Therapists in Folsom, CA

Photo of Susan Deakyne, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Folsom, CA
Susan Deakyne
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
Waitlist for new clients
In my 39 years in private practice I have been witness to the profound changes that can occur in my work with committed individuals, couples and families. I believe therapy is an effective method to stop the downward progression of impaired life patterns and set folks on the path to improved communication and problem solving, enhanced life strategies and new found emotional strength. I focus treatment to your specific issues using methods and techniques that capitalize on your strengths and compliment your unique personality. I welcome your call as the beginning of your own transformation.
In my 39 years in private practice I have been witness to the profound changes that can occur in my work with committed individuals, couples and families. I believe therapy is an effective method to stop the downward progression of impaired life patterns and set folks on the path to improved communication and problem solving, enhanced life strategies and new found emotional strength. I focus treatment to your specific issues using methods and techniques that capitalize on your strengths and compliment your unique personality. I welcome your call as the beginning of your own transformation.
(916) 542-4699 View (916) 542-4699
Photo of Sankofa Holistic Counseling - Teletherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Folsom, CA
Sankofa Holistic Counseling - Teletherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630  (Online Only)
“You get in life what you have the courage to ask for.” My clinical experience includes working with adults, children, adolescents or families who are struggling with challenging behaviors, toxic relationships and/or complex emotions. These struggles can cause profound sadness that physically hurts inside of you. I specialize in flushing out negative thought patterns and working through traumatic experiences that keeps individuals, families and couples feeling struck in an emotional vortex and trapped in recycling toxic behaviors. By working together, we can unlock your courage to ask. Everything you need to heal is inside of you!
“You get in life what you have the courage to ask for.” My clinical experience includes working with adults, children, adolescents or families who are struggling with challenging behaviors, toxic relationships and/or complex emotions. These struggles can cause profound sadness that physically hurts inside of you. I specialize in flushing out negative thought patterns and working through traumatic experiences that keeps individuals, families and couples feeling struck in an emotional vortex and trapped in recycling toxic behaviors. By working together, we can unlock your courage to ask. Everything you need to heal is inside of you!
(916) 439-8456 View (916) 439-8456
Photo of Melissa E Drivon, Marriage & Family Therapist in Folsom, CA
Melissa E Drivon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95762
I am a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist with over 15 years of clinical experience. I specialize in providing therapy to teens, couples and individuals. I am also certified to provide services to veterans and their families. I believe in utilizing a variety of theoretical approaches in therapy to best meet the client's needs. Some of these therapies include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution Focused and EMDR. I work with a wide variety of individuals including those suffering from anxiety, depression, bi-polar, trauma, low self-esteem and more.
I am a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist with over 15 years of clinical experience. I specialize in providing therapy to teens, couples and individuals. I am also certified to provide services to veterans and their families. I believe in utilizing a variety of theoretical approaches in therapy to best meet the client's needs. Some of these therapies include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution Focused and EMDR. I work with a wide variety of individuals including those suffering from anxiety, depression, bi-polar, trauma, low self-esteem and more.
(916) 347-5224 View (916) 347-5224
Photo of Jenny Cartinella, PsyD, Psychologist in Folsom, CA
Jenny Cartinella, PsyD
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
I am a licensed clinical psychologist and I have been treating children, adolescents, young adults, and families for over 13 years. I practice from a client-centered approach where your needs and goals in treatment are primary. Each session we will check in to make sure what we are doing in your treatment is helping you meet your goals. I have a friendly and laid-back demeanor that clients have told me they appreciate in helping them feel more at ease in therapy.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist and I have been treating children, adolescents, young adults, and families for over 13 years. I practice from a client-centered approach where your needs and goals in treatment are primary. Each session we will check in to make sure what we are doing in your treatment is helping you meet your goals. I have a friendly and laid-back demeanor that clients have told me they appreciate in helping them feel more at ease in therapy.
(916) 365-4948 View (916) 365-4948
Photo of Paige Campbell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Folsom, CA
Paige Campbell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Folsom, CA 95630  (Online Only)
Too often we find ourselves accepting that living means tolerating disconnect and chronic dysfunction within ourselves and our relationships. We even find creative coping mechanisms which serve us well in managing the dysfunction… until they don’t. We may wish to grow or heal but are unsure of where or how to begin when we feel overwhelmed with what life has thrown at us. Life does not have to continue this way, we just need the right support and guidance to begin making real change.
