Therapists in Boston, MA

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Photo of Tiffany Cooper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Tiffany Cooper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Tiffany is a mother, spouse, daughter, and friend who is dedicated to the healing of the Black community. Born and raised in Dorchester, Massachusetts, Tiffany has a thorough understanding of how unhealed trauma can negatively impact a person’s life.
Tiffany is a mother, spouse, daughter, and friend who is dedicated to the healing of the Black community. Born and raised in Dorchester, Massachusetts, Tiffany has a thorough understanding of how unhealed trauma can negatively impact a person’s life.
(617) 996-7231 View (617) 996-7231
Photo of Chuncie Rena Willis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Chuncie Rena Willis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116
Welcoming NEW patients for individual psychotherapy! Please call 617-600-4249 for appointments. As a therapist, I have made it a priority to create a therapeutic environment where patients feel like they are part of a collaborative effort during their treatment. I specialize in working with children, adolescents and young adults. I utilize DBT, CBT, Solution Focused Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing. I have experience working with a wide range of mental health challenges, including substance use, and addictions. I believe in meeting people where they are in order to guide them towards self-awareness.
Welcoming NEW patients for individual psychotherapy! Please call 617-600-4249 for appointments. As a therapist, I have made it a priority to create a therapeutic environment where patients feel like they are part of a collaborative effort during their treatment. I specialize in working with children, adolescents and young adults. I utilize DBT, CBT, Solution Focused Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing. I have experience working with a wide range of mental health challenges, including substance use, and addictions. I believe in meeting people where they are in order to guide them towards self-awareness.
(351) 247-7379 View (351) 247-7379
Photo of Alexa Pellenberg, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Alexa Pellenberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting new clients! I strive to create a compassionate, curious space where you can explore both your inner world and the patterns shaping your life. I am passionate about helping people find balance and cultivate harmony, nurturing habits that support emotional and physical well-being. When life feels uncertain, overwhelming, or full of change, we’ll work together to make sense of your experiences and discover meaningful ways to move forward with clarity and courage.
Accepting new clients! I strive to create a compassionate, curious space where you can explore both your inner world and the patterns shaping your life. I am passionate about helping people find balance and cultivate harmony, nurturing habits that support emotional and physical well-being. When life feels uncertain, overwhelming, or full of change, we’ll work together to make sense of your experiences and discover meaningful ways to move forward with clarity and courage.
(857) 382-6524 View (857) 382-6524
Photo of Lily Dolyak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW
Lily Dolyak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Stressed, anxious, or just plain tired of adulting? You don't have to do it alone. Hi y'all! I'm Lily, and I am a Clinical Social Worker licensed in both Massachusetts and Colorado. Starting therapy can be a scary endeavor! I enjoy the opportunity to connect with new clients that are either starting or continuing their therapeutic journey so that I can support them in making progress towards their goals. I have a wide range of experience, from supporting those with substance use disorder, trauma, anxiety and life transitions. I like to facilitate a space that is compassionate, empowering, & also fun, so you always enjoy your time.
Stressed, anxious, or just plain tired of adulting? You don't have to do it alone. Hi y'all! I'm Lily, and I am a Clinical Social Worker licensed in both Massachusetts and Colorado. Starting therapy can be a scary endeavor! I enjoy the opportunity to connect with new clients that are either starting or continuing their therapeutic journey so that I can support them in making progress towards their goals. I have a wide range of experience, from supporting those with substance use disorder, trauma, anxiety and life transitions. I like to facilitate a space that is compassionate, empowering, & also fun, so you always enjoy your time.
(617) 812-2864 View (617) 812-2864
Photo of Kyle A Faust, Psychologist, PhD, MA
Kyle A Faust
Psychologist, PhD, MA
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi there! I’m a psychologist and director at MGH and instructor at Harvard Medical School. I have expertise in a wide variety of treatment approaches, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prolonged Exposure, Cognitive Processing Therapy, the Unified Protocol, Motivational Interviewing, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Exposure and Response Prevention, and existential approaches. These evidence based approaches can be used to provide top quality care for you. Further, I’ve worked in a wide variety of treatment settings and have provided services for clients of many different backgrounds, ages, and diagnoses/various life difficulties.
Hi there! I’m a psychologist and director at MGH and instructor at Harvard Medical School. I have expertise in a wide variety of treatment approaches, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prolonged Exposure, Cognitive Processing Therapy, the Unified Protocol, Motivational Interviewing, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Exposure and Response Prevention, and existential approaches. These evidence based approaches can be used to provide top quality care for you. Further, I’ve worked in a wide variety of treatment settings and have provided services for clients of many different backgrounds, ages, and diagnoses/various life difficulties.
