Therapists in Bethesda, MD

Photo of Bethesda Counseling Services, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bethesda Counseling Services
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20817
Are you having difficulty connecting with your loved one? Are you experiencing a recent major life change? Are you having trouble sleeping or concentrating because of an unresolved family conflict or other stressor? Do you feel like there's no room in your schedule to relax because you are always taking care of others or working on a never-ending "to-do list"? ​ Whether you have experienced a sudden unexpected event or you are going through a new change in your life, we can help! We specialize in working with individuals, couples and families who are going through a challenging time in their life or are trying to make sense of neg
Are you having difficulty connecting with your loved one? Are you experiencing a recent major life change? Are you having trouble sleeping or concentrating because of an unresolved family conflict or other stressor? Do you feel like there's no room in your schedule to relax because you are always taking care of others or working on a never-ending "to-do list"? ​ Whether you have experienced a sudden unexpected event or you are going through a new change in your life, we can help! We specialize in working with individuals, couples and families who are going through a challenging time in their life or are trying to make sense of neg
(240) 292-8977 View (240) 292-8977
Photo of Jody Tabner Thayer, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jody Tabner Thayer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
Not accepting new clients
A positive therapy experience centers on a collaborative relationship. Together we will work to understand you fully, so as to reduce your suffering and enhance your sense of contentment and purpose. With a compassionate and nonjudgmental partner, you will be able to look more closely, deeply and openly at the patterns that keep you from feeling your best.
A positive therapy experience centers on a collaborative relationship. Together we will work to understand you fully, so as to reduce your suffering and enhance your sense of contentment and purpose. With a compassionate and nonjudgmental partner, you will be able to look more closely, deeply and openly at the patterns that keep you from feeling your best.
(240) 623-2223 View (240) 623-2223
Photo of Melanie L Eisner, LCSW-C, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melanie L Eisner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
Though your life may be good objectively; inside you are struggling and unable to enjoy it. You are sensitive, intelligent, and creative, but instead of valuing these parts of yourself, you've been self-critical. You compare yourself to others, and believe you don't measure up. Work is often stressful and unsatisfying. You may have relationships with a partner or friends, but you still feel lonely and isolated. Therapy can help you understand yourself better, and learn how to communicate in relationships -- both authentically and effectively. The goal is to help you feel more connected to yourself and to the people in your life.
Though your life may be good objectively; inside you are struggling and unable to enjoy it. You are sensitive, intelligent, and creative, but instead of valuing these parts of yourself, you've been self-critical. You compare yourself to others, and believe you don't measure up. Work is often stressful and unsatisfying. You may have relationships with a partner or friends, but you still feel lonely and isolated. Therapy can help you understand yourself better, and learn how to communicate in relationships -- both authentically and effectively. The goal is to help you feel more connected to yourself and to the people in your life.
(240) 443-2163 View (240) 443-2163
Photo of Tammy Glatz Landy, MSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tammy Glatz Landy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
The ability to empathize is a true gift. Finding ways to understand and appreciate another person’s experience comes naturally to me. I care deeply about helping others navigate the process of personal growth and exploration, and I strive to support and validate people’s feelings and experiences.
The ability to empathize is a true gift. Finding ways to understand and appreciate another person’s experience comes naturally to me. I care deeply about helping others navigate the process of personal growth and exploration, and I strive to support and validate people’s feelings and experiences.
(240) 201-2536 View (240) 201-2536
Photo of Kathleen Curry, LCPC, Counselor
Kathleen Curry
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
Hi! I’m a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) based in Maryland.
Hi! I’m a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) based in Maryland.
(240) 624-9621 View (240) 624-9621
Photo of Alayna Berkowitz, PhD, Psychologist
Alayna Berkowitz
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
Thank you for visiting. I can imagine that you might be facing a challenge, adjusting to a new opportunity, experiencing uncertainty, or perhaps a combination of all three. When you need extra support to move forward, finding the right therapist can make all of the difference. I work with folks to forge meaningful relationships with themselves and others while I also attend to identity. I seek to work with clients on better understanding themselves, and who they are in relationships with in order to meet their needs.
Thank you for visiting. I can imagine that you might be facing a challenge, adjusting to a new opportunity, experiencing uncertainty, or perhaps a combination of all three. When you need extra support to move forward, finding the right therapist can make all of the difference. I work with folks to forge meaningful relationships with themselves and others while I also attend to identity. I seek to work with clients on better understanding themselves, and who they are in relationships with in order to meet their needs.