Too often we find ourselves accepting that living means tolerating disconnect and chronic dysfunction within ourselves and our relationships. We even find creative coping mechanisms which serve us well in managing the dysfunction… until they don’t. We may wish to grow or heal but are unsure of where or how to begin when we feel overwhelmed with what life has thrown at us. Life does not have to continue this way, we just need the right support and guidance to begin making real change.
(916) 259-7941 View (916) 259-7941
Photo of Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy at KAP Wellness, Psychologist in Folsom, CA
Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy at KAP Wellness
Psychologist, PsyD, MBA
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
Our team specializes in Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy, where Ketamine is used in conjunction with therapy to treat depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other conditions. A lot of research backs this cutting-edge treatment. If talk therapy, antidepressants, or other approaches did not reduce or eliminate your symptoms, please get in touch with us. Clients experience profound and transformational results with Ketamine. You can too!
Our team specializes in Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy, where Ketamine is used in conjunction with therapy to treat depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other conditions. A lot of research backs this cutting-edge treatment. If talk therapy, antidepressants, or other approaches did not reduce or eliminate your symptoms, please get in touch with us. Clients experience profound and transformational results with Ketamine. You can too!
(916) 603-2247 View (916) 603-2247
Photo of Alicia Cox, Marriage & Family Therapist in Folsom, CA
Alicia Cox
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
Not accepting new clients
I believe every person has potential to feel a sense of balance in their life. Life is not always that simple and situations beyond your control can knock you off balance. Through the process of therapy, you can develop more insight into how these events and circumstances are affecting your life. Interpersonal relationships are also very important component to having a sense of balance in your life. Therapy can give you the support and insight needed to develop stronger connections in current relationships and feel more confident in your skills to obtain new relationships.
I believe every person has potential to feel a sense of balance in their life. Life is not always that simple and situations beyond your control can knock you off balance. Through the process of therapy, you can develop more insight into how these events and circumstances are affecting your life. Interpersonal relationships are also very important component to having a sense of balance in your life. Therapy can give you the support and insight needed to develop stronger connections in current relationships and feel more confident in your skills to obtain new relationships.
(916) 269-1680 View (916) 269-1680
Photo of Lions Heart Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Folsom, CA
Lions Heart Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Folsom, CA 95630
If you are feeling down, coping with an overwhelming life change, or seeking more out of life and relationships, we can help. Accepting you right where you are with compassion and mindful presence are the cornerstone of our practice. Creating space for you to be, just as you are, problems, guilt, shame, disappointment and all, can be very healing. Once you feel heard and accepted, you can start opening to the guidance of your emotions, identifying blocks to joy, healing and recovery. This creates the space for goal setting and planning.
If you are feeling down, coping with an overwhelming life change, or seeking more out of life and relationships, we can help. Accepting you right where you are with compassion and mindful presence are the cornerstone of our practice. Creating space for you to be, just as you are, problems, guilt, shame, disappointment and all, can be very healing. Once you feel heard and accepted, you can start opening to the guidance of your emotions, identifying blocks to joy, healing and recovery. This creates the space for goal setting and planning.
(916) 571-1365 View (916) 571-1365
Photo of Ciara Lynch Levine in Folsom, CA
Ciara Lynch Levine
MSN, RN, PMHCNS-
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
Do you feel "stuck"? Overwhelmed? Struggling with your inner critic? In a major life change? I can help. I offer an atmosphere of support so that together we can work to alleviate distress and make lasting changes. We will have the opportunity to make positive and healthy improvements to your life. My professional and personal journey have led me to be compassionate, direct and goal oriented with my clients. My approach is interactive, utilizing EMDR therapy as well as the theories of cognitive behavioral therapy and family systems therapy.
Do you feel "stuck"? Overwhelmed? Struggling with your inner critic? In a major life change? I can help. I offer an atmosphere of support so that together we can work to alleviate distress and make lasting changes. We will have the opportunity to make positive and healthy improvements to your life. My professional and personal journey have led me to be compassionate, direct and goal oriented with my clients. My approach is interactive, utilizing EMDR therapy as well as the theories of cognitive behavioral therapy and family systems therapy.
(279) 202-9383 View (279) 202-9383
Photo of Jessica LePage-Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Folsom, CA
Jessica LePage-Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CMHIMP
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
Through my practice The Relationship Elevation and Learning Institute, we are very excited to offer individual therapy to children, adolescents and adults struggling with anxiety and depression related to relationship distress, life transitions, parenting, and complexities with understanding or navigating self identity.
Through my practice The Relationship Elevation and Learning Institute, we are very excited to offer individual therapy to children, adolescents and adults struggling with anxiety and depression related to relationship distress, life transitions, parenting, and complexities with understanding or navigating self identity.
(916) 467-8751 View (916) 467-8751
Photo of Dana Young, Marriage & Family Therapist in Folsom, CA
