6089
Photo of Jasmin Maurer, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Jasmin Maurer
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63139
Clients work best with me when their goal is to strengthen relationships, when they feel stuck in relationship patterns that are no longer serving them, as they are navigating systems of oppression and questioning dominate narratives, and developing possibility models of what self-compassion healing could be.
Clients work best with me when their goal is to strengthen relationships, when they feel stuck in relationship patterns that are no longer serving them, as they are navigating systems of oppression and questioning dominate narratives, and developing possibility models of what self-compassion healing could be.
(314) 230-9397 View (314) 230-9397
Photo of Maria Kometer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Maria Kometer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63108
If you are reading this, there’s a good chance you feel unknown. Your family and friends think highly of you, but you’re afraid that might be because you’ve fooled them. Deep down you feel like there is something wrong with you, and no amount of “doing the right thing” can change that. You’ve spent much of your life between procrastination and perfection, but nothing really calms the racing thoughts and anxiety. A lifetime of trying to fix what feels broken in your family has taken its toll. It’s actually been pretty tough—and there’s a lot of pain.
If you are reading this, there’s a good chance you feel unknown. Your family and friends think highly of you, but you’re afraid that might be because you’ve fooled them. Deep down you feel like there is something wrong with you, and no amount of “doing the right thing” can change that. You’ve spent much of your life between procrastination and perfection, but nothing really calms the racing thoughts and anxiety. A lifetime of trying to fix what feels broken in your family has taken its toll. It’s actually been pretty tough—and there’s a lot of pain.
(314) 274-6510 View (314) 274-6510
Photo of Casey Knarr in Saint Louis, MO
Casey Knarr
PLPC, MEd, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63118
Not accepting new clients
Showing up in the world as your authentic, honest self is terrifying. Moreover, the world we live in is deeply, fundamentally broken. Systems of racism, transphobia, queerphobia, ableism, and classism create deep mental health wounds in our minds and bodies. Managing and beginning to heal is not easy, but it doesn’t have to be this hard. In session, I work to create a space where you can be your most authentic self. This means bringing all of you, even (or especially) the parts that feel scared, ashamed, or angry.
Showing up in the world as your authentic, honest self is terrifying. Moreover, the world we live in is deeply, fundamentally broken. Systems of racism, transphobia, queerphobia, ableism, and classism create deep mental health wounds in our minds and bodies. Managing and beginning to heal is not easy, but it doesn’t have to be this hard. In session, I work to create a space where you can be your most authentic self. This means bringing all of you, even (or especially) the parts that feel scared, ashamed, or angry.
(314) 582-5422 x4 View (314) 582-5422 x4
Photo of Claire Pfeifer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Claire Pfeifer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63108  (Online Only)
Hi! Are you looking for a nonjudgmental space to process your feelings? Maybe emotions are overwhelming, and we need to take a step back and learn how to name and locate what you are feeling first. I work with clients of diverse backgrounds, sexual orientations, genders, and relationship structures. I specialize in assisting adults and couples to recognize and disrupt existing patterns learned throughout their lives, which can affect them in multiple ways. Additionally, I offer practical skills that can be applied immediately to address symptoms of anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, thereby improving overall functioning.
Hi! Are you looking for a nonjudgmental space to process your feelings? Maybe emotions are overwhelming, and we need to take a step back and learn how to name and locate what you are feeling first. I work with clients of diverse backgrounds, sexual orientations, genders, and relationship structures. I specialize in assisting adults and couples to recognize and disrupt existing patterns learned throughout their lives, which can affect them in multiple ways. Additionally, I offer practical skills that can be applied immediately to address symptoms of anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, thereby improving overall functioning.
(314) 207-9308 View (314) 207-9308
Photo of John A Ware, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
John A Ware
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, JD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63131
I see my role as one who can help clarify and encourage strategies to strengthen one's ability to navigate through stresses and pain. Together, we can develop plans to deal with challenging issues and life transitions in marriage, family, and professional or work situations. My career and life experiences have provided me with unique real world insights into the issues facing men and women today. I understand people who are coping with the difficult balancing of inter-personal relationships, family relationships, and work-related issues including, with increasing frequency, the stress, anxiety and uncertainty created by job loss or career transition.
I see my role as one who can help clarify and encourage strategies to strengthen one's ability to navigate through stresses and pain. Together, we can develop plans to deal with challenging issues and life transitions in marriage, family, and professional or work situations. My career and life experiences have provided me with unique real world insights into the issues facing men and women today. I understand people who are coping with the difficult balancing of inter-personal relationships, family relationships, and work-related issues including, with increasing frequency, the stress, anxiety and uncertainty created by job loss or career transition.
(314) 596-2940 View (314) 596-2940
Photo of Matt Anderson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Matt Anderson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63139
I know what it’s like to feel helpless, alone, frustrated, confused, unseen, unheard, and unsupported. Also, I know that it’s possible to transform these experiences into something deeply meaningful. The path to this transformation involves time and intention, and the courage to look deeply at oneself. As we learn to understand and relinquish old patterns, new ways of being give forth new hope and possibility. And not just for ourselves, but for everyone around us. What a wondrous experience!
