Therapists in Salem, MA

Photo of Matt Stella, LCSW, DiplPW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Matt Stella
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, DiplPW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salem, MA 01970
Waitlist for new clients
Hello and welcome. My name is Matt Stella, and my goal is to reconnect you to the wisdom and depth in your life that make all problems workable. In fact, the worst symptoms and problems that we wrestle with often hold the seed for growth and transformation. Working with adults, couples, and men's groups, my life’s work is to facilitate transformation out of all forms of suffering. Part of my work is to serve male survivors of sexual abuse or assault. (See MenHealing.org) When needed, I use EMDR to address and heal the effects of trauma, abuse and neglect for adults of all genders.
Hello and welcome. My name is Matt Stella, and my goal is to reconnect you to the wisdom and depth in your life that make all problems workable. In fact, the worst symptoms and problems that we wrestle with often hold the seed for growth and transformation. Working with adults, couples, and men's groups, my life’s work is to facilitate transformation out of all forms of suffering. Part of my work is to serve male survivors of sexual abuse or assault. (See MenHealing.org) When needed, I use EMDR to address and heal the effects of trauma, abuse and neglect for adults of all genders.
(617) 249-3054 View (617) 249-3054
Photo of Natalie Blue - The Artful Life Counseling Center and Studio, MA, LMHC, Counselor
The Artful Life Counseling Center and Studio
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Finding a therapist can be challenging especially if current circumstances leave you feeling overwhelmed or disheartened. If you are taking those first steps, we can support you to navigate life’s transitions, rediscover inner balance, and heal from an adverse past. Many clients can feel stuck and have a hard time imagining change. Let’s us help you imagine the possibility of change using counseling techniques that are more creative than traditional talk therapy.
Finding a therapist can be challenging especially if current circumstances leave you feeling overwhelmed or disheartened. If you are taking those first steps, we can support you to navigate life’s transitions, rediscover inner balance, and heal from an adverse past. Many clients can feel stuck and have a hard time imagining change. Let’s us help you imagine the possibility of change using counseling techniques that are more creative than traditional talk therapy.
(978) 354-7369 View (978) 354-7369
Photo of Carolanne Hale, MA, MS, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Carolanne Hale
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
May I begin by writing that I recognize your courage for seeking help. You or a family member must be struggling right now. If life looks bleak, please know that there can be hope. I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works with individuals, couples and families struggling with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, stressful life changes, trauma, acculturation challenges and illness. I honor a collaborative relationship with my clients and strive toward finding solutions that are authentic to you.
May I begin by writing that I recognize your courage for seeking help. You or a family member must be struggling right now. If life looks bleak, please know that there can be hope. I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works with individuals, couples and families struggling with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, stressful life changes, trauma, acculturation challenges and illness. I honor a collaborative relationship with my clients and strive toward finding solutions that are authentic to you.
(508) 503-6416 View (508) 503-6416
Photo of Shelley Holloway, MEd, LMHC
Shelley Holloway
Mental Health Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
I provide individual psychotherapy to adults (18+ years of age) dealing with a wide range of psychological issues. My approach is collaborative, non-judgmental, irreverent and adaptable to the clients individual needs and goals. While I provide individual therapy for a wide range of emotional, spiritual, and behavioral issues, much like other therapists and counselors - my specialization in trauma informed, spiritually integrative work with marginalized identities and spiritualities sets me apart.
I provide individual psychotherapy to adults (18+ years of age) dealing with a wide range of psychological issues. My approach is collaborative, non-judgmental, irreverent and adaptable to the clients individual needs and goals. While I provide individual therapy for a wide range of emotional, spiritual, and behavioral issues, much like other therapists and counselors - my specialization in trauma informed, spiritually integrative work with marginalized identities and spiritualities sets me apart.
(978) 288-1784 View (978) 288-1784
Photo of Stephanie Halloran, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stephanie Halloran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Currently my only availability is via telehealth on Thursdays, please advise. I specialize in meeting people where they are at by offering empathy, validation, and techniques that will help to elicit deeper meaning and connection to their emotions and thoughts while working towards whatever goals they may have. I specialize in helping clients with trauma (physical, mental, sexual, and medical) and those going through an adjustment period struggling with anxiety and depression.
Currently my only availability is via telehealth on Thursdays, please advise. I specialize in meeting people where they are at by offering empathy, validation, and techniques that will help to elicit deeper meaning and connection to their emotions and thoughts while working towards whatever goals they may have. I specialize in helping clients with trauma (physical, mental, sexual, and medical) and those going through an adjustment period struggling with anxiety and depression.
