Counselling in WD19

Photo of Diana Ross, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Diana Ross
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Watford WD19
I offer a welcoming environment whereby I hope you feel safe to explore your emotions without fear of criticism or blame. Being listened to at a deep level with warmth and understanding brings huge relief and alleviates distress. Being able to express yourself in the presence of another who seeks to understand and support you is a very powerful experience.
I offer a welcoming environment whereby I hope you feel safe to explore your emotions without fear of criticism or blame. Being listened to at a deep level with warmth and understanding brings huge relief and alleviates distress. Being able to express yourself in the presence of another who seeks to understand and support you is a very powerful experience.
01923 961730 View 01923 961730
Photo of Ben Thornhill, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Ben Thornhill
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Watford WD19
Sometimes we all need space to pause and reflect. You might be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or simply in need of a conversation that isn’t tangled in the expectations of those around you. Therapy offers a confidential, non-judgemental space to explore what’s going on and make sense of things in your own time. I offer one-to-one therapy online or in person (Bushey, Hertfordshire), and work with a wide range of concerns — including overcoming shame and finding the authentic you, finding meaning and purpose in life, confronting anxiety and navigating relationship challenges.
Sometimes we all need space to pause and reflect. You might be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or simply in need of a conversation that isn’t tangled in the expectations of those around you. Therapy offers a confidential, non-judgemental space to explore what’s going on and make sense of things in your own time. I offer one-to-one therapy online or in person (Bushey, Hertfordshire), and work with a wide range of concerns — including overcoming shame and finding the authentic you, finding meaning and purpose in life, confronting anxiety and navigating relationship challenges.
01923 961584 View 01923 961584
Photo of Judith Hardy - Insight Counselling , Counsellor, MBACP
Insight Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Watford WD19
Ever thought about starting counselling sessions but you don't know where to start? Ever feel as if you would value a space that is just for you; to talk through your worries when things feel too heavy and just too much? You won't be judged here- just heard, understood and supported.
Ever thought about starting counselling sessions but you don't know where to start? Ever feel as if you would value a space that is just for you; to talk through your worries when things feel too heavy and just too much? You won't be judged here- just heard, understood and supported.
01438 594952 View 01438 594952
Photo of Erald Bekteshi, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Erald Bekteshi
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Watford WD19
I am a qualified and UKCP registered psychotherapist, and I currently practice in Hertfordshire WD3 and WD19. I have over 15 years’ experience working therapeutically with individuals and groups in different clinical settings and in private practice. I work based on psychodynamic, existential and integrative approach; however, I feel very passionate to help clients understand how past life events could have contributed to their current emotional problems.
I am a qualified and UKCP registered psychotherapist, and I currently practice in Hertfordshire WD3 and WD19. I have over 15 years’ experience working therapeutically with individuals and groups in different clinical settings and in private practice. I work based on psychodynamic, existential and integrative approach; however, I feel very passionate to help clients understand how past life events could have contributed to their current emotional problems.
01923 961905 View 01923 961905
Photo of Lucy Clare Furbank, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Lucy Clare Furbank
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer support around emotional or relationship difficulties as well as with personal development. I am particularly interested in working with symptoms of trauma. I offer an individually tailored approach utilising Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR). My aim is to empower and motivate clients and enable them to “become their own therapists”. I abide by the professional ethical standards laid down by the BABCP and I have full professional indemnity and current DBS clearance.
I offer support around emotional or relationship difficulties as well as with personal development. I am particularly interested in working with symptoms of trauma. I offer an individually tailored approach utilising Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR). My aim is to empower and motivate clients and enable them to “become their own therapists”. I abide by the professional ethical standards laid down by the BABCP and I have full professional indemnity and current DBS clearance.
01923 750875 View 01923 750875
Photo of Oliver John Whitefield, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Oliver John Whitefield
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Serves Area
Sometimes life’s challenges can feel like too much to handle alone. At those times it can help to have someone professional to talk to in confidence - I offer an understanding, supportive space in which we can work through lifes challenges together. My approach to psychotherapy is both affirming and challenging; supporting you to feel valued and heard whilst enabling you to move past avoidance and fear. I can help you explore elements of your life that are unsatisfactory and work towards making changes and choices that are more true to who you are now.
Sometimes life’s challenges can feel like too much to handle alone. At those times it can help to have someone professional to talk to in confidence - I offer an understanding, supportive space in which we can work through lifes challenges together. My approach to psychotherapy is both affirming and challenging; supporting you to feel valued and heard whilst enabling you to move past avoidance and fear. I can help you explore elements of your life that are unsatisfactory and work towards making changes and choices that are more true to who you are now.
