Therapists in Catonsville, MD

Photo of Ryan Lundergan, Counselor in Catonsville, MD
Ryan Lundergan
Counselor, LGPC, LGP1299
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Catonsville, MD 21228
Have you ever wondered what it would be like to have a greater understanding of your emotions and how they influence your life? As an insight-oriented therapist, I believe that self-awareness and understanding are key drivers of healing and positive change. I also hold the belief that each individual possesses the inherent knowledge and capacity to create the life they desire, regardless of its specific form. My role is to serve as a guide and facilitator, supporting you in uncovering your own potential and realizing your personal aspirations.
Have you ever wondered what it would be like to have a greater understanding of your emotions and how they influence your life? As an insight-oriented therapist, I believe that self-awareness and understanding are key drivers of healing and positive change. I also hold the belief that each individual possesses the inherent knowledge and capacity to create the life they desire, regardless of its specific form. My role is to serve as a guide and facilitator, supporting you in uncovering your own potential and realizing your personal aspirations.
(410) 648-9017 View (410) 648-9017
Photo of Shelby Murtagh, Marriage & Family Therapist in Catonsville, MD
Shelby Murtagh
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
I thrive when working with clients who are open to the idea of healing from their trauma. They don't need to be ready to do all the work just yet, but rather be willing to engage in the therapeutic journey, recognizing the importance of addressing past wounds to foster personal growth, and be ready to give therapy a chance. Clients receptivity to self-discovery and a collaborative approach allows us to navigate the complexities of their history together. This client values the opportunity to build a supportive and empowering therapeutic relationship, enabling us to cultivate a foundation for lasting change.
I thrive when working with clients who are open to the idea of healing from their trauma. They don't need to be ready to do all the work just yet, but rather be willing to engage in the therapeutic journey, recognizing the importance of addressing past wounds to foster personal growth, and be ready to give therapy a chance. Clients receptivity to self-discovery and a collaborative approach allows us to navigate the complexities of their history together. This client values the opportunity to build a supportive and empowering therapeutic relationship, enabling us to cultivate a foundation for lasting change.
(240) 617-4088 View (240) 617-4088
Photo of IHBD Maxwell Manning, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Catonsville, MD
IHBD Maxwell Manning
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
I have extensive experience in providing therapy to a variety of clients with a diversity of needs. This experience includes working with clients in clinic, hospital and private practice settings. My experience allows me to utilize therapeutic approaches that fit the needs of the clients that I serve. If you are looking for a therapist with many years of experience that uses adaptive approaches to help clients with life's challenges, then I am your therapist.
I have extensive experience in providing therapy to a variety of clients with a diversity of needs. This experience includes working with clients in clinic, hospital and private practice settings. My experience allows me to utilize therapeutic approaches that fit the needs of the clients that I serve. If you are looking for a therapist with many years of experience that uses adaptive approaches to help clients with life's challenges, then I am your therapist.
(443) 251-4279 View (443) 251-4279
Photo of Farah Shaikh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Catonsville, MD
Farah Shaikh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
Welcome! I'm delighted to have you here. Counseling is not a destination; it's the start of a journey toward healing and a brighter tomorrow. With nearly two decades of experience as a licensed therapist, I offer a safe and supportive space where you can freely share your feelings, thoughts, and struggles. Whether you seek help for yourself, your child, or your family, my goal is to provide a warm and compassionate environment coupled with practical advice and effective strategies to guide you or your loved one back on the path to well-being. Together, let's embark on this journey of healing and growth. Your healing starts today.
Welcome! I'm delighted to have you here. Counseling is not a destination; it's the start of a journey toward healing and a brighter tomorrow. With nearly two decades of experience as a licensed therapist, I offer a safe and supportive space where you can freely share your feelings, thoughts, and struggles. Whether you seek help for yourself, your child, or your family, my goal is to provide a warm and compassionate environment coupled with practical advice and effective strategies to guide you or your loved one back on the path to well-being. Together, let's embark on this journey of healing and growth. Your healing starts today.