(240) 221-5274 View (240) 221-5274
Photo of Laura G Donkin, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Laura G Donkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
Not accepting new clients
Are you suffering from unresolved trauma, depression, anxiety, or just feel like you could use a “tune-up?” I will meet you where you are and guide you on your journey to living a full life and experiencing the happiness that you so deserve. I am compassionate and supportive, but also may challenge you by examining the sources of your pain, questioning old ways of thinking, and then introducing new perspectives and coping skills.
Are you suffering from unresolved trauma, depression, anxiety, or just feel like you could use a “tune-up?” I will meet you where you are and guide you on your journey to living a full life and experiencing the happiness that you so deserve. I am compassionate and supportive, but also may challenge you by examining the sources of your pain, questioning old ways of thinking, and then introducing new perspectives and coping skills.
(240) 655-8569 View (240) 655-8569
Photo of Alexander Purring, PsyD, Psychologist
Alexander Purring
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
What prevents us from being the best version of ourselves? If we are optimal, life is more gratifying - we accomplish goals, we feel good, and we tend to have daily satisfaction. The challenge - life happens, and this challenges us. My objective is to be your life coordinator, therapist, no. 1 fan, to help you strive and be the best version of yourself, physically and mentally. I currently serve in our United States Air Force, and my area of focus has been performance enhancement work with High-Reliability Organizations, to include Special Forces, pilots, and other operators, both male and female, with a wide range of demographics.
What prevents us from being the best version of ourselves? If we are optimal, life is more gratifying - we accomplish goals, we feel good, and we tend to have daily satisfaction. The challenge - life happens, and this challenges us. My objective is to be your life coordinator, therapist, no. 1 fan, to help you strive and be the best version of yourself, physically and mentally. I currently serve in our United States Air Force, and my area of focus has been performance enhancement work with High-Reliability Organizations, to include Special Forces, pilots, and other operators, both male and female, with a wide range of demographics.
(240) 774-2616 View (240) 774-2616
Photo of Antoinette Fobbs, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Antoinette Fobbs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20817
My ideal client would be a mom or wife, an individual who does not have any coping skills and blames themselves for things that are out of their control, such as anxiety, depression, unstable mood, low self-esteem, lack of confidence, lack of motivation, & no insight in their situation. Their needs would be support, empathy, understanding, and active listening. They have goals to work on themselves, improve communication skills, increase coping skills, and alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms. The client would want to change and work on themselves to become better and stronger individuals for themselves & their families.
My ideal client would be a mom or wife, an individual who does not have any coping skills and blames themselves for things that are out of their control, such as anxiety, depression, unstable mood, low self-esteem, lack of confidence, lack of motivation, & no insight in their situation. Their needs would be support, empathy, understanding, and active listening. They have goals to work on themselves, improve communication skills, increase coping skills, and alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms. The client would want to change and work on themselves to become better and stronger individuals for themselves & their families.
(301) 381-6907 View (301) 381-6907
Photo of Rebecca Whitmore, LCSW-C, LICSW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Whitmore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW, MEd
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
We overcome difficulties, adjust to changes, and manage difficult emotions best when we do not have to go at it alone. I offer a supportive partnership to help you identify your goals and build capacity to experience joy, compassionate self regard, and healthy rewarding relationships. I have over 35 years of experience helping children, couples, adults, and parents who experience feeling stuck, alone, sad, anxious, or unable to find the forward motion to reach goals for well being. Together we can create a safe space to address difficult emotions, and identify resources and habits that support resiliency and wellness.
We overcome difficulties, adjust to changes, and manage difficult emotions best when we do not have to go at it alone. I offer a supportive partnership to help you identify your goals and build capacity to experience joy, compassionate self regard, and healthy rewarding relationships. I have over 35 years of experience helping children, couples, adults, and parents who experience feeling stuck, alone, sad, anxious, or unable to find the forward motion to reach goals for well being. Together we can create a safe space to address difficult emotions, and identify resources and habits that support resiliency and wellness.
(240) 775-2294 View (240) 775-2294
Photo of Ben Endres, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ben Endres
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
There are many reasons why people make the choice to seek out therapy. Sometimes that reason isn't obvious and you might just feel "off", or maybe you've recognized patterns in your life that you'd like to interrupt but aren't quite sure how. Whatever your reason is, it is valid and important, and I would be honored to work through it with you. My experience thus far has centered around helping adolescents and adults navigate eating disorders, trauma, depression, anxiety, body image distress, relationship issues, healthy masculinity development, and emotion regulation, in both inpatient and outpatient settings.
