Counselling in Dublin 6, Dublin

Photo of Carmel Tierney, Psychotherapist, MSc
Carmel Tierney
Psychotherapist, MSc
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
Art Psychotherapy offers a unique way for adults, teens and children to express themselves through the use of materials, no art skills are necessary. Our client-centered sessions provide a safe space to address challenges including trauma, attachment difficulties, selective mutism, depression, anxiety, and neurodivergent issues including ASD. Important milestones may cause a sense of overwhelming difficulty for a young person. This may have a negative impact on the young person’s ability to transition to new experiences, develop friendships and relationships and may also contribute to academic challenges.
Art Psychotherapy offers a unique way for adults, teens and children to express themselves through the use of materials, no art skills are necessary. Our client-centered sessions provide a safe space to address challenges including trauma, attachment difficulties, selective mutism, depression, anxiety, and neurodivergent issues including ASD. Important milestones may cause a sense of overwhelming difficulty for a young person. This may have a negative impact on the young person’s ability to transition to new experiences, develop friendships and relationships and may also contribute to academic challenges.
(01) 233 7903 x51 View (01) 233 7903 x51
Photo of Pilar Landaluce, Psychotherapist, MA
Pilar Landaluce
Psychotherapist, MA
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
I work with children and adults. As an Art Psychotherapist, I'll use art as a medium to enable clients to communicate in a safe environment and to help them reflect on emotional issues and gain confidence and self-awareness. I use a client centred approach and therefore I would use a variety of treatments to help the client in their therapeutic journey. I am also a qualified EMDR therapist, specialising in TRAUMA. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) is a psychotherapy that enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences.
I work with children and adults. As an Art Psychotherapist, I'll use art as a medium to enable clients to communicate in a safe environment and to help them reflect on emotional issues and gain confidence and self-awareness. I use a client centred approach and therefore I would use a variety of treatments to help the client in their therapeutic journey. I am also a qualified EMDR therapist, specialising in TRAUMA. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) is a psychotherapy that enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences.
(01) 267 6527 x74 View (01) 267 6527 x74
Photo of Michael Martin Hofmann, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, APCP
Michael Martin Hofmann
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, APCP
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
My name is Michael Hofmann and I am a fully qualified and accredited counsellor and psychotherapist. I am awarded a graduate diploma in integrative counselling and psychotherapy by Dublin City University (DCU) and a diploma in integrative clinical psychotherapy including CBT (TPTI). I am affiliated with the IAHIP (Irish Association of Humanistic and Integrative Psychotherapy) and adhere in full to their code of ethics. I provide a strictly confidential counselling and psychotherapy service in English as well as in German.
My name is Michael Hofmann and I am a fully qualified and accredited counsellor and psychotherapist. I am awarded a graduate diploma in integrative counselling and psychotherapy by Dublin City University (DCU) and a diploma in integrative clinical psychotherapy including CBT (TPTI). I am affiliated with the IAHIP (Irish Association of Humanistic and Integrative Psychotherapy) and adhere in full to their code of ethics. I provide a strictly confidential counselling and psychotherapy service in English as well as in German.
085 788 5865 View 085 788 5865
Photo of Deeka Haji, Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Deeka Haji
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
Hello, my name is Deeka and thank you for visiting my profile. Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or struggling to make sense of difficult emotions or past experiences? Perhaps you’re adjusting to change, feeling disconnected, or facing barriers to support. I offer a calm, safe space where you can explore your story, gain clarity, and begin building the stability and self-confidence you deserve.
Hello, my name is Deeka and thank you for visiting my profile. Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or struggling to make sense of difficult emotions or past experiences? Perhaps you’re adjusting to change, feeling disconnected, or facing barriers to support. I offer a calm, safe space where you can explore your story, gain clarity, and begin building the stability and self-confidence you deserve.