01442 953398 View 01442 953398
Photo of Amanda Jayne Wells, Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
Amanda Jayne Wells
Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
Serves Area
I'm a complex trauma and PTSD specialist. Trauma impacts us physically, mentally, energetically and emotionally. Depression and anxiety; anger; intrusive memories, flashbacks or nightmares; addictive or avoidant behaviours, stubborn negative beliefs and relationship difficulties. You might experience physical aches, pains for which the doctors can't find any cause or have had talking therapies previously that have left you feeling no better. Your symptoms may leave you feeling stuck, overwhelmed and feeling a million miles away from the person that you want to be.
I'm a complex trauma and PTSD specialist. Trauma impacts us physically, mentally, energetically and emotionally. Depression and anxiety; anger; intrusive memories, flashbacks or nightmares; addictive or avoidant behaviours, stubborn negative beliefs and relationship difficulties. You might experience physical aches, pains for which the doctors can't find any cause or have had talking therapies previously that have left you feeling no better. Your symptoms may leave you feeling stuck, overwhelmed and feeling a million miles away from the person that you want to be.
01923 695048 View 01923 695048
Photo of Daniel Kent, Counsellor, COSRT Accred
Daniel Kent
Counsellor, COSRT Accred
Serves Area
Being an adult can be hard. Relationships can be hard. Being your authentic self can be hard. For all these reasons and many more, I work with a wide range of clients and presenting issues including: 1. Psychosexual concerns (sexual dysfunction, low/mismatched desire, ageing, compulsive sexual behaviour, pornography, sexual abuse & trauma). 2. Sexual & gender identity (polyamory, consensual non-monogamy, infidelity, kink, BDSM, sexuality). 3. Psychological/social challenges (anxiety/panic, depression, stress, addiction, PTSD, abuse, existentialism, identity & authentication).
Being an adult can be hard. Relationships can be hard. Being your authentic self can be hard. For all these reasons and many more, I work with a wide range of clients and presenting issues including: 1. Psychosexual concerns (sexual dysfunction, low/mismatched desire, ageing, compulsive sexual behaviour, pornography, sexual abuse & trauma). 2. Sexual & gender identity (polyamory, consensual non-monogamy, infidelity, kink, BDSM, sexuality). 3. Psychological/social challenges (anxiety/panic, depression, stress, addiction, PTSD, abuse, existentialism, identity & authentication).
01727 326426 View 01727 326426
Photo of Holly Reid, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Holly Reid
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Serves Area
Regardless of your reasons for seeking counselling, your therapeutic journey is unique to you. I provide a safe, non judgemental space where we can explore any difficulties you are having in your life right now. We will also look back into your past, to try to understand patterns of behaviour that might be impacting your current life.   By exploring feelings and experiences and building self-awareness, we will work together to move towards a positive change for your future. My approach to counselling is psychodynamic which makes links from past experiences to present ways of feeling and relating to oneself and others.
Regardless of your reasons for seeking counselling, your therapeutic journey is unique to you. I provide a safe, non judgemental space where we can explore any difficulties you are having in your life right now. We will also look back into your past, to try to understand patterns of behaviour that might be impacting your current life.   By exploring feelings and experiences and building self-awareness, we will work together to move towards a positive change for your future. My approach to counselling is psychodynamic which makes links from past experiences to present ways of feeling and relating to oneself and others.
01707 241122 View 01707 241122
Photo of Dr Anne Lane, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Anne Lane
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
Hello. I am a warm, experienced clinical psychologist. I have been working with people with a range of psychological difficulties for over twenty years. I see adults, teenagers and parents. My therapeutic approach is based on a combination of Internal Family System (IFS), Cognitive Therapy (with a base of CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, If you are experiencing intense distress our work may either take the form of a more intensive, time-limited therapy to help you regain a sense of emotional balance. Equally we may work in a more explorative manner better suited to understanding more deep seated emotional difficulties.
Hello. I am a warm, experienced clinical psychologist. I have been working with people with a range of psychological difficulties for over twenty years. I see adults, teenagers and parents. My therapeutic approach is based on a combination of Internal Family System (IFS), Cognitive Therapy (with a base of CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, If you are experiencing intense distress our work may either take the form of a more intensive, time-limited therapy to help you regain a sense of emotional balance. Equally we may work in a more explorative manner better suited to understanding more deep seated emotional difficulties.
07480 065294 View 07480 065294
Photo of Robert James Cuming, Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Robert James Cuming
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Serves Area
Are you feeling stuck with past traumas, feeling disconnected in your relationships, or facing the unique pressures of entrepreneurship? My therapy aims to guide you toward healing, meaningful connections, and personal growth. My approach is warm, collaborative, and focused on creating lasting change. I offer innovative and impactful therapeutic solutions for individuals, couples, & business professionals. With over 15 years of both clinical expertise and leadership experience, I aim to support clients overcome trauma, and build meaningful relationships, through cutting-edge methods such as EMDR and Couples therapy.
