Therapists in Salem, MA

Photo of Timothy Gau, Counselor in Salem, MA
Timothy Gau
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Timothy Gau is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) in the state of Massachusetts who has 10 years of experience working with teens, adults, and seniors who are seeking support in coping with depression, anxiety, stress, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), OCD, low self-esteem, chronic stress, and more. He completed his Bachelor of Science in Social Psychology from the University of Rochester and received his Master of Science in Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology from Northeastern University.
Timothy Gau is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) in the state of Massachusetts who has 10 years of experience working with teens, adults, and seniors who are seeking support in coping with depression, anxiety, stress, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), OCD, low self-esteem, chronic stress, and more. He completed his Bachelor of Science in Social Psychology from the University of Rochester and received his Master of Science in Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology from Northeastern University.
(978) 574-7795 View (978) 574-7795
Photo of Sarah Popeo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Salem, MA
Sarah Popeo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, EMDR-T
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I work with clients who are looking to reach a deeper level of fulfillment and may be curious about how to be the best version of themselves. Clients who find me often feel parts of their life feel stuck, are working through a life transition, have experienced profound trauma or grief, or they have a hard time understanding thoughts or patterns in their life. I offer a safe space to explore, heal and create lasting change for the present and future. I rely heavily on EMDR and the mind-body connection in my approach to treatment.
I work with clients who are looking to reach a deeper level of fulfillment and may be curious about how to be the best version of themselves. Clients who find me often feel parts of their life feel stuck, are working through a life transition, have experienced profound trauma or grief, or they have a hard time understanding thoughts or patterns in their life. I offer a safe space to explore, heal and create lasting change for the present and future. I rely heavily on EMDR and the mind-body connection in my approach to treatment.
(351) 444-5601 View (351) 444-5601
Photo of Sarah E. Keenan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Salem, MA
Sarah E. Keenan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Beneficial therapy is founded upon a strong relationship between the therapist and the client. There is something healing about connecting with another person, about being seen, about feeling understood. With each of my clients, I work to create a warm relationship where they know they will be met with respect and empathy. I also recognize that for some people, especially people with non-dominant cultural identities, mental health care has not always felt welcoming. With that in mind, I work to provide a space where everyone can experience a sense of belonging and feel safe being their full selves. I am LGBTQIA+ affirming.
Beneficial therapy is founded upon a strong relationship between the therapist and the client. There is something healing about connecting with another person, about being seen, about feeling understood. With each of my clients, I work to create a warm relationship where they know they will be met with respect and empathy. I also recognize that for some people, especially people with non-dominant cultural identities, mental health care has not always felt welcoming. With that in mind, I work to provide a space where everyone can experience a sense of belonging and feel safe being their full selves. I am LGBTQIA+ affirming.
(978) 228-2763 View (978) 228-2763
Photo of Cassi Amenta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Salem, MA
Cassi Amenta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have seven years of experience working in the mental health field with varying populations and ages, largely working with individuals, children, and families who have experiences with trauma, anxiety, and depression. If you are looking for support with making sense of a trauma, coping with anxiety and daily stress, wanting to process life relationships, hoping to understand yourself better, or seeking support with overall mind and body well being, I am here to help.
I have seven years of experience working in the mental health field with varying populations and ages, largely working with individuals, children, and families who have experiences with trauma, anxiety, and depression. If you are looking for support with making sense of a trauma, coping with anxiety and daily stress, wanting to process life relationships, hoping to understand yourself better, or seeking support with overall mind and body well being, I am here to help.
(978) 595-0526 View (978) 595-0526
Photo of Katherine Russell, Psychologist in Salem, MA
Katherine Russell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Russell is currently accepting new clients for online sessions. She works with adults, providing treatment that respects mind, body, and spirit. Her areas of interest include: anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, health and wellness, and the spiritual/existential. Dr. Russell takes an integrative approach to psychotherapy and incorporates a variety of orientations including relational, existential, trauma-informed, cognitive behavioral, dialectical behavioral, and psychodynamic. She also has training in mindfulness and EMDR.
Dr. Russell is currently accepting new clients for online sessions. She works with adults, providing treatment that respects mind, body, and spirit. Her areas of interest include: anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, health and wellness, and the spiritual/existential. Dr. Russell takes an integrative approach to psychotherapy and incorporates a variety of orientations including relational, existential, trauma-informed, cognitive behavioral, dialectical behavioral, and psychodynamic. She also has training in mindfulness and EMDR.
(978) 306-4450 View (978) 306-4450
Photo of Pamela Fantini, Psychologist in Salem, MA
Pamela Fantini
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Not accepting new clients
Over 30 years of experience has taught me a lot about how to best help the people I see. In my work, I try to listen, with empathy and respect, and to understand what has happened that has brought someone to my office. Clients often find that being able to talk freely in a safe, confidential relationship gives them relief and helps them to develop a clearer sense of the challenges they are facing. Together, the client and I identify the important stressors and conflicts and work on developing strengths and strategies to help cope better.