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Photo of Santa Baneviciute, Psychotherapist, MA, IAHIP Assoc
Santa Baneviciute
Psychotherapist, MA, IAHIP Assoc
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D6W
It is wise to reach out for support when we face challenges in life. I believe that everyone can tap into their inner wisdom and resources, to meet stressful times with more resilience. I work with clients systemically, taking their significant relationships into consideration, also drawing on gestalt, psychoanalytic and humanistic theories. I intuitively create an individual healing plan for each client, depending on their needs. It is important to me that the process is reflective, collaborative and my clients are comfortable in sharing how they feel in the session. I work in English and Lithuanian.
It is wise to reach out for support when we face challenges in life. I believe that everyone can tap into their inner wisdom and resources, to meet stressful times with more resilience. I work with clients systemically, taking their significant relationships into consideration, also drawing on gestalt, psychoanalytic and humanistic theories. I intuitively create an individual healing plan for each client, depending on their needs. It is important to me that the process is reflective, collaborative and my clients are comfortable in sharing how they feel in the session. I work in English and Lithuanian.
(01) 267 6517 x96 View (01) 267 6517 x96
Photo of Farrah Tayob, Psychotherapist, MA, MIACP
Farrah Tayob
Psychotherapist, MA, MIACP
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D6W
Farrah helps Adults, Parents, Children & Adolescents who are experiencing difficulties with their emotions, behaviour and relationships. I offer In-person and online appointments.. My approach to treatment is guided by the person who walks through the door. I do not believe there is a one-size-fits-all form of therapy and the treatment will be tailored to each client's needs. I use an integrative approach that involves humanistic, art therapy, psychodynamic, sabd tray, cbt, gestalt and inner child work to name a few.
Farrah helps Adults, Parents, Children & Adolescents who are experiencing difficulties with their emotions, behaviour and relationships. I offer In-person and online appointments.. My approach to treatment is guided by the person who walks through the door. I do not believe there is a one-size-fits-all form of therapy and the treatment will be tailored to each client's needs. I use an integrative approach that involves humanistic, art therapy, psychodynamic, sabd tray, cbt, gestalt and inner child work to name a few.
(01) 267 6692 x68 View (01) 267 6692 x68
Photo of Wendy Santillan Ramirez, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Wendy Santillan Ramirez
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
I believe in your ability to grow, change, and find healing, even when life feels overwhelming. As a counsellor & psychotherapist , I provide a safe, culturally sensitive, and confidential space where your story matters. I offer low-cost Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) sessions (€30–€50 per session) in English only for adults seeking support with Anxiety, Depression, GAD, OCD, PTSD, etc. My approach is collaborative and evidence-based, helping clients develop practical tools to manage challenges and improve their overall wellbeing. Regular sessions for other therapy types are €75.
I believe in your ability to grow, change, and find healing, even when life feels overwhelming. As a counsellor & psychotherapist , I provide a safe, culturally sensitive, and confidential space where your story matters. I offer low-cost Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) sessions (€30–€50 per session) in English only for adults seeking support with Anxiety, Depression, GAD, OCD, PTSD, etc. My approach is collaborative and evidence-based, helping clients develop practical tools to manage challenges and improve their overall wellbeing. Regular sessions for other therapy types are €75.
083 878 0597 View 083 878 0597
Photo of Alicja Jedrzejewska, Psychologist, MSc, MPSI
Alicja Jedrzejewska
Psychologist, MSc, MPSI
Online Only
Sometimes, life throws us curveballs and navigating through difficulties can feel overwhelming. Taking that first step towards seeking help may seem daunting but I'm here to offer support and guidance through these challenging times. I understand the courage it takes to reach out, and I'm committed to walking alongside you on your journey towards understanding and personal growth. Together, we can create a safe and nurturing space where you can explore your concerns, find clarity, and build resilience.
Sometimes, life throws us curveballs and navigating through difficulties can feel overwhelming. Taking that first step towards seeking help may seem daunting but I'm here to offer support and guidance through these challenging times. I understand the courage it takes to reach out, and I'm committed to walking alongside you on your journey towards understanding and personal growth. Together, we can create a safe and nurturing space where you can explore your concerns, find clarity, and build resilience.