There are many reasons why people make the choice to seek out therapy. Sometimes that reason isn't obvious and you might just feel "off", or maybe you've recognized patterns in your life that you'd like to interrupt but aren't quite sure how. Whatever your reason is, it is valid and important, and I would be honored to work through it with you. My experience thus far has centered around helping adolescents and adults navigate eating disorders, trauma, depression, anxiety, body image distress, relationship issues, healthy masculinity development, and emotion regulation, in both inpatient and outpatient settings.
(240) 719-5703 View (240) 719-5703
Photo of David V Almeida, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David V Almeida
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
Are you struggling with issues that you feel are holding you back from reaching your goals? Are you looking to gain awareness, insight and understanding of the barriers that are standing in the way? With over 15 years of experience, I am passionate about helping individuals and families overcome struggles including substance use, anger issues, relationship problems and failure to launch. I have vast experience working with families and an intimate understanding of the the treatment landscape. I am trained in CBT, DBT, REBT, and am certified in anger management (CAMS-II).
Are you struggling with issues that you feel are holding you back from reaching your goals? Are you looking to gain awareness, insight and understanding of the barriers that are standing in the way? With over 15 years of experience, I am passionate about helping individuals and families overcome struggles including substance use, anger issues, relationship problems and failure to launch. I have vast experience working with families and an intimate understanding of the the treatment landscape. I am trained in CBT, DBT, REBT, and am certified in anger management (CAMS-II).
(561) 212-1363 View (561) 212-1363
Photo of Brooke Bralove - Brooke Bralove Psychotherapy, LCSW-C, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brooke Bralove Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
Through psychotherapy, every person has the capacity to grow and change and live the life they’ve always imagined. I can help you recognize and alter patterns in your life, develop new skills to enhance your relationships with family, friends, and partners, and move toward greater joy and personal fulfillment. I specialize in treating individuals and couples with anxiety & depression, low self-esteem, postpartum depression, parenting issues, sexual & physical abuse, domestic violence, trauma, and work-related stress. I also specialize in working with women who struggle to show up authentically in their lives.
Through psychotherapy, every person has the capacity to grow and change and live the life they’ve always imagined. I can help you recognize and alter patterns in your life, develop new skills to enhance your relationships with family, friends, and partners, and move toward greater joy and personal fulfillment. I specialize in treating individuals and couples with anxiety & depression, low self-esteem, postpartum depression, parenting issues, sexual & physical abuse, domestic violence, trauma, and work-related stress. I also specialize in working with women who struggle to show up authentically in their lives.
(301) 478-8752 View (301) 478-8752
Photo of Maureen McElroy, MA, MS, LCMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Maureen McElroy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MS, LCMFT
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
Life may be harder than you expected. You may feel stressed, depressed, or anxious. You may be struggling with a decision. Relationships with your family are complex. You may want to improve communication with your partner. Parenting is tough. You may have suffered a loss, & you don't know why it still affects you. You may have put a dream on hold while you attended to family matters, & now you wonder if you are still capable of fulfilling that dream. You may feel you have been given gifts, but you aren't using them to their full potential.
Life may be harder than you expected. You may feel stressed, depressed, or anxious. You may be struggling with a decision. Relationships with your family are complex. You may want to improve communication with your partner. Parenting is tough. You may have suffered a loss, & you don't know why it still affects you. You may have put a dream on hold while you attended to family matters, & now you wonder if you are still capable of fulfilling that dream. You may feel you have been given gifts, but you aren't using them to their full potential.
(301) 683-5751 View (301) 683-5751
Photo of Melissa Susser, LICSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Susser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20816
Life can be a complex journey filled with challenges, and it is not uncommon to find yourself feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected. I believe therapy is a powerful tool to help you navigate through these difficulties and rediscover your authentic self. Whether you're grappling with anxiety/depression, undergoing significant life changes, or simply yearning to improve your relationships, my mission is to support you on your path to personal growth and feel "better".
Life can be a complex journey filled with challenges, and it is not uncommon to find yourself feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected. I believe therapy is a powerful tool to help you navigate through these difficulties and rediscover your authentic self. Whether you're grappling with anxiety/depression, undergoing significant life changes, or simply yearning to improve your relationships, my mission is to support you on your path to personal growth and feel "better".
