Therapists in Orlando, FL

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Photo of Ashley Estimable, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ashley Estimable
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
My ideal client is someone who feels stuck—emotionally, mentally, or relationally. They may be navigating life transitions, grief, anxiety, burnout, or just feel like they’ve lost their sense of direction. Despite their struggles, they’re insightful, reflective, and deeply want to grow. They crave clarity, peace of mind, and meaningful connection. They’re not looking for quick fixes—they want sustainable change and to finally feel like themselves again.
My ideal client is someone who feels stuck—emotionally, mentally, or relationally. They may be navigating life transitions, grief, anxiety, burnout, or just feel like they’ve lost their sense of direction. Despite their struggles, they’re insightful, reflective, and deeply want to grow. They crave clarity, peace of mind, and meaningful connection. They’re not looking for quick fixes—they want sustainable change and to finally feel like themselves again.
(407) 512-8716 View (407) 512-8716
Photo of Nicole Iwule, Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Nicole Iwule
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
If you struggle with self-doubt, self-criticism, poor body image, obsessive and intrusive thoughts, high emotional sensitivity, anxiety, perfectionism, or if you struggle to ask for help, or often put yourself last, go ahead and contact me because I have a deep desire to help support you. I believe that you have everything you need already inside of yourself to heal and create the life of your dreams, and I believe in my skilled ability to help you unlock your unique strengths and empower you on your healing journey.
If you struggle with self-doubt, self-criticism, poor body image, obsessive and intrusive thoughts, high emotional sensitivity, anxiety, perfectionism, or if you struggle to ask for help, or often put yourself last, go ahead and contact me because I have a deep desire to help support you. I believe that you have everything you need already inside of yourself to heal and create the life of your dreams, and I believe in my skilled ability to help you unlock your unique strengths and empower you on your healing journey.
(407) 809-1377 View (407) 809-1377
Photo of Rosali Lora-Hablo Español, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Rosali Lora-Hablo Español
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Sanar es el primer paso hacia el crecimiento. No se trata únicamente de “superar” lo que ocurrió, sino de aprender a mirarte con compasión, reconocer tu historia y comprender que lo vivido no tiene que seguir definiéndote. Eres mucho más que tus experiencias pasadas. Si estás leyendo esto, ya has dado el primer paso. No tienes por qué transitar este camino en soledad. Si me permites acompañarte, juntos(as) podemos construir un espacio seguro donde puedas reconectar contigo, entender tus emociones, liberar el peso del pasado, manejar la ansiedad y encontrar paz en tu proceso..
Sanar es el primer paso hacia el crecimiento. No se trata únicamente de “superar” lo que ocurrió, sino de aprender a mirarte con compasión, reconocer tu historia y comprender que lo vivido no tiene que seguir definiéndote. Eres mucho más que tus experiencias pasadas. Si estás leyendo esto, ya has dado el primer paso. No tienes por qué transitar este camino en soledad. Si me permites acompañarte, juntos(as) podemos construir un espacio seguro donde puedas reconectar contigo, entender tus emociones, liberar el peso del pasado, manejar la ansiedad y encontrar paz en tu proceso..
(321) 475-1418 View (321) 475-1418
Photo of Danielle Thompson, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Danielle Thompson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Orlando, FL 32827
Hi there, I'm Danielle, a counselor passionate about helping young women navigate life’s transitions with clarity and confidence. Whether you’re stepping into adulthood, making a major life decision, or simply feeling stuck and unsure of your purpose, I’m here to walk alongside you. My ideal client is a young woman in a season of change, perhaps feeling overwhelmed by expectations, disconnected from herself, or unsure of what comes next. She wants to feel grounded, confident, and aligned with the life she's creating and she’s ready to do the work to get there.
Hi there, I'm Danielle, a counselor passionate about helping young women navigate life’s transitions with clarity and confidence. Whether you’re stepping into adulthood, making a major life decision, or simply feeling stuck and unsure of your purpose, I’m here to walk alongside you. My ideal client is a young woman in a season of change, perhaps feeling overwhelmed by expectations, disconnected from herself, or unsure of what comes next. She wants to feel grounded, confident, and aligned with the life she's creating and she’s ready to do the work to get there.