(01) 267 6570 x85 View (01) 267 6570 x85
Photo of Cassandra Mccaffrey - UTalkTherapy, Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
UTalkTherapy
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Online Only
I don’t have an ideal client as such, I like meeting all sorts of people, however someone looking to engage ideally, is someone feeling lost, disconnected, or unsure about who they are or where they’re going. They may be struggling with self-doubt, life changes, or a sense that they’ve lost touch with their own needs and values. What they truly seek is clarity — to understand themselves better, to feel heard, accepted, and empowered to make choices that feel authentic. Their goal is self-discovery and inner peace, not perfection. They want to feel more whole, confident, and able to live life in alignment with their true self.
I don’t have an ideal client as such, I like meeting all sorts of people, however someone looking to engage ideally, is someone feeling lost, disconnected, or unsure about who they are or where they’re going. They may be struggling with self-doubt, life changes, or a sense that they’ve lost touch with their own needs and values. What they truly seek is clarity — to understand themselves better, to feel heard, accepted, and empowered to make choices that feel authentic. Their goal is self-discovery and inner peace, not perfection. They want to feel more whole, confident, and able to live life in alignment with their true self.
(061) 572 524 x15 View (061) 572 524 x15
Photo of Sarah Culligan, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, CPsychol
Sarah Culligan
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, CPsychol
Online Only
I believe in providing a safe space for clients where they are met with compassion and nonjudgement. I feel that the client possesses the inner resources within themselves to move through difficult experiences but may need support in facilitating this process through therapy. I believe in meeting the client where they are at and I tailor my therapeutic approach depending on the client’s needs. I am particularly passionate about issues relating to sex, gender and cultural issues as well as self-development and awareness.
I believe in providing a safe space for clients where they are met with compassion and nonjudgement. I feel that the client possesses the inner resources within themselves to move through difficult experiences but may need support in facilitating this process through therapy. I believe in meeting the client where they are at and I tailor my therapeutic approach depending on the client’s needs. I am particularly passionate about issues relating to sex, gender and cultural issues as well as self-development and awareness.
(01) 267 6675 x25 View (01) 267 6675 x25
Photo of Orla Whelan, Psychotherapist, ICP
Orla Whelan
Psychotherapist, ICP
1 Endorsed
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
Orla's practice is centred on adolescents and adults. She has over fifteen years experience and has worked and trained in different clinical settings which include Student College services in Trinity College, working with children in foster care private practise. Orla also works with people who are experiencing SI, self-harming or have experienced loss due to suicide. The aim of psychotherapy is to help an individual identify and change troubling emotions and behaviours in a supportive non-judgemental and safe enviroment.
Orla's practice is centred on adolescents and adults. She has over fifteen years experience and has worked and trained in different clinical settings which include Student College services in Trinity College, working with children in foster care private practise. Orla also works with people who are experiencing SI, self-harming or have experienced loss due to suicide. The aim of psychotherapy is to help an individual identify and change troubling emotions and behaviours in a supportive non-judgemental and safe enviroment.
087 956 6236 View 087 956 6236
Photo of Rachel Murray, Psychotherapist, MA, MIAHIP
Rachel Murray
Psychotherapist, MA, MIAHIP
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
Rachel’s approach is person-centered led by the client and their circumstances. Understanding that therapy is often difficult and uncomfortable, Rachel aims to provide a safe and supportive space where her client can explore and express themselves openly with the aim of facilitating change and growth for the client.
Rachel’s approach is person-centered led by the client and their circumstances. Understanding that therapy is often difficult and uncomfortable, Rachel aims to provide a safe and supportive space where her client can explore and express themselves openly with the aim of facilitating change and growth for the client.
(01) 267 6622 x97 View (01) 267 6622 x97
Photo of Vivienne Coen, Psychotherapist, MA, MIACP
Vivienne Coen
Psychotherapist, MA, MIACP
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
I have worked and trained in the area of mental health since 2006 and specialise in Freudian and Lacanian Psychoanalysis. I provide psychoanalytic therapy for a wide range of mental health issues for people from all walks of life. As well as working in private practice I have specialised clinical training in a number of mental health facilities including the psychiatric departments of Holles Street national maternity hospital (Ante and Post Natal Psychiatry); St. Vincent’s Hospital Elm Park (general psychiatry), St.Ita’s Portrane (long term patients), and also the National Drug Treatment Centre (Addiction and Dependence).
