Psychiatrists in Boston, MA

Photo of Erika Garcia, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Erika Garcia
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am deeply passionate about working with teens and adults of all ages who feel overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, or depression and are facing various mental health challenges. I am dedicated to helping those who are motivated to improve their situation. I am a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) based in Massachusetts, I have been practicing for six years. I earned my master's degree in adult gerontology and later obtained a post-master's degree in mental health.
I am deeply passionate about working with teens and adults of all ages who feel overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, or depression and are facing various mental health challenges. I am dedicated to helping those who are motivated to improve their situation. I am a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) based in Massachusetts, I have been practicing for six years. I earned my master's degree in adult gerontology and later obtained a post-master's degree in mental health.
(508) 709-7894 View (508) 709-7894
Photo of Clara Kim, MD, Psychiatrist
Clara Kim
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Online Only
Dr. Clara Kim is a board-certified psychiatrist trained in Adult Psychiatry. She received her medical degree from Yale University and completed her residency training at Cambridge Health Alliance – Harvard Medical School. Dr. Kim treats each patient with a holistic, evidence-based approach that incorporates psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic best practices. Her priority is to build a safe and trusting working relationship with each patient. Occasionally, Dr. Kim may recommend that you add a psychotherapist or other provider to your care team as well.
Dr. Clara Kim is a board-certified psychiatrist trained in Adult Psychiatry. She received her medical degree from Yale University and completed her residency training at Cambridge Health Alliance – Harvard Medical School. Dr. Kim treats each patient with a holistic, evidence-based approach that incorporates psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic best practices. Her priority is to build a safe and trusting working relationship with each patient. Occasionally, Dr. Kim may recommend that you add a psychotherapist or other provider to your care team as well.
(617) 890-6298 View (617) 890-6298
Photo of Yixi Dong, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Yixi Dong
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
As a college student, you may suddenly have to master every aspect of your life with little guidance in college. Have you wondered why you hold such high expectations for yourself? Why do you constantly worry about how others see you? Why do you prioritize others’ feelings over yours? How can you focus on classes and complete assignments on time? You may feel lost and confused. This can lead to sadness, fatigue, loss of interest in activities, or constant anxiety about things that don’t seem to bother others. You may feel like you’ve lost control of your emotions.
As a college student, you may suddenly have to master every aspect of your life with little guidance in college. Have you wondered why you hold such high expectations for yourself? Why do you constantly worry about how others see you? Why do you prioritize others’ feelings over yours? How can you focus on classes and complete assignments on time? You may feel lost and confused. This can lead to sadness, fatigue, loss of interest in activities, or constant anxiety about things that don’t seem to bother others. You may feel like you’ve lost control of your emotions.
(857) 688-3649 View (857) 688-3649
Photo of Sue Williams, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Sue Williams
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi I am an Advanced Practice Nurse who has varied experience with all mental health issues such as mood disorders, trauma issues, addiction issues, anxiety, ADHD and more. I have been practicing in this role for 24 years of assessing, diagnosing, and medicating patients to improve quality of life. I enjoy treating patients of all ages to help them function at their highest level and enjoy life to its fullest.
Hi I am an Advanced Practice Nurse who has varied experience with all mental health issues such as mood disorders, trauma issues, addiction issues, anxiety, ADHD and more. I have been practicing in this role for 24 years of assessing, diagnosing, and medicating patients to improve quality of life. I enjoy treating patients of all ages to help them function at their highest level and enjoy life to its fullest.
(617) 207-8652 View (617) 207-8652
Photo of Edwin Raffi, MD, MPH, Psychiatrist
Edwin Raffi
Psychiatrist, MD, MPH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Dr. Edwin Raffi is a board-certified psychiatrist with over a decade of experience. Dr. Raffi provides care for all adults and for all ailments including, but not limited to mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorder), anxiety, OCD, ADD, PTSD, schizophrenia or other disorders with psychosis, substance use disorders, tic disorders, etc. In addition to general adult psychiatry, Dr. Raffi is recognized as a leading psychiatrist subspecialized in Women’s Mental Health, including issues related to menstrual cycle related mood and anxiety disorders (PMS, PMDD), pregnancy and postpartum, menopause related mood and anxiety disorders.