Are you feeling stuck with past traumas, feeling disconnected in your relationships, or facing the unique pressures of entrepreneurship? My therapy aims to guide you toward healing, meaningful connections, and personal growth. My approach is warm, collaborative, and focused on creating lasting change. I offer innovative and impactful therapeutic solutions for individuals, couples, & business professionals. With over 15 years of both clinical expertise and leadership experience, I aim to support clients overcome trauma, and build meaningful relationships, through cutting-edge methods such as EMDR and Couples therapy.
020 3835 6219 View 020 3835 6219
Photo of Michelle Pritchard - Michelle Pritchard, Counsellor, MBACP
Michelle Pritchard
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
Feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or struggling with painful emotions you find hard to share with others? I am a fully qualified, experienced, BACP- registered psychotherapist providing a safe, supportive space to help you feel heard and understood. I work with people from all walks of life; students grappling with the complexities of life, women at all stages; motherhood, relationship breakdown, work or menopause and those facing bereavement, exploring sexuality or gripped by depression. You'll find me an attentive and patient listener. I'll work at your pace and help you to find your way through your challenges.
Feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or struggling with painful emotions you find hard to share with others? I am a fully qualified, experienced, BACP- registered psychotherapist providing a safe, supportive space to help you feel heard and understood. I work with people from all walks of life; students grappling with the complexities of life, women at all stages; motherhood, relationship breakdown, work or menopause and those facing bereavement, exploring sexuality or gripped by depression. You'll find me an attentive and patient listener. I'll work at your pace and help you to find your way through your challenges.
01727 222363 View 01727 222363
Photo of Laxmi Patel, Psychiatrist, MBBS
Laxmi Patel
Psychiatrist, MBBS
Serves Area
I’m a Consultant Psychiatrist supporting clients with depression, anxiety, trauma, and complex mental health conditions. Many seek clarity, personalised treatment, and hope for recovery. I combine medical expertise with a compassionate, person-centred approach, tailoring care to each individual's needs. My goal is to help clients understand their experiences, regain stability, and move toward a more fulfilling life with confidence and support.
I’m a Consultant Psychiatrist supporting clients with depression, anxiety, trauma, and complex mental health conditions. Many seek clarity, personalised treatment, and hope for recovery. I combine medical expertise with a compassionate, person-centred approach, tailoring care to each individual's needs. My goal is to help clients understand their experiences, regain stability, and move toward a more fulfilling life with confidence and support.
01923 961204 View 01923 961204
Photo of Rebecca Sare, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Rebecca Sare
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Serves Area
I’m a counsellor and psychotherapist based a short walk from Watford Town Centre. I work with individuals experiencing many different challenges. These might include depression, anxiety, issues around relationships and sex, questions around identity, issues with confidence and self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness or struggles finding meaning, and everything in-between. As an integrative therapist, my therapeutic practice and thinking are informed by a number of widely recognised approaches. Above all, I believe that the relationship between therapist and client is what makes it such an effective catalyst for change.
I’m a counsellor and psychotherapist based a short walk from Watford Town Centre. I work with individuals experiencing many different challenges. These might include depression, anxiety, issues around relationships and sex, questions around identity, issues with confidence and self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness or struggles finding meaning, and everything in-between. As an integrative therapist, my therapeutic practice and thinking are informed by a number of widely recognised approaches. Above all, I believe that the relationship between therapist and client is what makes it such an effective catalyst for change.
01923 961104 View 01923 961104
Photo of Pooja Khatri, Counsellor, MBACP
Pooja Khatri
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
I am BACP registered Integrative Therapist meaning I draw on different approaches such as psychodynamic, person-centred, and cognitive behavioural therapy to suit different client needs. Alongside this, I have am passionate about meditation and mindfulness as complementary practices that can enhance self-awareness and support the therapeutic process.
I am BACP registered Integrative Therapist meaning I draw on different approaches such as psychodynamic, person-centred, and cognitive behavioural therapy to suit different client needs. Alongside this, I have am passionate about meditation and mindfulness as complementary practices that can enhance self-awareness and support the therapeutic process.
020 4572 5383 View 020 4572 5383
Photo of Verity Critchlow, Counsellor, MBACP
Verity Critchlow
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
Counselling is about investing time in yourself and people seek counselling for many different reasons. You may be experiencing unwanted thoughts and feelings that are having a negative impact on your life or have specific issues you wish to talk about that are affecting you. Sometimes we repeat old patterns of behaviour that affect our relationships and every day lives. I have particular experience in childhood trauma, domestic abuse, anxiety, depression, addiction and stress at work. Please give me a call or message for a free phone consultation to discuss how I can help you.
Counselling is about investing time in yourself and people seek counselling for many different reasons. You may be experiencing unwanted thoughts and feelings that are having a negative impact on your life or have specific issues you wish to talk about that are affecting you. Sometimes we repeat old patterns of behaviour that affect our relationships and every day lives. I have particular experience in childhood trauma, domestic abuse, anxiety, depression, addiction and stress at work. Please give me a call or message for a free phone consultation to discuss how I can help you.