Dana Young
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
Using an integrated approach, including EMDR, I help my clients navigate and heal from trauma and past pains (including PTSD), OCD, Anxiety (generalized anxiety, panic attacks, social anxiety, and health anxiety), intrusive thoughts and fears, emotional regulation difficulties, chaotic and challenging relationships, codependency and boundary issues, and grief and loss. I work with my clients to help them better understand themselves, to understand why they feel the way they do, how to deal with it, heal from it, and overcome it.
Using an integrated approach, including EMDR, I help my clients navigate and heal from trauma and past pains (including PTSD), OCD, Anxiety (generalized anxiety, panic attacks, social anxiety, and health anxiety), intrusive thoughts and fears, emotional regulation difficulties, chaotic and challenging relationships, codependency and boundary issues, and grief and loss. I work with my clients to help them better understand themselves, to understand why they feel the way they do, how to deal with it, heal from it, and overcome it.
(916) 318-5141 View (916) 318-5141
Photo of Vanessa Bonatto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Folsom, CA
Vanessa Bonatto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
As an adolescent therapist, I strive to connect. To listen before providing feedback. To ask questions to better understand. Connection is the sense of closeness and belongingness a person can experience when having supportive relationships with those around them. Connection is when each person feels valued, seen and heard. Connection and compassion are essential during the therapy process, as is challenging and guiding individuals to push beyond their current understanding and patterns to develop healthier, life-improving skills/habits/approaches.
As an adolescent therapist, I strive to connect. To listen before providing feedback. To ask questions to better understand. Connection is the sense of closeness and belongingness a person can experience when having supportive relationships with those around them. Connection is when each person feels valued, seen and heard. Connection and compassion are essential during the therapy process, as is challenging and guiding individuals to push beyond their current understanding and patterns to develop healthier, life-improving skills/habits/approaches.
(814) 831-7019 View (814) 831-7019
Photo of Trina Haselrig, PsyD, Psychologist in Folsom, CA
Trina Haselrig, PsyD
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
Hello and welcome to my page. I bring 20 years of experience supporting children (ages 3-18) and families throughout varying stages of development and changes in life circumstances. While there is a multitude of reasons why families seek support, I may be most helpful to those facing challenges related to anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, adjustment-related stress, chronic illness, and relationship challenges. My education includes earning a BA and BS from UC Berkeley and MA and PsyD from Pepperdine University. I am also a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP).
Hello and welcome to my page. I bring 20 years of experience supporting children (ages 3-18) and families throughout varying stages of development and changes in life circumstances. While there is a multitude of reasons why families seek support, I may be most helpful to those facing challenges related to anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, adjustment-related stress, chronic illness, and relationship challenges. My education includes earning a BA and BS from UC Berkeley and MA and PsyD from Pepperdine University. I am also a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP).
(916) 507-2419 View (916) 507-2419
Photo of Kristen Chrisenbery, Marriage & Family Therapist in Folsom, CA
Kristen Chrisenbery
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
I specialize in working with individual adults and adolescents. I have over 20 years of experience providing support to clients looking to resolve challenges and intentionally create the lives and relationships they want. My goal is to provide a warm, understanding, and nonjudgmental environment where my clients can heal and grow. I use a straightforward, practical and solution-focused approach to help clients resolve current problems as well as long-standing patterns.
I specialize in working with individual adults and adolescents. I have over 20 years of experience providing support to clients looking to resolve challenges and intentionally create the lives and relationships they want. My goal is to provide a warm, understanding, and nonjudgmental environment where my clients can heal and grow. I use a straightforward, practical and solution-focused approach to help clients resolve current problems as well as long-standing patterns.
(916) 586-7061 View (916) 586-7061
Photo of Kristin Aguilar, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Folsom, CA
Kristin Aguilar
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Folsom, CA 95630
Hello! I am a trauma-informed therapist, certified Brainspotter, and I am trained in Ketamine-assisted therapy for individuals and couples. The qualities of a healthy therapeutic relationship include mutual trust, mutual respect, shared decision making and goal setting. As a therapist, I work with my clients to maintain a relationship that is caring, safe, positive and professional. I seek to meet my clients exactly where they are and to create an environment where clients feel seen, heard, and held with compassion and empathy.
Hello! I am a trauma-informed therapist, certified Brainspotter, and I am trained in Ketamine-assisted therapy for individuals and couples. The qualities of a healthy therapeutic relationship include mutual trust, mutual respect, shared decision making and goal setting. As a therapist, I work with my clients to maintain a relationship that is caring, safe, positive and professional. I seek to meet my clients exactly where they are and to create an environment where clients feel seen, heard, and held with compassion and empathy.
(916) 656-0605 View (916) 656-0605
Photo of Rachel Ruiz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Folsom, CA