(978) 953-2174 View (978) 953-2174
Photo of Gail Sullivan, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gail Sullivan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
I believe that therapy provides a unique and supportive relationship that helps to foster a person's innate abilities for growth and healing, particularly when they are faced with stressful circumstances. By identifying life skills and coping strategies, a person can grow, heal or make the changes that they want in their lives. My approach to therapy is collaborative and engaging. I will work with you to understand and identify the best way that therapy can suit your needs. I have a person-centered approach with the utmost positive regard for the individuals who seek my help.
I believe that therapy provides a unique and supportive relationship that helps to foster a person's innate abilities for growth and healing, particularly when they are faced with stressful circumstances. By identifying life skills and coping strategies, a person can grow, heal or make the changes that they want in their lives. My approach to therapy is collaborative and engaging. I will work with you to understand and identify the best way that therapy can suit your needs. I have a person-centered approach with the utmost positive regard for the individuals who seek my help.
(978) 357-8726 View (978) 357-8726
Photo of Patrick M. Szafran, PsyD, Psychologist
Patrick M. Szafran
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Salem, MA 01970
Everyone deserves to experience joy & fulfillment in life & relationships, including you! At the foundation of my approach is a strong connection between two people that is based on mutual safety, trust, & genuine care. Within this relationship, I am my authentic self by bringing my warmth, dedication, & quirky personality that often puts folks at ease & enables them to more compassionately understand their true selves, strengths & imperfections in all. Through this process of self-exploration, people I work with learn to more honestly attend to & express their emotions, which leads to greater self-acceptance & consequently freedom from self-doubt & low self-esteem.
Everyone deserves to experience joy & fulfillment in life & relationships, including you! At the foundation of my approach is a strong connection between two people that is based on mutual safety, trust, & genuine care. Within this relationship, I am my authentic self by bringing my warmth, dedication, & quirky personality that often puts folks at ease & enables them to more compassionately understand their true selves, strengths & imperfections in all. Through this process of self-exploration, people I work with learn to more honestly attend to & express their emotions, which leads to greater self-acceptance & consequently freedom from self-doubt & low self-esteem.
(339) 210-1041 View (339) 210-1041
Photo of Mark A Pooler, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mark A Pooler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Thank you for taking the time today to review my profile. Beginning the process of psychotherapy can feel like a daunting one. Your ability to feel comfortable and at ease with a therapist can only help you to address difficult or painful parts of your life. My patients tell me that they often feel safe and "at home" when they are working with me. I enjoy working with folks who have been suffering from depression, trauma, loss, and substance abuse. Please feel free to call me to talk about scheduling an appointment.
Thank you for taking the time today to review my profile. Beginning the process of psychotherapy can feel like a daunting one. Your ability to feel comfortable and at ease with a therapist can only help you to address difficult or painful parts of your life. My patients tell me that they often feel safe and "at home" when they are working with me. I enjoy working with folks who have been suffering from depression, trauma, loss, and substance abuse. Please feel free to call me to talk about scheduling an appointment.
(617) 997-0159 View (617) 997-0159
Photo of Jen Hennecelli, LMHC, Counselor
Jen Hennecelli
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Not accepting new clients
I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with experience treating a wide range of populations. My work is person-centered and uses mindfulness-based therapies tailored to the needs and strengths of each individual. I believe for therapy to be successful, clients should feel included, understood, and valued. I welcome all identities and expressions of self, and strive to provide a safe, collaborative space where these identities can be further explored and developed. My goal is for clients to feel empowered to celebrate their authentic selves and live their lives to the fullest. I look forward to hearing your story.
I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with experience treating a wide range of populations. My work is person-centered and uses mindfulness-based therapies tailored to the needs and strengths of each individual. I believe for therapy to be successful, clients should feel included, understood, and valued. I welcome all identities and expressions of self, and strive to provide a safe, collaborative space where these identities can be further explored and developed. My goal is for clients to feel empowered to celebrate their authentic selves and live their lives to the fullest. I look forward to hearing your story.
(978) 563-5011 View (978) 563-5011
Photo of Angela L. Belleville, LMHC, LPCC, Counselor
Angela L. Belleville
Counselor, LMHC, LPCC
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
I specialize in trauma &PTSD in adults. I also offer supervision, training and consultation. PTSD is a hidden wound that can hijack the mind and body. People often express deep feelings of shame, guilt, fear, sadness, anger, intrusive thoughts, feeling on guard, feeling distant from the joys in life, struggling with esteem, relationships and trust, a sense of profound "stuckness" accompanied by a disbelief that things could change or get better. Some have tried therapy for years with minimal relief from PTSD. For others this is their first time addressing their trauma. A life without PTSD seems unreachable...but it's not.