Dr. Edwin Raffi is a board-certified psychiatrist with over a decade of experience. Dr. Raffi provides care for all adults and for all ailments including, but not limited to mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorder), anxiety, OCD, ADD, PTSD, schizophrenia or other disorders with psychosis, substance use disorders, tic disorders, etc. In addition to general adult psychiatry, Dr. Raffi is recognized as a leading psychiatrist subspecialized in Women’s Mental Health, including issues related to menstrual cycle related mood and anxiety disorders (PMS, PMDD), pregnancy and postpartum, menopause related mood and anxiety disorders.
(781) 730-7776 View (781) 730-7776
Photo of Angela Wandungu, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Angela Wandungu
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
Angela is a dedicated and empathetic Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner (NP) with extensive experience in providing comprehensive mental health care. Her career has been focused on supporting individuals facing various challenges, including anxiety disorders, depression, substance use, ADHD, and sleep disorders, and navigating life experiences such as dating, career development, and relationships. With a deep understanding of the complexities of mental health.
Angela is a dedicated and empathetic Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner (NP) with extensive experience in providing comprehensive mental health care. Her career has been focused on supporting individuals facing various challenges, including anxiety disorders, depression, substance use, ADHD, and sleep disorders, and navigating life experiences such as dating, career development, and relationships. With a deep understanding of the complexities of mental health.
(347) 934-8778 View (347) 934-8778
Photo of Carlos Covarrubias, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Carlos Covarrubias
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02130
I'm a psychiatric nurse practitioner at Three Trees Mental Health in Boston, offering online psychotherapy to clients throughout Massachusetts, in-person therapy and medication management in Jamaica Plain, and online classes and workshops.
I'm a psychiatric nurse practitioner at Three Trees Mental Health in Boston, offering online psychotherapy to clients throughout Massachusetts, in-person therapy and medication management in Jamaica Plain, and online classes and workshops.
(857) 475-7631 View (857) 475-7631
Photo of Paul E Lynch, MD, Psychiatrist
Paul E Lynch
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
I work in a variety of ways in talk therapy to help you get what you want out of therapy. Most often that involves getting relief from painful emotional symptoms, improving personal relationships, becoming more productive in work, and being freed to take more pleasure from life. Therapy can also help you to gain greater control over your life, or change lifelong ways of coping that just aren't working as well as you'd like.
I work in a variety of ways in talk therapy to help you get what you want out of therapy. Most often that involves getting relief from painful emotional symptoms, improving personal relationships, becoming more productive in work, and being freed to take more pleasure from life. Therapy can also help you to gain greater control over your life, or change lifelong ways of coping that just aren't working as well as you'd like.
(617) 446-3003 View (617) 446-3003
Photo of Kari Spaeth, PMHNP, LICSW, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Kari Spaeth
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner with over 25 years of experience in the mental health field. I am passionate about listening and developing treatment goals that meet your individual needs for mind, body and spirit health from the comfort of your own home.
I am a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner with over 25 years of experience in the mental health field. I am passionate about listening and developing treatment goals that meet your individual needs for mind, body and spirit health from the comfort of your own home.
(857) 832-5268 View (857) 832-5268
Photo of Ethan Slabaugh - Wolverine Healthcare, DNP, FNP-BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Wolverine Healthcare
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, FNP-BC
Verified Verified
Online Only
If you're struggling with ADHD and looking for a more effective way to manage your symptoms, I’m here to help. Whether it's difficulty focusing, managing time, or regulating emotions, I can work with you to create a personalized treatment plan that fits your unique needs. Together, we’ll focus on practical strategies to improve organization, reduce frustration, and help you reach your goals. If you’re ready to better understand your ADHD and build a life where you can truly thrive, let’s work together to make it happen.
If you're struggling with ADHD and looking for a more effective way to manage your symptoms, I’m here to help. Whether it's difficulty focusing, managing time, or regulating emotions, I can work with you to create a personalized treatment plan that fits your unique needs. Together, we’ll focus on practical strategies to improve organization, reduce frustration, and help you reach your goals. If you’re ready to better understand your ADHD and build a life where you can truly thrive, let’s work together to make it happen.
(857) 887-1582 View (857) 887-1582
Photo of Melanie Kelley, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Melanie Kelley
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Online Only
My name is Melanie Kelley, and I am an ANCC board-certified Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner passionate about delivering innovative mental health care, including psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. I combine both medication management and psychotherapy modalities to treat children, adolescents, and adults to achieve sustainable and safe outcomes. As many of us know, treatment takes a collaborative and multimodal approach that is unique and individualized based on the patient's desired goals and outcomes.