Over 30 years of experience has taught me a lot about how to best help the people I see. In my work, I try to listen, with empathy and respect, and to understand what has happened that has brought someone to my office. Clients often find that being able to talk freely in a safe, confidential relationship gives them relief and helps them to develop a clearer sense of the challenges they are facing. Together, the client and I identify the important stressors and conflicts and work on developing strengths and strategies to help cope better.
(781) 908-3768 View (781) 908-3768
Photo of Tara Palmeri, Psychologist in Salem, MA
Tara Palmeri
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Dr. Palmieri works with college students and young adults who are seeking help for anxiety, panic attacks, depression, phase-of-life concerns, adjusting to life transitions, existential concerns, relationship problems and chronic pain. She provides a holistic approach to therapy, tailoring her approach to integrate psychodynamic approaches with interpersonal-process, mindfulness-based, and cognitive-behavioral perspectives to provide both coping strategies and to help her clients better understand themselves.
Dr. Palmieri works with college students and young adults who are seeking help for anxiety, panic attacks, depression, phase-of-life concerns, adjusting to life transitions, existential concerns, relationship problems and chronic pain. She provides a holistic approach to therapy, tailoring her approach to integrate psychodynamic approaches with interpersonal-process, mindfulness-based, and cognitive-behavioral perspectives to provide both coping strategies and to help her clients better understand themselves.
(978) 650-2861 View (978) 650-2861
Photo of Aditi Ahlawat, Psychologist in Salem, MA
Aditi Ahlawat
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Hi! My name is Aditi - I am a bilingual, bicultural first generation immigrant psychologist in the Greater Boston area. I offer a supportive and confidential space for you to explore your experiences, perhaps things you might not talk as openly to family or friends about and find ways to regulate your stress, reduce overwhelming feelings and weave new patterns of relating to yourself and others in your life. I provide therapy that is interpersonally oriented, affirming and culturally responsive. Together, we will work to set goals and build coping skills that help you navigate any changes and challenges in your life.
Hi! My name is Aditi - I am a bilingual, bicultural first generation immigrant psychologist in the Greater Boston area. I offer a supportive and confidential space for you to explore your experiences, perhaps things you might not talk as openly to family or friends about and find ways to regulate your stress, reduce overwhelming feelings and weave new patterns of relating to yourself and others in your life. I provide therapy that is interpersonally oriented, affirming and culturally responsive. Together, we will work to set goals and build coping skills that help you navigate any changes and challenges in your life.
(978) 487-6272 View (978) 487-6272
Photo of Cynthia Griffin, Counselor in Salem, MA
Cynthia Griffin
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Not accepting new clients
Cynthia Griffin is a licensed therapist with a private practice in Salem, MA. She has worked for many years with adults and children in educational and therapeutic settings. Cynthia works with the whole person: addressing mind, body and spirit. Through daily life, each person experiences stresses and strains; therapy can be a great resource when these daily life occurrences become more challenging, or when one is at a transition point due to a change, or a time of growth.
Cynthia Griffin is a licensed therapist with a private practice in Salem, MA. She has worked for many years with adults and children in educational and therapeutic settings. Cynthia works with the whole person: addressing mind, body and spirit. Through daily life, each person experiences stresses and strains; therapy can be a great resource when these daily life occurrences become more challenging, or when one is at a transition point due to a change, or a time of growth.
(978) 716-2947 View (978) 716-2947
Photo of Alexandra Bacigalupo, Psychologist in Salem, MA
Alexandra Bacigalupo
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Dr. Bacigalupo works with adults, providing treatment and support for those suffering from depression, trauma, anxiety, relationship and family issues, major life transitions, and substance and alcohol use. Her primary treatment approach is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, with the additional use of psychodynamic, family systems, mindfulness, self-compassion, and existential perspectives in her work.
Dr. Bacigalupo works with adults, providing treatment and support for those suffering from depression, trauma, anxiety, relationship and family issues, major life transitions, and substance and alcohol use. Her primary treatment approach is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, with the additional use of psychodynamic, family systems, mindfulness, self-compassion, and existential perspectives in her work.
(978) 321-3478 View (978) 321-3478
Photo of Josiah Colbert - Northbound Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Salem, MA
Josiah Colbert - Northbound Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Salem, MA 01970
UPDATE: Currently Accepting new Clients for Individual therapy. Let’s be honest, life can often be difficult and unpredictable. Whether you’re attempting to navigate a complex relationship, quell generational family conflicts, or manage the daily stresses of life, sometimes knowing where to begin can be the hardest part. If you’re struggling with where to start in your personal journey, seeking help from a professional can be a great first step towards making positive changes. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I work with individuals, couples, and families to improve their relationships and their lives.