I know what it’s like to feel helpless, alone, frustrated, confused, unseen, unheard, and unsupported. Also, I know that it’s possible to transform these experiences into something deeply meaningful. The path to this transformation involves time and intention, and the courage to look deeply at oneself. As we learn to understand and relinquish old patterns, new ways of being give forth new hope and possibility. And not just for ourselves, but for everyone around us. What a wondrous experience!
(314) 408-6966 View (314) 408-6966
Photo of Kevin O Webb II in Saint Louis, MO
Kevin O Webb II
MAC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63105
Have you ever felt all alone or like you don’t have anybody to talk to? Would you like to connect with someone or have a space where you can feel like that same someone understands you? Let me invite you to a safe environment that will allow you to be yourself and be received without judgment. Let me invite you to an area where you can express your feelings, talk openly and create healthy relationships which can then be applied to your daily challenges and struggles. This is what you will experience with me in a counseling relationship - safety, non-judgment and unconditional positive regard.
Have you ever felt all alone or like you don’t have anybody to talk to? Would you like to connect with someone or have a space where you can feel like that same someone understands you? Let me invite you to a safe environment that will allow you to be yourself and be received without judgment. Let me invite you to an area where you can express your feelings, talk openly and create healthy relationships which can then be applied to your daily challenges and struggles. This is what you will experience with me in a counseling relationship - safety, non-judgment and unconditional positive regard.
(314) 886-5939 View (314) 886-5939
Photo of Morgan Coffey, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Morgan Coffey
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63139
Counseling can come with many unknowns. Concerns and nervous feelings are normal and welcomed when starting this journey. My goal is to ease some of that worry and to support you as you take this next step. As a counselor, I aim to create a welcoming and accepting environment where you can share and explore who you are, what you've experienced, and what your goals are for the future. I am of the belief that everyone can find healing and growth through the safe, supportive, and exploratory relationship that counseling fosters. I will honor and value all of the parts and identities that you bring with you.
Counseling can come with many unknowns. Concerns and nervous feelings are normal and welcomed when starting this journey. My goal is to ease some of that worry and to support you as you take this next step. As a counselor, I aim to create a welcoming and accepting environment where you can share and explore who you are, what you've experienced, and what your goals are for the future. I am of the belief that everyone can find healing and growth through the safe, supportive, and exploratory relationship that counseling fosters. I will honor and value all of the parts and identities that you bring with you.
(314) 912-2827 View (314) 912-2827
Photo of Michelle Smart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Michelle Smart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63108  (Online Only)
Just imagine a time in your life when your difficulties were so surmountable that the quality of your life diminished—struggling with weighty feelings from the loss of a loved one to thoughts of suicide. There is a solution: therapy! When individuals seek help and fully engage in the therapeutic process, the results lead to individuals living healthier lives. Together, we will create change in the areas of your life that no longer have meaning and purpose. I work to make everyone's therapy the best fit for them. I will use evidence-based therapy concepts, but I do not limit our work to any single model. My treatment style is rooted
Just imagine a time in your life when your difficulties were so surmountable that the quality of your life diminished—struggling with weighty feelings from the loss of a loved one to thoughts of suicide. There is a solution: therapy! When individuals seek help and fully engage in the therapeutic process, the results lead to individuals living healthier lives. Together, we will create change in the areas of your life that no longer have meaning and purpose. I work to make everyone's therapy the best fit for them. I will use evidence-based therapy concepts, but I do not limit our work to any single model. My treatment style is rooted
(314) 470-9254 View (314) 470-9254
Photo of Nicole McNeil - Ellie Mental Health, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Nicole McNeil - Ellie Mental Health
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63131
Change can happen at any age. All it takes is the commitment and willingness to look at oneself and gain insight, and put steps into action toward change. I provide the support, validation, and openness to help individuals and families explore their strengths, and address and improve the cycles that make them unhappy. I am action oriented and direct, while leaving space for self-exploration and growth in a warm and nurturing environment.
Change can happen at any age. All it takes is the commitment and willingness to look at oneself and gain insight, and put steps into action toward change. I provide the support, validation, and openness to help individuals and families explore their strengths, and address and improve the cycles that make them unhappy. I am action oriented and direct, while leaving space for self-exploration and growth in a warm and nurturing environment.
(314) 463-4778 View (314) 463-4778
Photo of New Dawn Family Healing-St. Louis, Missouri in Saint Louis, MO
New Dawn Family Healing-St. Louis, Missouri
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
New Dawn Family Healing is a family therapy specialized program focused in treating the family members and loved ones of those impacted by Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). New Dawn offers group and individual famly therapy that focus on your individual journey with your loved ones struggle with addiction whether they are in active addiction or have met recovery.
New Dawn Family Healing is a family therapy specialized program focused in treating the family members and loved ones of those impacted by Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). New Dawn offers group and individual famly therapy that focus on your individual journey with your loved ones struggle with addiction whether they are in active addiction or have met recovery.