My name is Melanie Kelley, and I am an ANCC board-certified Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner passionate about delivering innovative mental health care, including psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. I combine both medication management and psychotherapy modalities to treat children, adolescents, and adults to achieve sustainable and safe outcomes. As many of us know, treatment takes a collaborative and multimodal approach that is unique and individualized based on the patient's desired goals and outcomes.
(617) 397-5273 View (617) 397-5273
Photo of Joe Gallego, MD, Psychiatrist
Joe Gallego
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
Making the decision to pursue psychiatric treatment requires courage and motivation. As your psychiatrist, I honor your willingness to be vulnerable with me by being transparent with you throughout our work together. My clinical approach balances directness with empathy, shared expectation with flexibility, and professionalism with humor and warmth. I provide psychiatric evaluations, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and medication management to adolescents and adults. I am passionate about caring for LGBTQIA+ people, and I have been researching and teaching about queer issues in health care for the past ten years.
Making the decision to pursue psychiatric treatment requires courage and motivation. As your psychiatrist, I honor your willingness to be vulnerable with me by being transparent with you throughout our work together. My clinical approach balances directness with empathy, shared expectation with flexibility, and professionalism with humor and warmth. I provide psychiatric evaluations, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and medication management to adolescents and adults. I am passionate about caring for LGBTQIA+ people, and I have been researching and teaching about queer issues in health care for the past ten years.
(508) 374-9271 View (508) 374-9271
Photo of Scott Arno, PA, Physician Assistant
Scott Arno
Physician Assistant, PA
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02129
Scott Arno, PA, is an accomplished physician assistant with over 8 years of experience and a strong commitment to enhancing mental health care for his patients. Graduating from Clarkson University, Scott's primary goal is to deepen his understanding of mental illness, ensuring that every individual receives optimized care to improve their overall quality of life. Scott's career journey reflects his dedication to providing comprehensive healthcare:
Scott Arno, PA, is an accomplished physician assistant with over 8 years of experience and a strong commitment to enhancing mental health care for his patients. Graduating from Clarkson University, Scott's primary goal is to deepen his understanding of mental illness, ensuring that every individual receives optimized care to improve their overall quality of life. Scott's career journey reflects his dedication to providing comprehensive healthcare:
(617) 958-6048 View (617) 958-6048
Photo of Derek Terrell, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Derek Terrell
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi, I’m Derek Terrell, PMHNP-BC and a graduate of Regis College. I specialize in diagnosing and treating mental health conditions affecting individuals of all ages. In particular, I normally treat clients on an outpatient basis to address all sorts of conditions involving stress and anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, PTSD, and ADHD. Typically, I often work with patients who have suffered from trauma or normally struggle with adjusting to everyday social situations. If you feel frustrated with your previous treatment, and would like a second opinion from a trained expert in the field of psychiatry, then look no further!
Hi, I’m Derek Terrell, PMHNP-BC and a graduate of Regis College. I specialize in diagnosing and treating mental health conditions affecting individuals of all ages. In particular, I normally treat clients on an outpatient basis to address all sorts of conditions involving stress and anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, PTSD, and ADHD. Typically, I often work with patients who have suffered from trauma or normally struggle with adjusting to everyday social situations. If you feel frustrated with your previous treatment, and would like a second opinion from a trained expert in the field of psychiatry, then look no further!
(857) 384-5082 View (857) 384-5082
Photo of Dr. H. Ho, MD, MPH, DABPN, DABOM, DABPM, Psychiatrist
Dr. H. Ho
Psychiatrist, MD, MPH, DABPN, DABOM, DABPM
Not Verified Not Verified
Boston, MA 02115
I am a Johns-Hopkins trained, award-winning Harvard psychiatrist, affiliated with McLean and Mass General Brigham, quadruple board certified in Addiction Medicine, Obesity Medicine, Adult Psychiatry, and Child Psychiatry. Do you feel no one understands your unspeakable sorrow, helplessness, insecurity, or regret? You don't have to endure alone. I have helped a diverse group: abuse survivors, addiction recoverees, children with anxiety, elders with dementia, missionaries, LGBTQ individuals, physicians, attorneys, administrators, etc. I advocate for using the least amount of medications and non-medication approach whenever possible.
I am a Johns-Hopkins trained, award-winning Harvard psychiatrist, affiliated with McLean and Mass General Brigham, quadruple board certified in Addiction Medicine, Obesity Medicine, Adult Psychiatry, and Child Psychiatry. Do you feel no one understands your unspeakable sorrow, helplessness, insecurity, or regret? You don't have to endure alone. I have helped a diverse group: abuse survivors, addiction recoverees, children with anxiety, elders with dementia, missionaries, LGBTQ individuals, physicians, attorneys, administrators, etc. I advocate for using the least amount of medications and non-medication approach whenever possible.