UPDATE: Currently Accepting new Clients for Individual therapy. Let’s be honest, life can often be difficult and unpredictable. Whether you’re attempting to navigate a complex relationship, quell generational family conflicts, or manage the daily stresses of life, sometimes knowing where to begin can be the hardest part. If you’re struggling with where to start in your personal journey, seeking help from a professional can be a great first step towards making positive changes. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I work with individuals, couples, and families to improve their relationships and their lives.
(508) 715-3583 View (508) 715-3583
Photo of Jennifer Walker, Counselor in Salem, MA
Jennifer Walker
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
My experience includes individual and group therapy. While working in the field I've crossed over the lifespan including pediatric, adult and geriatric populations. I have worked with many clients who struggle with various challenges. I look forward to working with you and thank you for allowing me to be a part of your journey.
My experience includes individual and group therapy. While working in the field I've crossed over the lifespan including pediatric, adult and geriatric populations. I have worked with many clients who struggle with various challenges. I look forward to working with you and thank you for allowing me to be a part of your journey.
View
Photo of Will Simmons, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Salem, MA
Will Simmons
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Starting therapy can often be daunting, so please don't hesitate to contact me to discuss your needs and goals for treatment in a safe environment. I continue to offer a client-focused, personalized approach to therapy utilizing various cognitive and psychodynamic modalities. This may mean addressing early life influence on your current daily function, or specific goals for your profession, relationships with yourself, loved ones, and the world around you. Whether it is short-term solution-focused for a specific need, or long-term healing, personal growth, and exploration- positive change is possible, concrete, and within reach.
Starting therapy can often be daunting, so please don't hesitate to contact me to discuss your needs and goals for treatment in a safe environment. I continue to offer a client-focused, personalized approach to therapy utilizing various cognitive and psychodynamic modalities. This may mean addressing early life influence on your current daily function, or specific goals for your profession, relationships with yourself, loved ones, and the world around you. Whether it is short-term solution-focused for a specific need, or long-term healing, personal growth, and exploration- positive change is possible, concrete, and within reach.
(978) 648-2197 View (978) 648-2197
Photo of Keisha Kenny, LICSW- True North Counseling, MA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Salem, MA
Keisha Kenny, LICSW- True North Counseling, MA
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Limited daytime Telehealth appointments currently available. If you are overwhelmed or under stress with various aspects of your life, or if you are thinking about making a change, but not sure how or where to start, you've come to the right place. Welcome! You are taking the first brave step towards intentional, positive change, and feeling more empowered in your life. I am here to help guide you in taking those first steps towards achieving your personal goals; to assist you in finding your true north; to help keep you on track; and to support you so that you are not alone on this journey.
Limited daytime Telehealth appointments currently available. If you are overwhelmed or under stress with various aspects of your life, or if you are thinking about making a change, but not sure how or where to start, you've come to the right place. Welcome! You are taking the first brave step towards intentional, positive change, and feeling more empowered in your life. I am here to help guide you in taking those first steps towards achieving your personal goals; to assist you in finding your true north; to help keep you on track; and to support you so that you are not alone on this journey.
(978) 288-0063 View (978) 288-0063
Photo of Edith Bross Johns LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Salem, MA
Edith Bross Johns LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Does it seem as if you are weathering the same emotional storm with your partner, no matter what the topic? Does it seem as if life has tossed you into a deep ocean of surging emotions and thoughts- and you're treading water in your moments of disconnection? Or do you feel alone in a dark pit, or frozen and cut off from the one who matters most? Are there nagging problems you just can't seem to find solutions for? Together, you and I can find the shore, the sunshine, the ladder up to the renewed connection to full connection in love.
Does it seem as if you are weathering the same emotional storm with your partner, no matter what the topic? Does it seem as if life has tossed you into a deep ocean of surging emotions and thoughts- and you're treading water in your moments of disconnection? Or do you feel alone in a dark pit, or frozen and cut off from the one who matters most? Are there nagging problems you just can't seem to find solutions for? Together, you and I can find the shore, the sunshine, the ladder up to the renewed connection to full connection in love.
(978) 598-3120 View (978) 598-3120
Photo of Jeff Stein, Psychologist in Salem, MA
Jeff Stein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
My practice is dedicated to providing clinical treatment and supportive counseling to adolescents and adults who are seeking improvement in their daily functioning and activities, interpersonal relationships, and life and career planning. Trained as a clinical psychologist in the 1990s, I have been conducting forensic psychological evaluations of individuals and families for 20 years, and offer therapy and counseling to a small number of clients. My practice is physically located in Salem, Massachusetts, but I am able to offer services to clients from Massachusetts and New Hampshire through telehealth appointments as well.