I specialize in trauma &PTSD in adults. I also offer supervision, training and consultation. PTSD is a hidden wound that can hijack the mind and body. People often express deep feelings of shame, guilt, fear, sadness, anger, intrusive thoughts, feeling on guard, feeling distant from the joys in life, struggling with esteem, relationships and trust, a sense of profound "stuckness" accompanied by a disbelief that things could change or get better. Some have tried therapy for years with minimal relief from PTSD. For others this is their first time addressing their trauma. A life without PTSD seems unreachable...but it's not.
(978) 310-0628 View (978) 310-0628
Photo of Seyhmus Yuksekkaya, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Seyhmus Yuksekkaya
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
The world is a challenging and complex place to live. It Is also full of opportunities, exiting relationships and so much to see and explore. I am part of it. I call it "the mess." By this, I mean it is a good mess. No place and no one is perfect. Continuously working on things we want without ever giving up is empowering and a freeing feeling. I take care of myself by connecting my body and mind in sink. I look forward helping my clients to improve their lives in a positive way for long term.
The world is a challenging and complex place to live. It Is also full of opportunities, exiting relationships and so much to see and explore. I am part of it. I call it "the mess." By this, I mean it is a good mess. No place and no one is perfect. Continuously working on things we want without ever giving up is empowering and a freeing feeling. I take care of myself by connecting my body and mind in sink. I look forward helping my clients to improve their lives in a positive way for long term.
(978) 487-6753 View (978) 487-6753
Photo of Tiffani Simpson, Counselor
Tiffani Simpson
Counselor
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
I have been working with substance use disorders and mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression, since 2019. I take a collaborative approach by talking to you and ensuring that your goals and needs are heard and understood. I focus on ways to help improve your daily life by focusing on current stressors and providing goal setting for each week. By applying different skills and self-care practices into your daily routine, you will be able to see positive behavioral changes.
I have been working with substance use disorders and mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression, since 2019. I take a collaborative approach by talking to you and ensuring that your goals and needs are heard and understood. I focus on ways to help improve your daily life by focusing on current stressors and providing goal setting for each week. By applying different skills and self-care practices into your daily routine, you will be able to see positive behavioral changes.
(866) 738-3081 View (866) 738-3081
Photo of Rachael Duda Maitland, RYT , APP, LMHC, Counselor
Rachael Duda Maitland
Counselor, RYT , APP, LMHC
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Waitlist for new clients
My focus is to offer a supportive and welcoming space for you to explore your process of healing, and to step into the brilliance of and belonging with all that you are. I offer a compassionate, creative, collaborative, intuitive, trauma-informed, and skill-based approach to the work. My view of holistic is one that considers a systemic lens, as well as the use of integrative modalities that support a mind-body approach for embodied living. I work with individuals navigating life transitions, relationships, fertility, grief, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
My focus is to offer a supportive and welcoming space for you to explore your process of healing, and to step into the brilliance of and belonging with all that you are. I offer a compassionate, creative, collaborative, intuitive, trauma-informed, and skill-based approach to the work. My view of holistic is one that considers a systemic lens, as well as the use of integrative modalities that support a mind-body approach for embodied living. I work with individuals navigating life transitions, relationships, fertility, grief, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
(978) 306-2809 View (978) 306-2809
Photo of Shawntay Grasso, PsyD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Shawntay Grasso
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Dr. Grasso works with children (8+), adolescents, and adults struggling with: Depression, anxiety, relationship issues, emerging adulthood, trauma, lgbtqia+, identity issues, marginalization stress, and body-image concerns. Dr. Grasso utilizes both a person-centered and goal-directed approach to assist individuals in meeting their healing potential. She applies techniques from evidence-based treatment models and holistic approaches to support individuals in reducing symptoms and regaining a sense of control and mastery in their life.
Dr. Grasso works with children (8+), adolescents, and adults struggling with: Depression, anxiety, relationship issues, emerging adulthood, trauma, lgbtqia+, identity issues, marginalization stress, and body-image concerns. Dr. Grasso utilizes both a person-centered and goal-directed approach to assist individuals in meeting their healing potential. She applies techniques from evidence-based treatment models and holistic approaches to support individuals in reducing symptoms and regaining a sense of control and mastery in their life.
(978) 212-3367 View (978) 212-3367
Photo of Amy Carlson-Pallazola, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Amy Carlson-Pallazola
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! I offer a safe, supportive, non-judgmental environment to work through life challenges that can leave you feeling stuck and overwhelmed. I have over 15 years of experience in the field of outpatient mental health. I specialize in treating anxiety disorders, OCD, chronic illness/pain, life transitions, grief, stress management, parenting/caregiver stress and relationship issues.