(617) 915-3049 View (617) 915-3049
Photo of Timothy Jangl, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Timothy Jangl
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal client is seeking personalized, compassionate therapy. As a LICSW, I believe in tailoring my approach to meet you where you are. No one-size-fits-all here; it's about understanding your unique needs and pace. Together, we'll explore Solution Focused Therapy, Client Centered Therapy, CBT, REBT, and Motivational Interviewing, ensuring the best fit for your growth. I am deeply invested in helping you unlock your infinite potential, heal, and transform. Let's design your optimal future together—it's never too late to become who you've always wanted to be!
My ideal client is seeking personalized, compassionate therapy. As a LICSW, I believe in tailoring my approach to meet you where you are. No one-size-fits-all here; it's about understanding your unique needs and pace. Together, we'll explore Solution Focused Therapy, Client Centered Therapy, CBT, REBT, and Motivational Interviewing, ensuring the best fit for your growth. I am deeply invested in helping you unlock your infinite potential, heal, and transform. Let's design your optimal future together—it's never too late to become who you've always wanted to be!
(413) 798-8684 View (413) 798-8684
Photo of Chloë Walker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Chloë Walker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
Hello! I am a psychotherapist who works with adults, young professionals, and college/graduate students. I have experience helping people with a variety of issues including family and relationship concerns, anxiety, depression, life transitions, and trauma, including experiences of violence or abuse. No matter what you are dealing with, we will co-create a trusting relationship so that you feel comfortable enough to explore the topics that bring you to therapy.
Hello! I am a psychotherapist who works with adults, young professionals, and college/graduate students. I have experience helping people with a variety of issues including family and relationship concerns, anxiety, depression, life transitions, and trauma, including experiences of violence or abuse. No matter what you are dealing with, we will co-create a trusting relationship so that you feel comfortable enough to explore the topics that bring you to therapy.
(857) 410-6616 View (857) 410-6616
Photo of Shakesha Coleman - Mind Over Matter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd , LICSW
Mind Over Matter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd , LICSW
Online Only
Hi! I'm honored to be in the business of helping people maximize their potential. We do not recall asking to be born, yet we are often required to navigate families, communities, school systems and other establishments that we would not choose for ourselves. Let's work together to devise a plan for your life that brings peace, joy and self-mastery.
Hi! I'm honored to be in the business of helping people maximize their potential. We do not recall asking to be born, yet we are often required to navigate families, communities, school systems and other establishments that we would not choose for ourselves. Let's work together to devise a plan for your life that brings peace, joy and self-mastery.
(857) 412-8746 View (857) 412-8746
Photo of Benjamin L. Thompson, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, LADC-1
Benjamin L. Thompson
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, LADC-1
Online Only
I have experience working with and treating all types of addiction, including both substance and behavioral addictions. I also have considerable experience with and understanding of mental illnesses, including especially depressive, anxiety, and bipolar disorders. I tend to have the most success treating those for whom other approaches have not been effective. My approach is best fitted for those who feel utterly broken and desperate for change. I also offer clinical supervision to LADC therapists.
I have experience working with and treating all types of addiction, including both substance and behavioral addictions. I also have considerable experience with and understanding of mental illnesses, including especially depressive, anxiety, and bipolar disorders. I tend to have the most success treating those for whom other approaches have not been effective. My approach is best fitted for those who feel utterly broken and desperate for change. I also offer clinical supervision to LADC therapists.
(781) 253-8848 View (781) 253-8848
Photo of Amanda Tirado Concepcion, Psychologist, LP
Amanda Tirado Concepcion
Psychologist, LP
Online Only
I am a bilingual Licensed Psychologist in Massachusetts and Puerto Rico, specializing in evidence-based assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship challenges. Committed to providing compassionate and culturally sensitive care, I support diverse populations in navigating their mental health journeys with confidence and clarity. My goal is to create a safe, supportive space where clients feel understood and empowered to make meaningful changes in their lives.
I am a bilingual Licensed Psychologist in Massachusetts and Puerto Rico, specializing in evidence-based assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship challenges. Committed to providing compassionate and culturally sensitive care, I support diverse populations in navigating their mental health journeys with confidence and clarity. My goal is to create a safe, supportive space where clients feel understood and empowered to make meaningful changes in their lives.
(857) 855-5882 View (857) 855-5882
Photo of Allie Renzi, Counselor, MA, LMHC, CMPC
Allie Renzi
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CMPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you looking to improve performance and fulfillment in your life through improved management of daily stressors, anxiety, sports, career, school, health habits or other life transitions? I am a sport and performance psychotherapist that is passionate about working with individuals who are looking to overcome mental blocks and maladaptive patterns to realize their full potential in sport, career, school, and every facet of life. I take a human centered approach and create a genuine relationship in which we can explore strengths and areas of improvement, non-judgmentally. All sessions are uniquely curated to meet your needs.
