Therapists in Brooklyn, NY

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Photo of Christine Atkinson - Jamron Counseling, Art Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Christine Atkinson - Jamron Counseling
Art Therapist, ATR-BC, LCAT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11222  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that everyone has the opportunity to increase their health, comfort, and happiness. I work collaboratively with individuals from diverse backgrounds who seek out counseling for various issues including anxiety, mood, anger and adjustment. I strive towards allowing individuals to redefine themselves. My goal is to create a safe creative space to begin a journey of growth, renewal, and a path towards achieving authenticity.
I believe that everyone has the opportunity to increase their health, comfort, and happiness. I work collaboratively with individuals from diverse backgrounds who seek out counseling for various issues including anxiety, mood, anger and adjustment. I strive towards allowing individuals to redefine themselves. My goal is to create a safe creative space to begin a journey of growth, renewal, and a path towards achieving authenticity.
(929) 395-0818 View (929) 395-0818
Social Butterflies Psychotherapy LCSW
Pre-Licensed Professional, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11249
Not accepting new clients
I believe that feeling and living closest to your authentic self fosters wellness. I specialize in working with individuals who are struggling with life transitions, self-esteem, and a history of traumatic experiences. I am trained in a variety of techniques including CBT, psychodynamic, trauma-focused, and strengths-based therapy. Additionally, I have specialized experience working with people of all ages and intersectional backgrounds who have experienced sexual violence and abuse. I have several years of work experience serving military populations affected by sexual and domestic violence as well.
I believe that feeling and living closest to your authentic self fosters wellness. I specialize in working with individuals who are struggling with life transitions, self-esteem, and a history of traumatic experiences. I am trained in a variety of techniques including CBT, psychodynamic, trauma-focused, and strengths-based therapy. Additionally, I have specialized experience working with people of all ages and intersectional backgrounds who have experienced sexual violence and abuse. I have several years of work experience serving military populations affected by sexual and domestic violence as well.
(347) 577-9605 View (347) 577-9605
Photo of Zan Morley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Zan Morley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11222
Are you feeling stuck in your life or relationship patterns? Perhaps anxious, depressed, or lonely? If so, then I am glad that we have found each other. With a warm and collaborative style, my goal is to make our therapeutic relationship a safe place for expressing yourself freely, resolving conflicts as they may occur, and exploring yourself in relation to another. I will utilize a psychodynamic, relational, and integrative approach to our work. I believe in working in partnership, helping you identify and use your strengths to overcome the challenges that hold you back and cause you pain.
Are you feeling stuck in your life or relationship patterns? Perhaps anxious, depressed, or lonely? If so, then I am glad that we have found each other. With a warm and collaborative style, my goal is to make our therapeutic relationship a safe place for expressing yourself freely, resolving conflicts as they may occur, and exploring yourself in relation to another. I will utilize a psychodynamic, relational, and integrative approach to our work. I believe in working in partnership, helping you identify and use your strengths to overcome the challenges that hold you back and cause you pain.
(347) 572-7854 View (347) 572-7854
Photo of Libby Shapiro, Creative Arts Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Libby Shapiro
Creative Arts Therapist, LCAT
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11205
I am a warm, compassionate, engaging and experienced psychotherapist; an enthusiastic advocate for my clients' well-being. I offer individual therapy to adults of all ages, both short and long-term, talk therapy, AEDP, EMDR, and creative arts therapy if desired. It is my honor and pleasure to support adults coping with anxiety, depression, stress, loss, grief, difficulties with relationships, addiction, and overwhelming life situations or transitions, including fertility challenges. I am keenly skilled in helping people to be their truest selves, and to live their lives with more connection, ease, love, creativity, joy, and meaning.
I am a warm, compassionate, engaging and experienced psychotherapist; an enthusiastic advocate for my clients' well-being. I offer individual therapy to adults of all ages, both short and long-term, talk therapy, AEDP, EMDR, and creative arts therapy if desired. It is my honor and pleasure to support adults coping with anxiety, depression, stress, loss, grief, difficulties with relationships, addiction, and overwhelming life situations or transitions, including fertility challenges. I am keenly skilled in helping people to be their truest selves, and to live their lives with more connection, ease, love, creativity, joy, and meaning.
(917) 746-3841 View (917) 746-3841
Photo of Jane Schaffer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Jane Schaffer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGP
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11217
When sadness and anxiety trouble you, when you wake up dreading conflicts with loved ones, when you're unsure of who you are on the deepest levels, you need a safe and welcoming harbor. My patients appreciate the maturity and life experience I bring, along with my professional understanding and techniques, to help them heal and grow. I offer sliding scale fees and an initial get-acquainted visit at low cost.