Welcome! I offer a safe, supportive, non-judgmental environment to work through life challenges that can leave you feeling stuck and overwhelmed. I have over 15 years of experience in the field of outpatient mental health. I specialize in treating anxiety disorders, OCD, chronic illness/pain, life transitions, grief, stress management, parenting/caregiver stress and relationship issues.
(351) 300-8296 View (351) 300-8296
Photo of Cassi Amenta, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cassi Amenta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have eight years of experience working in the mental health field with varying populations and ages, largely working with individuals, children, and families who have experiences with trauma, anxiety, and depression. If you are looking for support with making sense of a trauma, coping with anxiety and daily stress, wanting to process life relationships, hoping to understand yourself better, or seeking support with overall mind and body well being, I am here to help.
I have eight years of experience working in the mental health field with varying populations and ages, largely working with individuals, children, and families who have experiences with trauma, anxiety, and depression. If you are looking for support with making sense of a trauma, coping with anxiety and daily stress, wanting to process life relationships, hoping to understand yourself better, or seeking support with overall mind and body well being, I am here to help.
(978) 595-0526 View (978) 595-0526
Photo of Rachel Yarid, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Yarid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
My framework of creating this space together aligns with anyone searching for a deeper connection to themselves, gaining more personal awareness and insights to the world around them, and taking on challenges of working through different levels of anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, relationships, and learning gentleness towards themselves.
My framework of creating this space together aligns with anyone searching for a deeper connection to themselves, gaining more personal awareness and insights to the world around them, and taking on challenges of working through different levels of anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, relationships, and learning gentleness towards themselves.
(978) 404-7825 View (978) 404-7825
Photo of Cynthia Griffin, LMHC, Counselor
Cynthia Griffin
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
Not accepting new clients
Cynthia Griffin is a licensed therapist with a private practice in Salem, MA. She has worked for many years with adults and children in educational and therapeutic settings. Cynthia works with the whole person: addressing mind, body and spirit. Through daily life, each person experiences stresses and strains; therapy can be a great resource when these daily life occurrences become more challenging, or when one is at a transition point due to a change, or a time of growth.
Cynthia Griffin is a licensed therapist with a private practice in Salem, MA. She has worked for many years with adults and children in educational and therapeutic settings. Cynthia works with the whole person: addressing mind, body and spirit. Through daily life, each person experiences stresses and strains; therapy can be a great resource when these daily life occurrences become more challenging, or when one is at a transition point due to a change, or a time of growth.
(978) 716-2947 View (978) 716-2947
Photo of Silvia Pomares, MA, Counselor
Silvia Pomares
Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970  (Online Only)
There are times in our lives when we feel sad, depressed, confused, anxious and despite our best efforts at giving ourselves rational advice, we still don't feel better. In therapy, we work towards building a different way of thinking about ourselves and our problems. Not only will we relieve the symptoms but also achieve personal growth, acceptance of ourselves and most importantly, a liberating feeling of being understood. Every individual is unique and will have different needs and desired outcomes for their therapeutic process. With that in mind, whatever each specific client is seeking will be respected and worked towards.
There are times in our lives when we feel sad, depressed, confused, anxious and despite our best efforts at giving ourselves rational advice, we still don't feel better. In therapy, we work towards building a different way of thinking about ourselves and our problems. Not only will we relieve the symptoms but also achieve personal growth, acceptance of ourselves and most importantly, a liberating feeling of being understood. Every individual is unique and will have different needs and desired outcomes for their therapeutic process. With that in mind, whatever each specific client is seeking will be respected and worked towards.
(617) 812-4965 View (617) 812-4965
Photo of Carolanne Hale, MA, MS, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Carolanne Hale
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Salem, MA 01970
May I begin by writing that I recognize your courage for seeking help. You or a family member must be struggling right now. If life looks bleak, please know that there can be hope. I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in both California and Massachusetts who works with individuals, couples and families struggling with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, stressful life changes, trauma, acculturation challenges and illness. I honor a collaborative relationship with my clients and strive toward finding solutions that are authentic to you. You have a story and I listen, building on the strengths you already possess.
May I begin by writing that I recognize your courage for seeking help. You or a family member must be struggling right now. If life looks bleak, please know that there can be hope. I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in both California and Massachusetts who works with individuals, couples and families struggling with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, stressful life changes, trauma, acculturation challenges and illness. I honor a collaborative relationship with my clients and strive toward finding solutions that are authentic to you. You have a story and I listen, building on the strengths you already possess.
(925) 948-8067 View (925) 948-8067
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Salem, MA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Salem, MA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
68% Self Esteem
66% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
56% Optum

How Therapists in Salem, MA see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
17% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Salem?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.