Are you looking to improve performance and fulfillment in your life through improved management of daily stressors, anxiety, sports, career, school, health habits or other life transitions? I am a sport and performance psychotherapist that is passionate about working with individuals who are looking to overcome mental blocks and maladaptive patterns to realize their full potential in sport, career, school, and every facet of life. I take a human centered approach and create a genuine relationship in which we can explore strengths and areas of improvement, non-judgmentally. All sessions are uniquely curated to meet your needs.
(339) 233-4247 View (339) 233-4247
Photo of Rebecca Witte, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Rebecca Witte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
NOT accepting new clients at this time. I have worked with children, adolescents, and young adults in various settings for the past 22 years. I have extensive experience providing family therapy and parent coaching, as well as, individual therapy for adults managing life transitions, stress, and who are seeking mental health support. I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, ADHD, trauma, ASD, social skill deficits, behavior control difficulties, and grief and loss. Helping individuals to strengthen their self-esteem, improve their insight, and create a stronger and more valued sense of self is a passion of mine.
NOT accepting new clients at this time. I have worked with children, adolescents, and young adults in various settings for the past 22 years. I have extensive experience providing family therapy and parent coaching, as well as, individual therapy for adults managing life transitions, stress, and who are seeking mental health support. I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, ADHD, trauma, ASD, social skill deficits, behavior control difficulties, and grief and loss. Helping individuals to strengthen their self-esteem, improve their insight, and create a stronger and more valued sense of self is a passion of mine.
(720) 463-1327 View (720) 463-1327
Photo of Shannon F. Herald, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Shannon F. Herald
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116
There are times in our lives when we end up feeling sad, angry, anxious, or lost. Sometimes, we find ourselves in unwanted patterns that lead to self-doubt, damaged relationships, failure to reach our potential and an inability to see our worth. Therapy can help people recognize these patterns and learn new ways to cope.
There are times in our lives when we end up feeling sad, angry, anxious, or lost. Sometimes, we find ourselves in unwanted patterns that lead to self-doubt, damaged relationships, failure to reach our potential and an inability to see our worth. Therapy can help people recognize these patterns and learn new ways to cope.
(857) 370-6896 View (857) 370-6896
Photo of Stephanie Oliva, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Stephanie Oliva
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
My name is Stephanie Oliva and I am an Independently Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) based in Boston, Massachusetts and working with clients statewide via telehealth. My approach to therapy is deeply rooted in compassion, empathy, and collaboration. I prioritize creating a safe and non-judgmental space where individuals feel heard, understood, and supported. I believe in the importance of building a strong therapeutic alliance and tailoring my interventions to meet the unique needs and goals of each individual, couple, or family.
My name is Stephanie Oliva and I am an Independently Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) based in Boston, Massachusetts and working with clients statewide via telehealth. My approach to therapy is deeply rooted in compassion, empathy, and collaboration. I prioritize creating a safe and non-judgmental space where individuals feel heard, understood, and supported. I believe in the importance of building a strong therapeutic alliance and tailoring my interventions to meet the unique needs and goals of each individual, couple, or family.
(413) 288-6203 View (413) 288-6203
Photo of John Cote, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
John Cote
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
In a perfect world, you wouldn't need to be looking for a therapist - but here we are. I'm a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) and I've been working in the mental health field for ten years. I graduated from Simmons College in 2017 and am currently licensed in Massachusetts and Vermont. I help people of all ages and identities make the changes they need in their lives to be happier.
In a perfect world, you wouldn't need to be looking for a therapist - but here we are. I'm a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) and I've been working in the mental health field for ten years. I graduated from Simmons College in 2017 and am currently licensed in Massachusetts and Vermont. I help people of all ages and identities make the changes they need in their lives to be happier.
(508) 812-9432 View (508) 812-9432
Photo of Richard Wai-Por Cheng, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Richard Wai-Por Cheng
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Boston, MA 02110
Welcome! It takes courage, leaderships and hopes to change. Recovering from ups and downs in a competitive and changing world needs positive understanding of all aspects-information, perseverance, resolve, skills, strategies, resources and balance moving forward. I am committed to meeting where you are, working together to develop new personal life assets for wellness and health, and face challenges or recovering from personal, cultural and institutional challenges. My guest deserves the full ownership, respect and dignity for the success as s/he dreams it. I will be honored to work with you.