When sadness and anxiety trouble you, when you wake up dreading conflicts with loved ones, when you're unsure of who you are on the deepest levels, you need a safe and welcoming harbor. My patients appreciate the maturity and life experience I bring, along with my professional understanding and techniques, to help them heal and grow. I offer sliding scale fees and an initial get-acquainted visit at low cost.
(646) 798-2336 View (646) 798-2336
Photo of Mari Dickerson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Mari Dickerson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CYT
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11222
I believe that self-acceptance and self-understanding are fundamental to meaningful change and that each of us has an innate healing capacity and ability to thrive. Sometimes, unresolved memories or traumas, anxiety, depression, self-criticism, identity issues, cultural conditioning or daily stressors can stand in the way of our sense of vitality and efficacy in life. I provide clients with a supportive, non-judgmental space (with a bit of humor when appropriate) to process psychological distress and get to the root of what is keeping you from orienting toward more authenticity and balance.
I believe that self-acceptance and self-understanding are fundamental to meaningful change and that each of us has an innate healing capacity and ability to thrive. Sometimes, unresolved memories or traumas, anxiety, depression, self-criticism, identity issues, cultural conditioning or daily stressors can stand in the way of our sense of vitality and efficacy in life. I provide clients with a supportive, non-judgmental space (with a bit of humor when appropriate) to process psychological distress and get to the root of what is keeping you from orienting toward more authenticity and balance.
(347) 751-6108 View (347) 751-6108
Photo of Jill Bednarz, LMHC, Counselor in Brooklyn, NY
Jill Bednarz, LMHC
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11201  (Online Only)
Wondering if therapy can benefit you? Are you unsure if you need therapy? I want you to know that anyone experiencing low motivation, life changes, communication issues, relationships concerns, etc. can benefit from therapy. I am passionate about helping individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, and trauma. Psychotherapy helps people understand their roots and the patterns they developed out of survival.
Wondering if therapy can benefit you? Are you unsure if you need therapy? I want you to know that anyone experiencing low motivation, life changes, communication issues, relationships concerns, etc. can benefit from therapy. I am passionate about helping individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, and trauma. Psychotherapy helps people understand their roots and the patterns they developed out of survival.
(332) 900-3097 View (332) 900-3097
Photo of Teresa Shekerjian, Counselor in Brooklyn, NY
Teresa Shekerjian
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11201  (Online Only)
I work with adults in an individual setting. The focus of session is to allow my client the space to dive into their true thoughts, concerns, and desires. Clients who are looking to be authentic and confident in who they want to be are encouraged to explore how to develop deeper relationships with themselves, others and finetune their future goals. Clients will build adaptive coping skills and develop an increased sense of self-worth.
I work with adults in an individual setting. The focus of session is to allow my client the space to dive into their true thoughts, concerns, and desires. Clients who are looking to be authentic and confident in who they want to be are encouraged to explore how to develop deeper relationships with themselves, others and finetune their future goals. Clients will build adaptive coping skills and develop an increased sense of self-worth.
(347) 427-5363 View (347) 427-5363
Photo of Shakiera Watson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Brooklyn, NY
Shakiera Watson
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11215  (Online Only)
Has life’s challenges left you feeling adrift? Whether you're riding the rollercoaster of extreme highs and lows or feeling stuck in a state of stagnation, confronting these emotions alone can feel daunting. Yet, taking that initial step towards healing and self-understanding doesn't have to be a solitary journey. Drawing from a blend of professional expertise and personal insight, I recognize the courage it takes to confront the complexities of the human experience. In our therapeutic journey, your needs will always take center stage. My approach is centered on empowering you to take charge of your own path.
Has life’s challenges left you feeling adrift? Whether you're riding the rollercoaster of extreme highs and lows or feeling stuck in a state of stagnation, confronting these emotions alone can feel daunting. Yet, taking that initial step towards healing and self-understanding doesn't have to be a solitary journey. Drawing from a blend of professional expertise and personal insight, I recognize the courage it takes to confront the complexities of the human experience. In our therapeutic journey, your needs will always take center stage. My approach is centered on empowering you to take charge of your own path.
(646) 906-8964 View (646) 906-8964
Photo of Ana Rolon, Pre-Licensed Professional in Brooklyn, NY
Ana Rolon
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11222
It is understandable to feel nervous and unsure when looking for a therapist, as you may not know what to expect or whether you will be able to connect with them. Therefore, I would like to provide you with some information about myself and my therapeutic approach to put your mind at ease. I am a Licensed Master Social Worker and have been practicing for over 27 years. I received my degree from the Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College in New York and have worked with diverse populations in various settings. I follow a client-centered approach, which means I focus on your strengths and work collaboratively with you.