My practice is dedicated to providing clinical treatment and supportive counseling to adolescents and adults who are seeking improvement in their daily functioning and activities, interpersonal relationships, and life and career planning. Trained as a clinical psychologist in the 1990s, I have been conducting forensic psychological evaluations of individuals and families for 20 years, and offer therapy and counseling to a small number of clients. My practice is physically located in Salem, Massachusetts, but I am able to offer services to clients from Massachusetts and New Hampshire through telehealth appointments as well.
(978) 718-6310 View (978) 718-6310
Photo of Seyhmus Yuksekkaya, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Salem, MA
Seyhmus Yuksekkaya
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
The world is a challenging and complex place to live. It Is also full of opportunities, exiting relationships and so much to see and explore. I am part of it. I call it "the mess." By this, I mean it is a good mess. No place and no one is perfect. Continuously working on things we want without ever giving up is empowering and a freeing feeling. I take care of myself by connecting my body and mind in sink. I look forward helping my clients to improve their lives in a positive way for long term.
The world is a challenging and complex place to live. It Is also full of opportunities, exiting relationships and so much to see and explore. I am part of it. I call it "the mess." By this, I mean it is a good mess. No place and no one is perfect. Continuously working on things we want without ever giving up is empowering and a freeing feeling. I take care of myself by connecting my body and mind in sink. I look forward helping my clients to improve their lives in a positive way for long term.
(978) 487-6753 View (978) 487-6753
Photo of Celine De Santis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Salem, MA
Celine De Santis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Celine De Santis is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) who has been practicing in the field of mental health for over 30 years. Her clientele includes both children, teens, and adults who are suffering from the negative effects of chronic stress, anxiety disorders, depression, ADHD, PTSD, phobias, grief, bereavement, and more. Celine earned her Master's degree in Social Work from Simmons University. Her treatment focuses on individual, family, group, and play therapy approaches. She began her work as a mental health professional in addiction treatment.
Celine De Santis is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) who has been practicing in the field of mental health for over 30 years. Her clientele includes both children, teens, and adults who are suffering from the negative effects of chronic stress, anxiety disorders, depression, ADHD, PTSD, phobias, grief, bereavement, and more. Celine earned her Master's degree in Social Work from Simmons University. Her treatment focuses on individual, family, group, and play therapy approaches. She began her work as a mental health professional in addiction treatment.
(978) 733-2316 View (978) 733-2316
Photo of Gail Sullivan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Salem, MA
Gail Sullivan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
I believe that therapy provides a unique and supportive relationship that helps to foster a person's innate abilities for growth and healing, particularly when they are faced with stressful circumstances. By identifying life skills and coping strategies, a person can grow, heal or make the changes that they want in their lives. My approach to therapy is collaborative and engaging. I will work with you to understand and identify the best way that therapy can suit your needs. I have a person-centered approach with the utmost positive regard for the individuals who seek my help.
I believe that therapy provides a unique and supportive relationship that helps to foster a person's innate abilities for growth and healing, particularly when they are faced with stressful circumstances. By identifying life skills and coping strategies, a person can grow, heal or make the changes that they want in their lives. My approach to therapy is collaborative and engaging. I will work with you to understand and identify the best way that therapy can suit your needs. I have a person-centered approach with the utmost positive regard for the individuals who seek my help.
(978) 357-8726 View (978) 357-8726
Photo of Emily Kulkarni, Pre-Licensed Professional in Salem, MA
Emily Kulkarni
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, MS
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Whether you are struggling with sadness, anger, worry, or feeling alone and overwhelmed, reaching out for help is courageous. I create a nonjudgmental space that is warm, genuine, and collaborative to help you find relief and feel seen. Through compassion and a sense of humor, clients have shared that they feel they could authentically be themselves with me. Together, we will use various evidence-based techniques to help you explore, heal, and make changes in your life that are important to you. Therapy is a place where you will feel safe to learn helpful tools and find coping skills to make lasting changes.
Whether you are struggling with sadness, anger, worry, or feeling alone and overwhelmed, reaching out for help is courageous. I create a nonjudgmental space that is warm, genuine, and collaborative to help you find relief and feel seen. Through compassion and a sense of humor, clients have shared that they feel they could authentically be themselves with me. Together, we will use various evidence-based techniques to help you explore, heal, and make changes in your life that are important to you. Therapy is a place where you will feel safe to learn helpful tools and find coping skills to make lasting changes.
(978) 581-2056 View (978) 581-2056

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Salem, MA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Salem, MA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
86% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
72% Coping Skills
72% Self Esteem
65% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Optum
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Salem, MA see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
16% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Salem?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.