(410) 517-7620 View (410) 517-7620
Photo of Ascendant Counseling Services LLC, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Catonsville, MD
Ascendant Counseling Services LLC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCSW-C, LCPC
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228
Ascendant Counseling Services LLC is an agency of licensed, professional therapist representing a diversity of mental health disciplines. Ascendant is dedicated to strengthening emotional and spiritual health. We provide services to individuals and families. We make us of the insights and resources of the behavioral sciences, When requested, we utilize Christian Counseling concepts within the therapy session. Please visit our website at www.AscendantCounselingServices.com or text us at: (443) 335-2297.
Ascendant Counseling Services LLC is an agency of licensed, professional therapist representing a diversity of mental health disciplines. Ascendant is dedicated to strengthening emotional and spiritual health. We provide services to individuals and families. We make us of the insights and resources of the behavioral sciences, When requested, we utilize Christian Counseling concepts within the therapy session. Please visit our website at www.AscendantCounselingServices.com or text us at: (443) 335-2297.
(410) 983-3706 View (410) 983-3706
Photo of Trent Evans, Psychologist in Catonsville, MD
Trent Evans
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Catonsville, MD 21228
Life doesn’t come with a roadmap and our mind doesn't come with an owner's manual. Your journey may be about finding relief from painful emotions like anxiety, anger, or depression. Or perhaps it's about finding purpose, improving relationships, or pursuing a more contented life that aligns with your innermost values. Whatever's on your mind, remember this: embracing change is a sign of strength. Together, we’ll embark on a journey toward the life you aspire to live. My greatest privilege is to travel that road with you.
Life doesn’t come with a roadmap and our mind doesn't come with an owner's manual. Your journey may be about finding relief from painful emotions like anxiety, anger, or depression. Or perhaps it's about finding purpose, improving relationships, or pursuing a more contented life that aligns with your innermost values. Whatever's on your mind, remember this: embracing change is a sign of strength. Together, we’ll embark on a journey toward the life you aspire to live. My greatest privilege is to travel that road with you.
(410) 648-4518 View (410) 648-4518
Photo of Time of Need Counseling, LLC, Counselor in Catonsville, MD
Time of Need Counseling, LLC
Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
For over 17 years, I've been providing individual counseling to clients in their time of need.
For over 17 years, I've been providing individual counseling to clients in their time of need.
(443) 503-3691 View (443) 503-3691
Photo of Sibao Dunham, Counselor in Catonsville, MD
Sibao Dunham
Counselor, MS, LGPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
If you are seeking therapy and/or support in personal growth and emotional well-being, I have experience working with individuals, couples, premarital couples, and Veterans with ages ranging from 17 to senior adults.
If you are seeking therapy and/or support in personal growth and emotional well-being, I have experience working with individuals, couples, premarital couples, and Veterans with ages ranging from 17 to senior adults.
(410) 983-3545 View (410) 983-3545
Photo of Sarah Larsen Astrones P.C., Counselor in Catonsville, MD
Sarah Larsen Astrones P.C.
Counselor, LIMHP, LIPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
Your privacy is valued. Support is here for you that is discreet, convenient, and prioritizing you whether that’s with therapy or coaching, I am here. I will help you brave through life’s most challenging storms. We will weather them together and I’ll guide you to that beautiful rainbow on the other side. It’s there. It does exist. Every storm passes. You deserve your rainbow and I will help you create it. Change is hard. What’s hardest? Staying where you’re not meant to be. Allow me the honor to support you on your journey.
Your privacy is valued. Support is here for you that is discreet, convenient, and prioritizing you whether that’s with therapy or coaching, I am here. I will help you brave through life’s most challenging storms. We will weather them together and I’ll guide you to that beautiful rainbow on the other side. It’s there. It does exist. Every storm passes. You deserve your rainbow and I will help you create it. Change is hard. What’s hardest? Staying where you’re not meant to be. Allow me the honor to support you on your journey.