It is understandable to feel nervous and unsure when looking for a therapist, as you may not know what to expect or whether you will be able to connect with them. Therefore, I would like to provide you with some information about myself and my therapeutic approach to put your mind at ease. I am a Licensed Master Social Worker and have been practicing for over 27 years. I received my degree from the Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College in New York and have worked with diverse populations in various settings. I follow a client-centered approach, which means I focus on your strengths and work collaboratively with you.
(347) 508-7788 View (347) 508-7788
Photo of Waltra Montgomery, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Waltra Montgomery
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11225  (Online Only)
If you’re feeling trapped, there is a way out! Often times we’re told to “handle it”, but if the truth be told, everyone needs help, and the time is now. It’s time to unpack what has been holding you back from your purpose. We do a good job looking good, but not feeling our best self. I want to encourage you to do yourself a favor and begin the process of healing. You’re important and you deserve it. My name is Waltra Montgomery, Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and I am here to help you navigate through life’s challenges.
If you’re feeling trapped, there is a way out! Often times we’re told to “handle it”, but if the truth be told, everyone needs help, and the time is now. It’s time to unpack what has been holding you back from your purpose. We do a good job looking good, but not feeling our best self. I want to encourage you to do yourself a favor and begin the process of healing. You’re important and you deserve it. My name is Waltra Montgomery, Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and I am here to help you navigate through life’s challenges.
(516) 217-4831 View (516) 217-4831
Shlomo Moskovits
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC, CSAT
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11230
If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, unresolved trauma or marital issues and can't seem to get out of your negative thinking and behavior patterns you deserve to get the help you need.
If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, unresolved trauma or marital issues and can't seem to get out of your negative thinking and behavior patterns you deserve to get the help you need.
(929) 203-9277 View (929) 203-9277
Photo of Elizabeth Felleman Hammel, Psychologist in Brooklyn, NY
Elizabeth Felleman Hammel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11242
In a safe and supportive environment, I collaborate with individual adults couples, and families to address difficult emotions or behaviors. I work with clients to enhance communication, deepen attachments and relationships, and identify road blocks. Given the tools, support, and guidance, I believe that we are all capable of making positive changes to reduce conflict, stress, and anxiety and lead more satisfying lives. My orientation is eclectic though I often utilize Cognitive Behavioral and Solution Focused techniques. I work with adults, couples and families.
In a safe and supportive environment, I collaborate with individual adults couples, and families to address difficult emotions or behaviors. I work with clients to enhance communication, deepen attachments and relationships, and identify road blocks. Given the tools, support, and guidance, I believe that we are all capable of making positive changes to reduce conflict, stress, and anxiety and lead more satisfying lives. My orientation is eclectic though I often utilize Cognitive Behavioral and Solution Focused techniques. I work with adults, couples and families.
(917) 809-6093 View (917) 809-6093
Photo of Deniz Oktay in Brooklyn, NY
Deniz Oktay
LCAT, BC-DMT, MS, RCST
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11249
You feel like you've hit a wall in your relationships and no matter what you try, you still lose your temper or shut down. You've done a lot of work on yourself and no matter how much you analyze the situation or try new things, it feels like nothing you do is good enough.  You've noticed this pattern come up before, but you cant seem to stop it from getting in the way.
You feel like you've hit a wall in your relationships and no matter what you try, you still lose your temper or shut down. You've done a lot of work on yourself and no matter how much you analyze the situation or try new things, it feels like nothing you do is good enough.  You've noticed this pattern come up before, but you cant seem to stop it from getting in the way.
(646) 798-1789 View (646) 798-1789
Photo of Maroon Street Mental Health, Counselor in Brooklyn, NY
Maroon Street Mental Health
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11217  (Online Only)
I am particularly attuned to the difficulties that can accompany one's experience of multiple and intersecting identities including race, culture, religion, gender, sexual preference, class, ability and illness. As a Black & Brown, Puerto Rican therapist it remains essential that I work from an integrative, multi-cultural, and social-justice informed perspective to provide collaborative and creative counseling that accommodates each person’s unique experiences, needs, strengths, and goals. I enjoy facilitating growth and liberation from internalized oppression, internalized capitalism, racial and intergenerational trauma.
I am particularly attuned to the difficulties that can accompany one's experience of multiple and intersecting identities including race, culture, religion, gender, sexual preference, class, ability and illness. As a Black & Brown, Puerto Rican therapist it remains essential that I work from an integrative, multi-cultural, and social-justice informed perspective to provide collaborative and creative counseling that accommodates each person’s unique experiences, needs, strengths, and goals. I enjoy facilitating growth and liberation from internalized oppression, internalized capitalism, racial and intergenerational trauma.