(407) 606-5486 View (407) 606-5486
Photo of Rachel Brunelle, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, NCC, APC, RMHCI
Rachel Brunelle
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, NCC, APC, RMHCI
Orlando, FL 32814
Rachel walks alongside clients in their journey toward greater joy, peace, and healing by setting clear goals and developing achievable, individualized treatment plans. She provides a warm, down-to-earth, and goal-oriented environment where clients can safely explore life’s challenges and create lasting change.
Rachel walks alongside clients in their journey toward greater joy, peace, and healing by setting clear goals and developing achievable, individualized treatment plans. She provides a warm, down-to-earth, and goal-oriented environment where clients can safely explore life’s challenges and create lasting change.
(689) 283-9586 View (689) 283-9586
Photo of Gabrielle Alatriste, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS, RMHCI
Gabrielle Alatriste
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS, RMHCI
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome, I am glad you're here. Taking the first step toward therapy can be both brave and overwhelming. I work with individuals who are ready to create meaningful change in their lives whether you’re navigating anxiety, trauma, relationship challenges, life transitions, or simply feeling stuck. My approach is grounded in authenticity, compassion, and collaboration. I strive to create a therapeutic space that feels inclusive, calming, and safe. Together, we’ll explore your present and past experiences, uncover patterns that no longer serve you, and build tools that foster resilience and growth.
Welcome, I am glad you're here. Taking the first step toward therapy can be both brave and overwhelming. I work with individuals who are ready to create meaningful change in their lives whether you’re navigating anxiety, trauma, relationship challenges, life transitions, or simply feeling stuck. My approach is grounded in authenticity, compassion, and collaboration. I strive to create a therapeutic space that feels inclusive, calming, and safe. Together, we’ll explore your present and past experiences, uncover patterns that no longer serve you, and build tools that foster resilience and growth.
(689) 215-8049 View (689) 215-8049
Photo of Dustin Schulte - Self-Love Counseling LLC Inc , Pre-Licensed Professional, RCSWI
Self-Love Counseling LLC Inc
Pre-Licensed Professional, RCSWI
Orlando, FL 32808
An ideal client would be a client who has bipolar disorder. A client who would fit well with me would also be geriatric populations. I fully enjoy working with youth and families; I am also competent in family adoptions.
An ideal client would be a client who has bipolar disorder. A client who would fit well with me would also be geriatric populations. I fully enjoy working with youth and families; I am also competent in family adoptions.
(321) 384-1523 View (321) 384-1523
Photo of Catherine Caba, Counselor, LMHC
Catherine Caba
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32819
Are you looking for relief and freedom from emotional issues such as, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and addiction? I can help you heal from past hurts, traumas, and relationships using the counseling modality that’s right for you. I have more of a solution focused approach as, in my experience, reliving, restating, or retelling the past prevents us from moving forward and keeps us stuck in our story. You have an amazing life to live and too many things to do, to allow your past to dictate your present and future. Freedom is possible!
Are you looking for relief and freedom from emotional issues such as, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and addiction? I can help you heal from past hurts, traumas, and relationships using the counseling modality that’s right for you. I have more of a solution focused approach as, in my experience, reliving, restating, or retelling the past prevents us from moving forward and keeps us stuck in our story. You have an amazing life to live and too many things to do, to allow your past to dictate your present and future. Freedom is possible!
(321) 666-7490 View (321) 666-7490
Carla Fischer
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LMT
6 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you feel that you are stuck and not moving forward? Wouldn't it be nice to get unstuck and move forward. Anger, hurt, resentment, low self esteem, past life experiences can keep us stuck. I find that not having a voice, not feeling heard causes us to feel small. These things can cause us to feel sad, angry, anxious, depressed and disconnected. My approach and hope for those I assist is to help you stand up a little taller and be able to get through to a place of feeling that you are important.
Do you feel that you are stuck and not moving forward? Wouldn't it be nice to get unstuck and move forward. Anger, hurt, resentment, low self esteem, past life experiences can keep us stuck. I find that not having a voice, not feeling heard causes us to feel small. These things can cause us to feel sad, angry, anxious, depressed and disconnected. My approach and hope for those I assist is to help you stand up a little taller and be able to get through to a place of feeling that you are important.
(407) 917-7304 View (407) 917-7304
Photo of Marla Garcia, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Marla Garcia
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I help couples improve communication and support individuals dealing with stress, anxiety, and depression. I also offer Christian counseling and am a certified hypnotherapist. When we meet, we'll create a plan to inspire positive change and set goals to overcome challenges. I provide tools to help improve communication and resolve disagreements. Looking forward to working with you!