(443) 516-9413 View (443) 516-9413
Photo of Nini Gomes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Catonsville, MD
Nini Gomes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
Are you a young intuitive woman struggling to envision your future? Are you feeling anxious or stuck? Have you been hurt or traumatized? Feel like your full potential is unreachable? Or frustrated with life itself? Be still. Exhale. Seek deep within, for you have the power to change things! Are you ready to transform your life, by feeling fulfilled in life and your relationships? Are you ready to explore and journey into your own unique expression of self? Are you ready to tap into your magick and blessings? Become a new radiant you with my support and guidance! All of you is welcome.
Are you a young intuitive woman struggling to envision your future? Are you feeling anxious or stuck? Have you been hurt or traumatized? Feel like your full potential is unreachable? Or frustrated with life itself? Be still. Exhale. Seek deep within, for you have the power to change things! Are you ready to transform your life, by feeling fulfilled in life and your relationships? Are you ready to explore and journey into your own unique expression of self? Are you ready to tap into your magick and blessings? Become a new radiant you with my support and guidance! All of you is welcome.
(443) 241-6635 View (443) 241-6635
Photo of Psychexperts, Psychological Associate in Catonsville, MD
Psychexperts
Psychological Associate, LPA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Catonsville, MD 21228
My ideal client would be young adults, teens, and children. Some of the issues facing this population might be self-esteem and self-worth, peer pressure, bullying,and issues with inadequacy. I would implement some goals pared with coping skills to assist the client in making better choices. Learning to incorporate positive self-talk could be a starting point.
My ideal client would be young adults, teens, and children. Some of the issues facing this population might be self-esteem and self-worth, peer pressure, bullying,and issues with inadequacy. I would implement some goals pared with coping skills to assist the client in making better choices. Learning to incorporate positive self-talk could be a starting point.
(443) 241-7358 View (443) 241-7358
Photo of Dr. Desirée N. Robinson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Catonsville, MD
Dr. Desirée N. Robinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, ACS
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
Intimacy Injuries are rampant and even normalized in today’s environment. Whether these emotional wounds show up in regards to your relationship with yourself, your significant others, or your family members; the opportunity to ameliorate those hurts is here! In my work as a Psychotherapist, I specialize in Sex, Intimacy, and Trauma as well as a Bariatric Specialist with self-identity before and after Weight Loss Surgery. If you also identify as Highly Sensitive or Introverted, let's have a chat about how to uncover how you may be hiding your greatness in plain sight!
Intimacy Injuries are rampant and even normalized in today’s environment. Whether these emotional wounds show up in regards to your relationship with yourself, your significant others, or your family members; the opportunity to ameliorate those hurts is here! In my work as a Psychotherapist, I specialize in Sex, Intimacy, and Trauma as well as a Bariatric Specialist with self-identity before and after Weight Loss Surgery. If you also identify as Highly Sensitive or Introverted, let's have a chat about how to uncover how you may be hiding your greatness in plain sight!
View
Photo of Jenifer LaNore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Catonsville, MD
Jenifer LaNore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
I provide mental, emotional and practical support to women throughout the perinatal continuum of care. My aim is to create a safe and welcoming environment where women can intimately explore and gain skills needed to navigate the most challenging, yet transformative seasons of their lives. I believe that though life transitions can be tough, they offer unique opportunities for growth. I also believe the practice of extending yourself grace through your journey of healing optimizes mental and emotional health. I cater therapeutic interventions to each client, recognizing we all have very unique needs.
I provide mental, emotional and practical support to women throughout the perinatal continuum of care. My aim is to create a safe and welcoming environment where women can intimately explore and gain skills needed to navigate the most challenging, yet transformative seasons of their lives. I believe that though life transitions can be tough, they offer unique opportunities for growth. I also believe the practice of extending yourself grace through your journey of healing optimizes mental and emotional health. I cater therapeutic interventions to each client, recognizing we all have very unique needs.