Welcome! It takes courage, leaderships and hopes to change. Recovering from ups and downs in a competitive and changing world needs positive understanding of all aspects-information, perseverance, resolve, skills, strategies, resources and balance moving forward. I am committed to meeting where you are, working together to develop new personal life assets for wellness and health, and face challenges or recovering from personal, cultural and institutional challenges. My guest deserves the full ownership, respect and dignity for the success as s/he dreams it. I will be honored to work with you.
(978) 965-8999 View (978) 965-8999
Photo of Raphael Apter, Counselor, LMHC
Raphael Apter
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
How do we remain hopeful with so much uncertainty, inequality, and suffering in the world? How do we take care of ourselves while also supporting others? How do we practice compassion? How do we accept those parts of ourselves (and of others) that are so often judged by our society? These are some of the kinds of questions I often pose to clients as we explore how our individually-lived experiences, coupled with larger historic and systemic trends, often influence the ways we understand and feel about our lives. My work with clients is rooted in a greater commitment to social justice issues.
How do we remain hopeful with so much uncertainty, inequality, and suffering in the world? How do we take care of ourselves while also supporting others? How do we practice compassion? How do we accept those parts of ourselves (and of others) that are so often judged by our society? These are some of the kinds of questions I often pose to clients as we explore how our individually-lived experiences, coupled with larger historic and systemic trends, often influence the ways we understand and feel about our lives. My work with clients is rooted in a greater commitment to social justice issues.
(857) 382-4515 View (857) 382-4515
Photo of Kyle Medeiros, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC I
Kyle Medeiros
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC I
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal client is a person who feels they need someone to hear their problems and truly seek to understand without immediately offering advice. Most people know what they need to do, they just need someone to help structure their thinking and actions. Remember, recovery from addiction is not linear. I offer the support of a person with nine years clean from drug addiction, 7 years of clinical experience, relatable, down to earth, easy going, nonjudgmental and safe. My job is to tell you the truth and stand by your side as we navigate the truth together.
My ideal client is a person who feels they need someone to hear their problems and truly seek to understand without immediately offering advice. Most people know what they need to do, they just need someone to help structure their thinking and actions. Remember, recovery from addiction is not linear. I offer the support of a person with nine years clean from drug addiction, 7 years of clinical experience, relatable, down to earth, easy going, nonjudgmental and safe. My job is to tell you the truth and stand by your side as we navigate the truth together.
(857) 226-4515 View (857) 226-4515
Photo of Xuemeng Charlotte Wu, Counselor, LMHC
Xuemeng Charlotte Wu
Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02109
As a college student, are you feeling overwhelmed by the pressures of academics, relationships, or adjusting to life in a university? Do you find yourself struggling with stress, low self-esteem, or feelings of loneliness as you try to balance the expectations of school, family, and personal growth? Maybe you’re an international student navigating the challenges of cultural adjustment, homesickness, or finding your place in a new environment. Do you wish you had someone to truly listen, understand, and guide you through these struggles? Whatever your story, you don’t have to face it alone.
As a college student, are you feeling overwhelmed by the pressures of academics, relationships, or adjusting to life in a university? Do you find yourself struggling with stress, low self-esteem, or feelings of loneliness as you try to balance the expectations of school, family, and personal growth? Maybe you’re an international student navigating the challenges of cultural adjustment, homesickness, or finding your place in a new environment. Do you wish you had someone to truly listen, understand, and guide you through these struggles? Whatever your story, you don’t have to face it alone.
(857) 576-8937 View (857) 576-8937
Photo of Jamie Sullivan, Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
Jamie Sullivan
Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you are looking for a warm, welcoming place to discuss any issue or problem you've been dealing with without any judgment, then I might be a great fit for you! Along with a Masters degree in Clinical Psychology, I am licensed as a mental health counselor in Massachusetts and have been in the field since 2011. I have a very friendly, laid-back personality and am always eager to help and use a lot of humor in my general approach; however, I am also very comfortable working through serious and difficult subjects in a calm, supportive way. I'm a very happy, positive person who can find a silver lining in almost any situation.
If you are looking for a warm, welcoming place to discuss any issue or problem you've been dealing with without any judgment, then I might be a great fit for you! Along with a Masters degree in Clinical Psychology, I am licensed as a mental health counselor in Massachusetts and have been in the field since 2011. I have a very friendly, laid-back personality and am always eager to help and use a lot of humor in my general approach; however, I am also very comfortable working through serious and difficult subjects in a calm, supportive way. I'm a very happy, positive person who can find a silver lining in almost any situation.
(617) 648-9583 View (617) 648-9583

See more therapy options for Boston

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Boston, MA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Boston, MA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% Aetna
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Boston, MA see their clients

66% Online Only
34% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Boston?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.