(781) 786-7351 View (781) 786-7351
Photo of Angela Fontenot - Brightside Health, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Brightside Health
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Online Only
It gets much better from here. No matter what you're going through, our expert providers are here to help with online mental health care tailored to you. Brightside Health offers personalized psychiatry, proven therapy, or both to help you feel better. Get started right from home, with appointments in as little as 2 days.
It gets much better from here. No matter what you're going through, our expert providers are here to help with online mental health care tailored to you. Brightside Health offers personalized psychiatry, proven therapy, or both to help you feel better. Get started right from home, with appointments in as little as 2 days.
(857) 598-7498 View (857) 598-7498
Photo of Paolo Cassano, MD, PhD, Psychiatrist
Paolo Cassano
Psychiatrist, MD, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02114
With nearly three decades of experience in psychiatry, focusing on neuropsychiatric conditions that affect mood and cognition, my goal is to deliver new, effective therapies to those struggling with depression, anxiety, post-COVID syndromes, cognitive impairments, and more. With my extensive background in neuropsychopharmacology (and affiliations with Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School as Director of Photobiomodulation and Associate Professor respectively), I always start with the most scientifically proven treatments. I ensure that my approach aligns with the latest, evidence-based standards.
With nearly three decades of experience in psychiatry, focusing on neuropsychiatric conditions that affect mood and cognition, my goal is to deliver new, effective therapies to those struggling with depression, anxiety, post-COVID syndromes, cognitive impairments, and more. With my extensive background in neuropsychopharmacology (and affiliations with Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School as Director of Photobiomodulation and Associate Professor respectively), I always start with the most scientifically proven treatments. I ensure that my approach aligns with the latest, evidence-based standards.
(857) 524-3008 View (857) 524-3008
Photo of Michelle McCarthy, APN, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Michelle McCarthy
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APN, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
Michelle is passionate about delivering care to individuals suffering from anxiety, substance use, and depression. Client motivation and dedication are key to utilizing the tools provided during our sessions including medication management, implementing lifestyle interventions, and therapy to help develop and implement a successful treatment plan. Relief of the client's suffering in dealing with their mental health issues and striving for an improvement in their quality of life is key to treatment.
Michelle is passionate about delivering care to individuals suffering from anxiety, substance use, and depression. Client motivation and dedication are key to utilizing the tools provided during our sessions including medication management, implementing lifestyle interventions, and therapy to help develop and implement a successful treatment plan. Relief of the client's suffering in dealing with their mental health issues and striving for an improvement in their quality of life is key to treatment.
(617) 882-7176 View (617) 882-7176
Photo of Dr. Anjuli Shah, DO, Psychiatrist
Dr. Anjuli Shah
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Online Only
Dr. Shah is more than your typical psychiatrist. She embraces a harmonious blend of innovative practices alongside traditional clinical approaches, attuned to your individual needs. To provide bespoke treatment, Dr. Shah is trained in a diversity of therapeutic approaches, including psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and trauma-focused therapy as well as motivational interviewing. With Board certification in psychiatry, Dr. Shah stands as your expert ally, ready to unlock mental and emotional health through a truly whole-person approach.
Dr. Shah is more than your typical psychiatrist. She embraces a harmonious blend of innovative practices alongside traditional clinical approaches, attuned to your individual needs. To provide bespoke treatment, Dr. Shah is trained in a diversity of therapeutic approaches, including psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and trauma-focused therapy as well as motivational interviewing. With Board certification in psychiatry, Dr. Shah stands as your expert ally, ready to unlock mental and emotional health through a truly whole-person approach.
View
Photo of Michal McDowell, MD, MPH, Psychiatrist
Michal McDowell
Psychiatrist, MD, MPH
Verified Verified
Online Only
Dr. Michal McDowell's clinical interests include the treatment of depression, anxiety, trauma, somatization, and relational difficulties, as well as caring for sexually and gender diverse patients. She takes a dynamic approach to care: her practice is informed by cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and attachment theory. Dr. McDowell sees adult individuals based in Massachusetts in her practice.
Dr. Michal McDowell's clinical interests include the treatment of depression, anxiety, trauma, somatization, and relational difficulties, as well as caring for sexually and gender diverse patients. She takes a dynamic approach to care: her practice is informed by cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and attachment theory. Dr. McDowell sees adult individuals based in Massachusetts in her practice.
(857) 575-3563 View (857) 575-3563
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How does your Psychiatrist compare?