(443) 843-0720 View (443) 843-0720
Photo of Lester Lee Burney, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Catonsville, MD
Lester Lee Burney
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, HS-BCP, CSAM, LCPC
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228
Counseling and therapy services should be approached as a collaborative effort between the counselor and client with the purpose of establishing and achieving goals mutually agreed upon. The goal is seeking to help the client address, resolve, and cope with issues that are affecting their wellness and ability to thrive in life. I work with clients who are experiencing life stressors that are causing distress in their lives that require therapeutic interventions and specified therapy approaches.
Counseling and therapy services should be approached as a collaborative effort between the counselor and client with the purpose of establishing and achieving goals mutually agreed upon. The goal is seeking to help the client address, resolve, and cope with issues that are affecting their wellness and ability to thrive in life. I work with clients who are experiencing life stressors that are causing distress in their lives that require therapeutic interventions and specified therapy approaches.
(443) 960-7438 View (443) 960-7438
Photo of Siri Svaeren, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Catonsville, MD
Siri Svaeren
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Catonsville, MD 21228
Congratulations on a first step towards getting help for yourself or your family. I specialize in Relationships, Complex Trauma, and ADHD across the lifespan. You may be experiencing slipping work/academic performance or relationship conflict related to anxiety, depressed mood and low motivation, cycles of stress and depletion, distractibility, or anger from unresolved trauma. My approach begins with listening. You have feelings to share, a story to tell, or persistent challenge you can’t seem to overcome. I’m here to provide a safe, validating place to process your experience, and some unique ways of exploring your emotional world.
Congratulations on a first step towards getting help for yourself or your family. I specialize in Relationships, Complex Trauma, and ADHD across the lifespan. You may be experiencing slipping work/academic performance or relationship conflict related to anxiety, depressed mood and low motivation, cycles of stress and depletion, distractibility, or anger from unresolved trauma. My approach begins with listening. You have feelings to share, a story to tell, or persistent challenge you can’t seem to overcome. I’m here to provide a safe, validating place to process your experience, and some unique ways of exploring your emotional world.
(410) 210-4384 View (410) 210-4384
Photo of Ali Lyons, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Catonsville, MD
Ali Lyons
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
Do you feel as if you’re expected to know what to do with your life but don't know how to figure it all out? Being a young adult comes with a greater responsibility to make decisions and plan for your future. Around you, everyone seems to be finding the right relationships, advancing their careers, but you feel lost, unsure of which direction to head. It's hard to know who you are and where you belong in the world. What would it be like to get up in the morning with a zest for life and confident in the goals that you’re setting? Just imagine a life where you are thriving, joyful & heading down the right path. I will get you there!
Do you feel as if you’re expected to know what to do with your life but don't know how to figure it all out? Being a young adult comes with a greater responsibility to make decisions and plan for your future. Around you, everyone seems to be finding the right relationships, advancing their careers, but you feel lost, unsure of which direction to head. It's hard to know who you are and where you belong in the world. What would it be like to get up in the morning with a zest for life and confident in the goals that you’re setting? Just imagine a life where you are thriving, joyful & heading down the right path. I will get you there!
(410) 671-0480 View (410) 671-0480
Photo of Alexandra Elizabeth, LCPC, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Catonsville, MD
Alexandra Elizabeth, LCPC, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Catonsville, MD 21228
Currently Accepting New Clients! Do you struggle with depression, anxiety, trauma, or need someone to hear your story and validate your experiences? You are the expert on your own life, but we all get stuck sometimes. I am here to work collaboratively with you to overcome obstacles, explore and acknowledge your strengths, and help you identify and understand the meanings that you derive from life events.