01923 927988 View 01923 927988
Photo of Anthony Smailes, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Anthony Smailes
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Online Only
Life’s challenges can sometimes feel overwhelming, affecting our emotional well-being, physical health, relationships, and sense of purpose. Issues such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, addictions, eating difficulties, phobias, or persistent anger can leave us feeling stuck and disconnected from ourselves and others. Struggles at work, in education, or within relationships can foster feelings of inadequacy or failure. Life events such as illness, loss, financial hardship, or sudden change can shake our foundations, making it difficult to find a way forward.
Life’s challenges can sometimes feel overwhelming, affecting our emotional well-being, physical health, relationships, and sense of purpose. Issues such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, addictions, eating difficulties, phobias, or persistent anger can leave us feeling stuck and disconnected from ourselves and others. Struggles at work, in education, or within relationships can foster feelings of inadequacy or failure. Life events such as illness, loss, financial hardship, or sudden change can shake our foundations, making it difficult to find a way forward.
01923 311463 View 01923 311463
Photo of Cheryl Kemp - A Problem Shared Kemps Therapy, Counsellor, MSc, MBABCP
A Problem Shared Kemps Therapy
Counsellor, MSc, MBABCP
Online Only
Welcome. I’m a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist offering structured, goal-oriented therapy for individuals facing emotional and physical health challenges. My approach is rooted in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), including GUT-focused CBT for those managing the complex interaction between mental health and physical conditions such as IBS and other long-term health problems. Whether you're experiencing anxiety, low mood, or the emotional impact of a chronic illness, CBT can provide practical tools to help you understand and manage your thoughts, emotions, and behaviours more effectively.
Welcome. I’m a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist offering structured, goal-oriented therapy for individuals facing emotional and physical health challenges. My approach is rooted in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), including GUT-focused CBT for those managing the complex interaction between mental health and physical conditions such as IBS and other long-term health problems. Whether you're experiencing anxiety, low mood, or the emotional impact of a chronic illness, CBT can provide practical tools to help you understand and manage your thoughts, emotions, and behaviours more effectively.
01923 961692 View 01923 961692
Photo of Catia Mestre Cosme - Catia Cosme Counselling & Psychotherapy, Counsellor, MBACP
Catia Cosme Counselling & Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
Hello, my name is Catia. I offer counselling sessions to adults, children and young people as well as couples/marriage therapy. Counselling can bring clarity where there is confusion, resolve past issues, change behaviours and improve relationships. I will provide you a confidential, safe and supportive space for you to talk and work thought the difficulties you are facing. For some people having a safe space to speak and reflect about their issues it is enough to help them move forward, while others may benefit from the use of more creative interventions
Hello, my name is Catia. I offer counselling sessions to adults, children and young people as well as couples/marriage therapy. Counselling can bring clarity where there is confusion, resolve past issues, change behaviours and improve relationships. I will provide you a confidential, safe and supportive space for you to talk and work thought the difficulties you are facing. For some people having a safe space to speak and reflect about their issues it is enough to help them move forward, while others may benefit from the use of more creative interventions
01392 549734 View 01392 549734
Photo of Simone Ayers - Simone Ayers Online Counselling & Supervision , Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Simone Ayers Online Counselling & Supervision
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Online Only
Right now you may feel desperate, lost, empty, stressed, anxious or fed up. Whatever difficulty has prompted you to seek Counselling does not define who are you are and the journey you want to take in life. Together we will explore your feelings of being stuck, alone or in darkness as you strengthen your own resources to create greater wellbeing, resilience and satisfaction. No person is the same or brings identical experiences but frequent issues I work with include depression, anxiety, loss & bereavement, trauma, suicidal thoughts, work or school stress and relationship tensions. I work with clients aged 13+ and with Couples.
Right now you may feel desperate, lost, empty, stressed, anxious or fed up. Whatever difficulty has prompted you to seek Counselling does not define who are you are and the journey you want to take in life. Together we will explore your feelings of being stuck, alone or in darkness as you strengthen your own resources to create greater wellbeing, resilience and satisfaction. No person is the same or brings identical experiences but frequent issues I work with include depression, anxiety, loss & bereavement, trauma, suicidal thoughts, work or school stress and relationship tensions. I work with clients aged 13+ and with Couples.
07480 536516 View 07480 536516

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in WD19

20+

Average cost per session

£70

Counsellors in WD19 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
85% Depression
80% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
70% Bereavement
70% Trauma and PTSD
60% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% AXA PPP
60% WPA
40% Aviva

How Counsellors in WD19 see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

70% Female
30% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in WD19?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.