Rachel Ruiz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Folsom, CA 95630
You’re worried about your teen or struggling as a family. Whether it was a sudden shift or slowly over time, you’re feeling at a loss for how to get support for trauma, anxiety, or depression. It can be overwhelming to get help but you know it’s time to see a therapist. You may be looking for an expert opinion, reassurance, clarity, or all of the above. You want your teen to feel comfortable talking to someone they don’t know and are looking for a therapist who can put them and you at ease.
You’re worried about your teen or struggling as a family. Whether it was a sudden shift or slowly over time, you’re feeling at a loss for how to get support for trauma, anxiety, or depression. It can be overwhelming to get help but you know it’s time to see a therapist. You may be looking for an expert opinion, reassurance, clarity, or all of the above. You want your teen to feel comfortable talking to someone they don’t know and are looking for a therapist who can put them and you at ease.
(916) 234-5957 View (916) 234-5957
Photo of Carrie G Rogers, Psychologist in Folsom, CA
Carrie G Rogers
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Folsom, CA 95630  (Online Only)
Are you experiencing big changes in life? Such as transitioning into retirement, adjusting to a health-related changes, chronic illness, changes related to your work, or uncertainty around what path you you want to choose for yourself and your future? Are you looking for some support as a parent of a young kid or kids? I'm here to help and look forward to hearing from you! I work one on one (individual therapy) with adults of all ages utilizing an integrative, relational, strength-based approach - while tailoring treatment to each persons specific needs & goals. LGBTQ+ affirmative & allied.
Are you experiencing big changes in life? Such as transitioning into retirement, adjusting to a health-related changes, chronic illness, changes related to your work, or uncertainty around what path you you want to choose for yourself and your future? Are you looking for some support as a parent of a young kid or kids? I'm here to help and look forward to hearing from you! I work one on one (individual therapy) with adults of all ages utilizing an integrative, relational, strength-based approach - while tailoring treatment to each persons specific needs & goals. LGBTQ+ affirmative & allied.
(916) 461-1769 View (916) 461-1769
Photo of Stephanie Hewitt, Psychologist in Folsom, CA
Stephanie Hewitt
Psychologist, EdS, NCSP, LEP
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
My name is Stephanie Hewitt, and I am a licensed educational psychologist and founder of Learning Pathways. I specialize in helping students find a pathway to success by discovering how their unique brain works and how their families and school can support them and set them up for success.
My name is Stephanie Hewitt, and I am a licensed educational psychologist and founder of Learning Pathways. I specialize in helping students find a pathway to success by discovering how their unique brain works and how their families and school can support them and set them up for success.
(279) 529-0529 View (279) 529-0529
Photo of Marisa Ronquillo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Folsom, CA
Marisa Ronquillo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
Not accepting new clients
Are you looking for answers, purpose, or support through a difficult time in life? You may be feeling sadness, rage, fear, or even empty and numb. You may feel disconnected from the people you love or things that normally bring you joy, but more importantly you feel disconnected from yourself. You may crave connection and closeness. You are not alone in this struggle; you are here for a reason. I'm a holistic therapist passionate about helping people break the cycle of feeling stuck. I help my clients unravel the root cause of their suffering to live a fulfilled life.
Are you looking for answers, purpose, or support through a difficult time in life? You may be feeling sadness, rage, fear, or even empty and numb. You may feel disconnected from the people you love or things that normally bring you joy, but more importantly you feel disconnected from yourself. You may crave connection and closeness. You are not alone in this struggle; you are here for a reason. I'm a holistic therapist passionate about helping people break the cycle of feeling stuck. I help my clients unravel the root cause of their suffering to live a fulfilled life.
(279) 529-5740 View (279) 529-5740
Photo of Horizon Counseling Center, Pre-Licensed Professional in Folsom, CA
Horizon Counseling Center
Pre-Licensed Professional, AMFT, APCC, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Folsom, CA 95630
Discover Healing and Growth with Team of Therapists. Welcome to Horizon Counseling Center a trusted group practice offering compassionate psychotherapy services. Our team comprises skilled associate and student therapists dedicated to guiding you on your journey to emotional well-being. With diverse specialties and supervised experience, our therapists provide affordable, high-quality care tailored to your unique needs. Take the first step towards a brighter tomorrow – explore our therapy options today.
Discover Healing and Growth with Team of Therapists. Welcome to Horizon Counseling Center a trusted group practice offering compassionate psychotherapy services. Our team comprises skilled associate and student therapists dedicated to guiding you on your journey to emotional well-being. With diverse specialties and supervised experience, our therapists provide affordable, high-quality care tailored to your unique needs. Take the first step towards a brighter tomorrow – explore our therapy options today.
(279) 300-3558 View (279) 300-3558

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Folsom, CA

400+

Average cost per session

$155

Therapists in Folsom, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
91% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
70% Coping Skills
66% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

56% Optum
51% Aetna
50% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Folsom, CA see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Folsom?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.