Currently Accepting New Clients! Do you struggle with depression, anxiety, trauma, or need someone to hear your story and validate your experiences? You are the expert on your own life, but we all get stuck sometimes. I am here to work collaboratively with you to overcome obstacles, explore and acknowledge your strengths, and help you identify and understand the meanings that you derive from life events.
(410) 883-5761 View (410) 883-5761
Photo of Rachel Altvater, Psychologist in Catonsville, MD
Rachel Altvater
Psychologist, PsyD, RPT-S
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Deciding to seek and accept help and support for you, your child, and/or your family is a courageous step toward self-discovery, healing, and growth. I work collaboratively with individuals and families to assist them in understanding, expressing, and processing their difficulties. Receiving compassionate, non-judgmental, and empathetic care during some of the darkest and most painful moments of our lives is an invaluable experience on our path to healing. You do not have to confront your struggles alone. I am here to remind you that you and your thoughts, feelings, and experiences matter.
Deciding to seek and accept help and support for you, your child, and/or your family is a courageous step toward self-discovery, healing, and growth. I work collaboratively with individuals and families to assist them in understanding, expressing, and processing their difficulties. Receiving compassionate, non-judgmental, and empathetic care during some of the darkest and most painful moments of our lives is an invaluable experience on our path to healing. You do not have to confront your struggles alone. I am here to remind you that you and your thoughts, feelings, and experiences matter.
(833) 584-2218 View (833) 584-2218
Photo of Dr. Michelle Luken, Occupational Therapist in Catonsville, MD
Dr. Michelle Luken
Occupational Therapist, Dsc, OTR/L, BCMH
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My ideal client is looking for a tactical/practical and feeling/healing approach to typically finds me when they are feeling burned out, stuck, or plateaued in their performance, wellbeing, or life in general. Even if they don’t know what the ‘next right thing’ is, they are open to being honest with themselves and digging deep to find out. If they do know what they want next, they are ready and willing to move in that direction taking baby steps, giant leaps, or something in between.
My ideal client is looking for a tactical/practical and feeling/healing approach to typically finds me when they are feeling burned out, stuck, or plateaued in their performance, wellbeing, or life in general. Even if they don’t know what the ‘next right thing’ is, they are open to being honest with themselves and digging deep to find out. If they do know what they want next, they are ready and willing to move in that direction taking baby steps, giant leaps, or something in between.
(443) 960-8193 View (443) 960-8193
Photo of Kenneth Kovacs in Catonsville, MD
Kenneth Kovacs
Verified Verified
Catonsville, MD 21228
Not accepting new clients
I am a Diploma candidate (psychoanalyst-in-training) at the C. G. Jung Institute-Zürich, based in the Baltimore-DC area. A Jungian or depth psychological approach to personal growth, healing, and wholeness listens for the voice of the soul (psyche). Jungian analysis cultivates a relationship or dialogue between the unconscious and the conscious. This therapeutic approach provides new insights into unhealthy patterns and problematic un-owned aspects of the individual. This process promotes a deeper understanding of oneself emotionally, psychologically, and spiritually.
I am a Diploma candidate (psychoanalyst-in-training) at the C. G. Jung Institute-Zürich, based in the Baltimore-DC area. A Jungian or depth psychological approach to personal growth, healing, and wholeness listens for the voice of the soul (psyche). Jungian analysis cultivates a relationship or dialogue between the unconscious and the conscious. This therapeutic approach provides new insights into unhealthy patterns and problematic un-owned aspects of the individual. This process promotes a deeper understanding of oneself emotionally, psychologically, and spiritually.
(410) 807-8588 View (410) 807-8588

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Catonsville, MD

200+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in Catonsville, MD who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
86% Depression
78% Self Esteem
75% Coping Skills
67% Relationship Issues
65% Trauma and PTSD
62% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Cigna and Evernorth
73% CareFirst
71% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Catonsville, MD see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Catonsville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.