Number of Psychiatrists in Boston, MA

400+

Average cost per session

$250

Psychiatrists in Boston, MA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
94% Depression
76% Medication Management
73% ADHD
72% Bipolar Disorder
70% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% BlueCross and BlueShield
82% Aetna
79% Cigna and Evernorth

How Psychiatrists in Boston, MA see their clients

51% In Person and Online
49% Online Only

Gender breakdown

67% Female
32% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Psychiatrists and Psychiatric Nurses

How can I find a psychiatrist in Boston?

The Psychology Today Directory enables users to search specifically for psychiatrists by selecting the provider type from the drop-down menu, and filtering results by city, zip code, or the psychiatrist's name. The search results feature detailed profiles that outline each professional's treatment approach, areas of expertise, credentials, fees, payment options, and accepted insurance. Results include both psychiatrists (MDs) and psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs), who hold advanced practice nursing degrees. Users can refine their search for a specific type of psychiatric provider using the "Provider Type" filter.

What is the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist?

Psychiatrists are medical specialists dedicated to understanding, diagnosing, and treating brain disorders and mental health conditions. As physicians, they are trained to identify the often subtle biological factors underlying mental disorders and to monitor how mental health treatments may impact other physical conditions, such as heart disease. Psychiatrists are licensed to prescribe medication and typically conduct shorter sessions that focus on medication management rather than intensive psychotherapy.

In contrast, psychologists are particularly attuned to the impact of early experiences on development, behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes. They often take a holistic approach to assessing and treating clients, considering aspects of personality and social functioning. Although psychologists cannot prescribe medication, they are frequently skilled in administering psychological tests—such as IQ tests, personality assessments, and behavioral evaluations—to assess an individual's functioning. Psychologists often engage in longer, more psychotherapy-focused sessions compared to psychiatrists.

What is a psychiatric nurse practitioner and what is the difference with a psychiatrist?

A psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP), also known as a mental health nurse practitioner or psychiatric nurse practitioner, is an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) who has completed advanced training in psychiatric care, earning at least a master’s degree in psychiatric nursing. To become Board-Certified (PMHNP-BC), psychiatric nurse practitioners must also pass a national exam that tests their clinical psychiatric knowledge.

Like psychiatrists, PMHNPs are trained to assess, diagnose, and treat mental health conditions. However, PMHNPs and psychiatrists differ in their training experience. While PMHNPs can complete their credentialing requirements (full bachelor's and master's degree training) in as few as 6 years, psychiatrists often spend upwards of 12 years to complete their bachelor's, medical doctorate degree, and residency training requirements. Because of training differences, some states require PMHNPs to be supervised by or enter into a collaborative agreement with a physician in order to prescribe medication.