(646) 906-9644 View (646) 906-9644
Photo of Kathy Gordon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Kathy Gordon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, DSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11215
I have over 30 years of experience working with adults, children and families, and an ongoing passion and engagement in the art of psychotherapy. When the fit is right, a good therapeutic relationship can provide a powerful vehicle for healing and transformation. I think for therapy to really gel, you need to feel that your therapist gets you, perhaps in a way few others have. Adults I work with often tell me they have that experience with me, that they feel fully seen and understood. My work with children began in my earliest days as a therapist - and it continues to be a central part of my practice.
I have over 30 years of experience working with adults, children and families, and an ongoing passion and engagement in the art of psychotherapy. When the fit is right, a good therapeutic relationship can provide a powerful vehicle for healing and transformation. I think for therapy to really gel, you need to feel that your therapist gets you, perhaps in a way few others have. Adults I work with often tell me they have that experience with me, that they feel fully seen and understood. My work with children began in my earliest days as a therapist - and it continues to be a central part of my practice.
(929) 332-2613 View (929) 332-2613
Photo of Leonora Mardh, Pre-Licensed Professional in Brooklyn, NY
Leonora Mardh
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11222
I help my clients identify and actualize their vision of a happy, balanced, and meaningful life. I support individuals struggling with anxiety and depression, mood and personality disorders, PTSD, life transitions, recovering from abuse, and maintaining healthy relationships. I work collaboratively to build confidence by combatting limiting beliefs and cultivating self-compassion. My practice is a non-judgemental, safe space open to all and LGBTQIA+ affirming.
I help my clients identify and actualize their vision of a happy, balanced, and meaningful life. I support individuals struggling with anxiety and depression, mood and personality disorders, PTSD, life transitions, recovering from abuse, and maintaining healthy relationships. I work collaboratively to build confidence by combatting limiting beliefs and cultivating self-compassion. My practice is a non-judgemental, safe space open to all and LGBTQIA+ affirming.
(718) 550-6016 View (718) 550-6016
Photo of Dr. Eugena Griffin, Psychologist in Brooklyn, NY
Dr. Eugena Griffin
Psychologist, PhD, MS
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11208
I am a Licensed Psychologist, with approximately 13 years of experience providing comprehensive assessment and psychotherapy to children, adolescents, and adults presenting mild to severe mental health outcomes. I also offer college-prep consultation to adolescence and adults wanting to pursue a college degree. College prep consultation includes a copy of my workbook, The Steps I Took: How my Journey to Success Can Help Guide Your Success. See www.tx4creatingchange.com for book products.
I am a Licensed Psychologist, with approximately 13 years of experience providing comprehensive assessment and psychotherapy to children, adolescents, and adults presenting mild to severe mental health outcomes. I also offer college-prep consultation to adolescence and adults wanting to pursue a college degree. College prep consultation includes a copy of my workbook, The Steps I Took: How my Journey to Success Can Help Guide Your Success. See www.tx4creatingchange.com for book products.
(718) 865-3721 View (718) 865-3721
Photo of Kayla Singh, Pre-Licensed Professional in Brooklyn, NY
Kayla Singh
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11201  (Online Only)
In sessions I want to be able to understand and get to know you as an individual. I want to be able to learn about where you are at and work together to identify and meet your needs. I want to listen and share the burden, so we can approach the problem together. Everything we do will be a collaborative effort. I work for you and to help you achieve your goals. The ultimate goal is to feel a sense of empowerment, confidence, and the ability to make informed, independent decisions after sessions end.
In sessions I want to be able to understand and get to know you as an individual. I want to be able to learn about where you are at and work together to identify and meet your needs. I want to listen and share the burden, so we can approach the problem together. Everything we do will be a collaborative effort. I work for you and to help you achieve your goals. The ultimate goal is to feel a sense of empowerment, confidence, and the ability to make informed, independent decisions after sessions end.
(718) 816-8603 View (718) 816-8603
Photo of Ryan Selzer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Ryan Selzer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11217
As a licensed psychotherapy I work with individuals, couples, families and adolescents (13+). My work with families and couples focuses on lack of communication, life transitions & changes, loss of intimacy and learning coping skills to regulate emotional and behavioral issues that have been identified. I specialize in adolescents and adults struggling with self-esteem, identity formation, relationships issues, anxiety and depression.
As a licensed psychotherapy I work with individuals, couples, families and adolescents (13+). My work with families and couples focuses on lack of communication, life transitions & changes, loss of intimacy and learning coping skills to regulate emotional and behavioral issues that have been identified. I specialize in adolescents and adults struggling with self-esteem, identity formation, relationships issues, anxiety and depression.
(929) 238-8403 View (929) 238-8403

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Brooklyn, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Brooklyn, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
66% Cigna and Evernorth
65% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Brooklyn, NY see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Brooklyn?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.