I have worked and trained in the area of mental health since 2006 and specialise in Freudian and Lacanian Psychoanalysis. I provide psychoanalytic therapy for a wide range of mental health issues for people from all walks of life. As well as working in private practice I have specialised clinical training in a number of mental health facilities including the psychiatric departments of Holles Street national maternity hospital (Ante and Post Natal Psychiatry); St. Vincent’s Hospital Elm Park (general psychiatry), St.Ita’s Portrane (long term patients), and also the National Drug Treatment Centre (Addiction and Dependence).
(01) 568 2872 x68 View (01) 568 2872 x68
Photo of Tom Radic, Psychotherapist
Tom Radic
Psychotherapist
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D6W
I mainly work in a person-centered modality which emphasizes your autonomy and self-healing capacity. It is a humanistic approach where the therapist acts as a facilitator, creating a supportive and non-judgmental environment for you to explore your thoughts and feelings. In my view, you are the expert on your own life and experiences. I integrate elements of mindfulness, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and cognitive-behavioural methods. I speak English and Croatian.
I mainly work in a person-centered modality which emphasizes your autonomy and self-healing capacity. It is a humanistic approach where the therapist acts as a facilitator, creating a supportive and non-judgmental environment for you to explore your thoughts and feelings. In my view, you are the expert on your own life and experiences. I integrate elements of mindfulness, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and cognitive-behavioural methods. I speak English and Croatian.
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Photo of Robert Barton, Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Robert Barton
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
1 Endorsed
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
I offer individual therapy online (teletherapy) and tailored to meet your specific needs.I deal with issues such as stress, anxiety, low self esteem, relationships (partner,family/friends/coworkers), sexuality, spirituality and work with you to help you develop self compassion and rediscover life with renewed meaning and purpose. I have three years experience working at different psychotherapy and counselling agencies both in person and online. I am committed to providing a safe, non-judgemental and inclusive space for people of all sexual orientations, gender identities and expressions.
I offer individual therapy online (teletherapy) and tailored to meet your specific needs.I deal with issues such as stress, anxiety, low self esteem, relationships (partner,family/friends/coworkers), sexuality, spirituality and work with you to help you develop self compassion and rediscover life with renewed meaning and purpose. I have three years experience working at different psychotherapy and counselling agencies both in person and online. I am committed to providing a safe, non-judgemental and inclusive space for people of all sexual orientations, gender identities and expressions.
(01) 233 7903 x19 View (01) 233 7903 x19
Photo of Rebecca Krist, Counsellor, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Rebecca Krist
Counsellor, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D6W
Hi, I’m Rebecca, a fully qualified psychotherapist registered with IACP. Having been a client myself for 15 years, I understand how isolating it can feel when life feels overwhelming or emotions seem out of control. I work with individuals and couples navigating challenges such as family estrangement, no-contact dynamics, and intense or confusing feelings in relationships. I also support people experiencing anxiety, depression, PMDD, BPD, trauma, addiction, and the pressures of everyday life.
Hi, I’m Rebecca, a fully qualified psychotherapist registered with IACP. Having been a client myself for 15 years, I understand how isolating it can feel when life feels overwhelming or emotions seem out of control. I work with individuals and couples navigating challenges such as family estrangement, no-contact dynamics, and intense or confusing feelings in relationships. I also support people experiencing anxiety, depression, PMDD, BPD, trauma, addiction, and the pressures of everyday life.
(01) 233 7063 x53 View (01) 233 7063 x53
Photo of Triona McGearty, Psychotherapist, MSc, MIAHIP
Triona McGearty
Psychotherapist, MSc, MIAHIP
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
If you are a point in your life, where you are noticing you don't feel like yourself, you are experiencing anxiety, panic attacks, social anxiety, relationship issues. We can sit together and allow time and space to explore what is happening, both mentally and physically. My person centred approach is designed to recognise that you are the expert, it is my role to walk with you in your journey.