(314) 648-8633 View (314) 648-8633
Photo of Kate Schroeder, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kate Schroeder
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63119
The goal of my approach to therapy is to get your defense system out of the way so that you can operate out of your true sense of self, begin to create boundaries, and make choices truly reflective of your own wants and needs. When you achieve this, you no longer need to rely upon the destructive coping techniques previously used to prevent your full evolution and integration of body, mind, and spirit.
The goal of my approach to therapy is to get your defense system out of the way so that you can operate out of your true sense of self, begin to create boundaries, and make choices truly reflective of your own wants and needs. When you achieve this, you no longer need to rely upon the destructive coping techniques previously used to prevent your full evolution and integration of body, mind, and spirit.
(314) 720-4074 View (314) 720-4074
Photo of Megan R Garza, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Megan R Garza
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63109  (Online Only)
Using evidence-based techniques, I will help you look for patterns in your thinking or actions that may be causing problems, often rooted in trauma. I will help you establish healthier relationships, develop better coping skills, set boundaries and aid your ability to connect to your body & emotions while learning to regulate them effectively. Using a warm, genuine and goal-focused approach, you can be assured that whatever issue you have come to therapy to address, I will work to gently, but firmly encourage you to help resolve it. I emphasize praise and rewards for achievements, relying on your strengths as motivators for change.
Using evidence-based techniques, I will help you look for patterns in your thinking or actions that may be causing problems, often rooted in trauma. I will help you establish healthier relationships, develop better coping skills, set boundaries and aid your ability to connect to your body & emotions while learning to regulate them effectively. Using a warm, genuine and goal-focused approach, you can be assured that whatever issue you have come to therapy to address, I will work to gently, but firmly encourage you to help resolve it. I emphasize praise and rewards for achievements, relying on your strengths as motivators for change.
(314) 310-7664 View (314) 310-7664
Photo of Katie Taggart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Katie Taggart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63141
We all go through times in our lives when we feel lost and overwhelmed. In our individually focused therapy sessions we will work together to gain insight into your current struggles. I want you to feel safe and comfortable so that real change can be made. When a person feels safe, they are able to be open and honest about their feelings.
We all go through times in our lives when we feel lost and overwhelmed. In our individually focused therapy sessions we will work together to gain insight into your current struggles. I want you to feel safe and comfortable so that real change can be made. When a person feels safe, they are able to be open and honest about their feelings.
(314) 876-0686 View (314) 876-0686
Photo of Sarah Howell, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Sarah Howell
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63131
Are you feeling trapped in a dizzying maze of emotional distress and longing for deeper connections but struggling due to grief, unresolved trauma, or a loved one’s illness? Whether you're wrestling with the shadows of a difficult past, feeling the sting of relationship trauma, or navigating grief, I'm here to help. I understand the pain of feeling alone, stuck and craving a deeper connection. Picture yourself escaping the labyrinth of emotional distress and imagine the warmth and safety of a secure connection with yourself and others. Envision a future where you feel safe, secure, loved, and soothed.
Are you feeling trapped in a dizzying maze of emotional distress and longing for deeper connections but struggling due to grief, unresolved trauma, or a loved one’s illness? Whether you're wrestling with the shadows of a difficult past, feeling the sting of relationship trauma, or navigating grief, I'm here to help. I understand the pain of feeling alone, stuck and craving a deeper connection. Picture yourself escaping the labyrinth of emotional distress and imagine the warmth and safety of a secure connection with yourself and others. Envision a future where you feel safe, secure, loved, and soothed.
(314) 375-2696 View (314) 375-2696
Photo of Gina L Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Gina L Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63139
Are you struggling through life or feeling lost and directionless? Almost everyone needs help along life’s journey. Knowing ourselves deeply and understanding how our early experiences influence our current relationships and behaviors can help us improve our mood and change our lives. In my psychotherapy practice, I use a non-judgmental approach to help you open-mindedly evaluate your own life and to help you find alternative ways to view and solve your problems.
Are you struggling through life or feeling lost and directionless? Almost everyone needs help along life’s journey. Knowing ourselves deeply and understanding how our early experiences influence our current relationships and behaviors can help us improve our mood and change our lives. In my psychotherapy practice, I use a non-judgmental approach to help you open-mindedly evaluate your own life and to help you find alternative ways to view and solve your problems.
(314) 748-1498 View (314) 748-1498
Photo of Change Counseling Services, L.L.C., Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Change Counseling Services, L.L.C.
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63136
Welcome to your journey of healing. My goal as a Licensed Professional Counselor is to treat the whole person. I work with individuals, couples and families of all ages on a variety of issues, including but not limited to parenting issues, school related problems, ADHD, anxiety, depression, abuse, anger management and relationship problems. I would love to help you nagivate through life's pressures. For a confidential and rewarding experience let's talk.
Welcome to your journey of healing. My goal as a Licensed Professional Counselor is to treat the whole person. I work with individuals, couples and families of all ages on a variety of issues, including but not limited to parenting issues, school related problems, ADHD, anxiety, depression, abuse, anger management and relationship problems. I would love to help you nagivate through life's pressures. For a confidential and rewarding experience let's talk.
(314) 450-7555 View (314) 450-7555

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$127

Therapists in Saint Louis, MO who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
72% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Saint Louis, MO see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Louis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.