(240) 685-9924 View (240) 685-9924
Photo of Len Guedalia, PhD, Psychologist
Len Guedalia
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20824  (Online Only)
Individuals, families and couples realize, at some time, they need assistance to effectively deal with overwhelming life events, strained relationships, loss, anger, and life transitions. For over 20 years I have successfully helped people break self-defeating, unfulfilling patterns of relating and behaving so they can experience more joy, happiness and success in their personal and professional lives. I use a blend of psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral and family systems therapy. My clients find me to be a very direct, open and engaging therapist, who provides safe space for even the most difficult issues and conflicts to be addressed and resolved.
Individuals, families and couples realize, at some time, they need assistance to effectively deal with overwhelming life events, strained relationships, loss, anger, and life transitions. For over 20 years I have successfully helped people break self-defeating, unfulfilling patterns of relating and behaving so they can experience more joy, happiness and success in their personal and professional lives. I use a blend of psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral and family systems therapy. My clients find me to be a very direct, open and engaging therapist, who provides safe space for even the most difficult issues and conflicts to be addressed and resolved.
(301) 943-9346 View (301) 943-9346
Photo of Jade Vega, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jade Vega
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who graduated from University of Southern California in 2015. I currently primarily provide therapeutic support to children with a variety of emotional and social needs. I have experience working with children and families within the child welfare system as well as working with clients with a variety of needs and diagnoses in their schools, homes, communities, and inpatient settings. I have more than eight years of experience supporting children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and other developmental disabilities, as well as their families.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who graduated from University of Southern California in 2015. I currently primarily provide therapeutic support to children with a variety of emotional and social needs. I have experience working with children and families within the child welfare system as well as working with clients with a variety of needs and diagnoses in their schools, homes, communities, and inpatient settings. I have more than eight years of experience supporting children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and other developmental disabilities, as well as their families.
(240) 589-7318 View (240) 589-7318
Photo of Breeda McGrath, PhD, Psychologist
Breeda McGrath
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20815  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Your experiences and your perspective are an important part of what helps me to understand you. I can provide you with the support and insights to help you face the challenges and obstacles that are blocking your growth. My approach is warm, caring, and creative. As a clinical psychologist and certified school psychologist, I work with children, adolescents, and adults. I am happy to provide therapy, assessment and/or consultation with other professionals.
Your experiences and your perspective are an important part of what helps me to understand you. I can provide you with the support and insights to help you face the challenges and obstacles that are blocking your growth. My approach is warm, caring, and creative. As a clinical psychologist and certified school psychologist, I work with children, adolescents, and adults. I am happy to provide therapy, assessment and/or consultation with other professionals.
(240) 896-1383 View (240) 896-1383
Photo of Akiko Motomura, PhD, Psychologist
Akiko Motomura
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
Psychotherapy is a space to make meaning of your unique life experiences and explore—with a collaborative listener, a thought partner—how you can live differently. A compassionate and deep understanding of self allows you to live fuller and more satisfying lives, not bound by old patterns. My goal is to help you understand how your mind works, digest difficult experiences, and develop the capacity to build and maintain enriching relationships with others and yourself. We will be listening to your mind and body in depth, including aspects that are not readily available to us. Understanding your mind in this way can be transformative.
Psychotherapy is a space to make meaning of your unique life experiences and explore—with a collaborative listener, a thought partner—how you can live differently. A compassionate and deep understanding of self allows you to live fuller and more satisfying lives, not bound by old patterns. My goal is to help you understand how your mind works, digest difficult experiences, and develop the capacity to build and maintain enriching relationships with others and yourself. We will be listening to your mind and body in depth, including aspects that are not readily available to us. Understanding your mind in this way can be transformative.
(301) 691-3519 View (301) 691-3519
Photo of Jonathan R Helwig, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jonathan R Helwig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Jonathan Helwig, LCSW-C, is a Licensed Certified Social Worker-Clinical who approaches therapy from an integrative and holistic perspective. Jonathan is an Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) and Mindfulness based therapist who believes therapeutic goals should be collaborative and self-determined by the client. He aims to empower his clients to feel confident sitting in the “driver seat” of their own lives. Jonathan has expertise in working with individuals of all ages and backgrounds.
Jonathan Helwig, LCSW-C, is a Licensed Certified Social Worker-Clinical who approaches therapy from an integrative and holistic perspective. Jonathan is an Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) and Mindfulness based therapist who believes therapeutic goals should be collaborative and self-determined by the client. He aims to empower his clients to feel confident sitting in the “driver seat” of their own lives. Jonathan has expertise in working with individuals of all ages and backgrounds.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bethesda, MD

1,000+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Bethesda, MD who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
63% Trauma and PTSD
62% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% BlueCross and BlueShield
63% CareFirst
61% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Bethesda, MD see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bethesda?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.