If you are a point in your life, where you are noticing you don't feel like yourself, you are experiencing anxiety, panic attacks, social anxiety, relationship issues. We can sit together and allow time and space to explore what is happening, both mentally and physically. My person centred approach is designed to recognise that you are the expert, it is my role to walk with you in your journey.
(01) 267 6603 x60 View (01) 267 6603 x60
Photo of Aidyl Sanchez, Counsellor, MA
Aidyl Sanchez
Counsellor, MA
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D06
Are you struggling with a difficulty that is overwhelming you? Perhaps you have a curiosity about why things occur the way they do in your life? Reaching out for support in navigating your deepest concerns takes courage. Whether you are experiencing stress, anxiety, or overwhelm from the heaviness of life's challenges, searching for connection, or hoping to gain personal insight, I recognize how important it is to feel heard and understood.
Are you struggling with a difficulty that is overwhelming you? Perhaps you have a curiosity about why things occur the way they do in your life? Reaching out for support in navigating your deepest concerns takes courage. Whether you are experiencing stress, anxiety, or overwhelm from the heaviness of life's challenges, searching for connection, or hoping to gain personal insight, I recognize how important it is to feel heard and understood.
(01) 267 6536 x81 View (01) 267 6536 x81
Photo of Aoife Menton, Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol PSI
Aoife Menton
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol PSI
Dublin 6, Dublin, County D6W
I have a special interest in working with people across the perinatal period. From conception to parenthood, including navigating the journey of conception, pregnancy, birth & adjusting to early parenthood. While for some, this journey can be relatively straightforward; for others, it can include the challenges of infertility (primary or secondary), assistive reproductive technologies (including IVF), miscarriage, pregnancy loss, baby loss, birth disappointment, birth trauma, gender disappointment, perinatal anxiety, depression & OCD, adjustment difficulties to parenting roles & navigating matrescence.
I have a special interest in working with people across the perinatal period. From conception to parenthood, including navigating the journey of conception, pregnancy, birth & adjusting to early parenthood. While for some, this journey can be relatively straightforward; for others, it can include the challenges of infertility (primary or secondary), assistive reproductive technologies (including IVF), miscarriage, pregnancy loss, baby loss, birth disappointment, birth trauma, gender disappointment, perinatal anxiety, depression & OCD, adjustment difficulties to parenting roles & navigating matrescence.
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Photo of Kate Burke, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Kate Burke
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Online Only
I am passionate about creating a safe space for the voice of the individual to be heard without fear of judgement. I have a particular interest in helping people find their own answers to the challenges in their lives, such as anxiety, burnout, or a general dissatisfaction with life without any obvious reason why, to find a way of being that better meets their needs.
I am passionate about creating a safe space for the voice of the individual to be heard without fear of judgement. I have a particular interest in helping people find their own answers to the challenges in their lives, such as anxiety, burnout, or a general dissatisfaction with life without any obvious reason why, to find a way of being that better meets their needs.
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How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Dublin 6, Dublin

100+

Average cost per session

€72

Counsellors in Dublin 6, Dublin who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
84% Depression
80% Self Esteem
78% Relationship Issues
75% Stress
64% Bereavement
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% Laya
90% Irish Life
88% VHI

How Counsellors in Dublin 6, Dublin see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
25% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Dublin 6, Dublin?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, eircode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or eircode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are accredited members of the main professional associations, mainly the Irish Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy (IACP) and the Irish Council for Psychotherapy (ICP). Most Psychologists are accredited members of the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement in Ireland, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Ireland. Psychologists have earned a doctoral degree in psychology and many are accredited members of the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI). Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a doctoral degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the IACP or ICP, they must complete a minimum of an NFQ Level 7 programme with 100 hours of clinical experience and a minimum of 450 hours of post-training clinical experience under clinical supervision.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in Ireland could cost between €50 – €90 when seeing a counsellor and €75 - €120 or more when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The National Counselling Service (NCS) is a government-funded service that provides short to medium term counselling and psychotherapy for free to individuals who have experienced trauma or abuse. The service can be accessed by GP referral or self-referral.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your eircode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the IACP, the ICP, or PSI are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a child is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.