When deciding to work with a psychiatrist or PMHNP, clients should consider factors such therapeutic fit, cost, and availability. Psychiatrists may have more substantial training in treating more severe psychiatric conditions, as well as in providing more specialized treatment services, such as child psychiatry. However, psychiatrists may be inaccessible to some clients, as their cost and availability may be prohibitive. It can often be easier for clients to find a PMHNP with openings for new clients when compared to psychiatrists, and PMHNPs may also offer lower cost treatment options for clients looking to minimize out-of-pocket costs.

Can a psychiatrist or a PMHNP prescribe medication?

The Psychology Today directory features two primary types of psychiatric professionals: psychiatrists and psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs). Both are generally authorized to prescribe psychiatric medications. In 28 states, PMHNPs have full practice authority, allowing them to provide the complete spectrum of psychiatric care, including independent medication prescribing and management. In other states, however, PMHNPs are required to work under the supervision or in collaboration with a physician to prescribe medication. Both psychiatrists and PMHNPs may also offer additional services, such as psychotherapy, counseling, and care coordination, for clients seeking psychiatric care.

Do psychiatrists or PMHNPs offer therapy?

Both psychiatrists and psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) are generally trained in a number of treatment modalities, including traditional psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), pharmacotherapy, and, occasionally, various somatic therapies. Typically, psychiatrists and PMHNPs make a diagnosis and determine a course of treatment based on chemical or biological factors, using lab tests, brain scans and physical and psychological evaluations.

While psychotherapy may be used in the first session to aid in diagnosis, it is not typically utilized in subsequent visits. In fact, after the introductory session, most psychiatry sessions may only be 15-20 minutes in length and are largely focused on medication management; this is frequently the case for both psychiatrists and PMHNPs. However, medication providers who do not offer psychotherapy usually work collaboratively with psychologists and other mental health clinicians who do offer these services, and they can refer clients seeking more traditional psychotherapy services to their care.

How do I know if I need a psychiatrist, a PMHNP, or a therapist?

It is not always easy to know which type of mental health practitioner to choose. Many people are unaware of the root of their mental or behavioral problem and may be unaware of the differences in support provided by various mental health professionals. One way many people learn which type of care is best for them is by seeing their primary care provider (PCP) first. Depending on the nature and severity of the symptoms, the PCP may review their medical history and provide guidance or a referral to the appropriate type of provider.

A referral to a psychiatrist or PMHNP is most often made when a client is in need of psychiatric medication management or assessment. These professionals are specifically trained to prescribe psychiatric medications, when necessary, for a client; however, they generally do not provide supportive psychotherapy on an ongoing basis. A therapist or psychologist, in contrast, can provide supportive psychotherapy but is unable to prescribe medications. Because of their unique roles, some clients see both a medication prescriber (either a psychiatrist or PMHNP) and a therapist at the same time to address their psychiatric concerns holistically. Many psychiatrists and psychologists are very open to referring clients to other professionals if unable to meet the client's needs or if they think the client could use additional support from a different type of professional.

Do I need a referral to see a psychiatrist or a PMHNP?

A referral to a psychiatrist or psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) is often not required. However, consulting your primary care physician (PCP) first can be beneficial and may streamline the process of getting the care you need. Your PCP can help determine whether psychiatric care is necessary or if another type of mental health support might be more appropriate. Additionally, some insurance plans require a PCP referral to cover part or all of the costs associated with seeing a specialist. Obtaining a referral can also expedite the appointment process, particularly in areas with provider shortages or for clients seeking specialists in fields like child psychiatry.

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed professional?

Yes, all professionals listed in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory are licensed to provide mental health services in the state(s) where they practice. The directory includes a variety of providers such as psychiatrists, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs), physician assistants, psychologists, social workers, and counselors. Each provider must hold a valid license issued by their state regulatory body to be listed. In addition, Psychology Today offers a verification process for certain providers, signified by a 'Verified' symbol next to their profile. This badge indicates that the provider’s primary credential or license has been independently verified by Psychology Today.