I help couples improve communication and support individuals dealing with stress, anxiety, and depression. I also offer Christian counseling and am a certified hypnotherapist. When we meet, we'll create a plan to inspire positive change and set goals to overcome challenges. I provide tools to help improve communication and resolve disagreements. Looking forward to working with you!
(321) 467-7901 View (321) 467-7901
Photo of Abeela Haq, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Abeela Haq
Counselor, MA, LMHC
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome to Holistic Mental Wellness! My name is Abeela Haq and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in both New York and Florida. With over 20 years of clinical experience, I have had the privilege of working with a diverse array of individuals and situations, which has shaped my eclectic and holistic approach to therapy. I specialize in health psychology, specifically cancer (Psycho-Oncology) and autoimmune disorders. I am also a trained EMDR Trauma therapist. I aim to provide empathetic, compassionate and personalized care, empowering you to achieve mental and emotional well-being. I look forward to speaking with you!
Welcome to Holistic Mental Wellness! My name is Abeela Haq and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in both New York and Florida. With over 20 years of clinical experience, I have had the privilege of working with a diverse array of individuals and situations, which has shaped my eclectic and holistic approach to therapy. I specialize in health psychology, specifically cancer (Psycho-Oncology) and autoimmune disorders. I am also a trained EMDR Trauma therapist. I aim to provide empathetic, compassionate and personalized care, empowering you to achieve mental and emotional well-being. I look forward to speaking with you!
(407) 743-7491 View (407) 743-7491
Photo of Robin Layton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Robin Layton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Orlando, FL 32801
Welcome! I am an LCSW working with adults who are navigating the challenges of anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, and trauma. My ideal client is ready to explore their thoughts and feelings in a safe, supportive environment. If you’re seeking to understand yourself better, develop coping strategies, and foster personal growth, you’re in the right place. Together, we can work towards healing and empowerment, helping you to create a fulfilling and balanced life.
Welcome! I am an LCSW working with adults who are navigating the challenges of anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, and trauma. My ideal client is ready to explore their thoughts and feelings in a safe, supportive environment. If you’re seeking to understand yourself better, develop coping strategies, and foster personal growth, you’re in the right place. Together, we can work towards healing and empowerment, helping you to create a fulfilling and balanced life.
(321) 486-8385 View (321) 486-8385
Photo of Jenifer A Garrido - Anxiety Treatment Center of Orlando, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, QS-FL
Anxiety Treatment Center of Orlando, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, QS-FL
Orlando, FL 32804
What is preventing you from moving past chronic worry, self-doubt, panic or fear? As a Licensed and Credentialed Cognitive Behavioral Therapist with 30+ years of expertise, I specialize in the treatment of Anxiety Disorders, OCD, Depression, and Trauma. I founded Anxiety Treatment Center of Orlando based upon the belief that therapy should provide you with simple and effective tools that result in changing both your negative thinking patterns and counterproductive behaviors, enabling you to achieve the most successful results in the shortest amount of time.
What is preventing you from moving past chronic worry, self-doubt, panic or fear? As a Licensed and Credentialed Cognitive Behavioral Therapist with 30+ years of expertise, I specialize in the treatment of Anxiety Disorders, OCD, Depression, and Trauma. I founded Anxiety Treatment Center of Orlando based upon the belief that therapy should provide you with simple and effective tools that result in changing both your negative thinking patterns and counterproductive behaviors, enabling you to achieve the most successful results in the shortest amount of time.
(407) 307-2926 View (407) 307-2926
Photo of Jessalyn Perez, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI, RMFTI
Jessalyn Perez
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI, RMFTI
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32817
I am a Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern (RMHCI) and Registered Marriage and Family Therapist Intern (RMFTI) at The Meaningful Life Center who is passionate about helping adults navigate life's challenges. The work that I do focuses on supporting individuals experiencing anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), life transitions, trauma, relationship issues, infidelity, familial conflicts, sex counseling, borderline personality disorder (BPD) and matters of sexuality.
I am a Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern (RMHCI) and Registered Marriage and Family Therapist Intern (RMFTI) at The Meaningful Life Center who is passionate about helping adults navigate life's challenges. The work that I do focuses on supporting individuals experiencing anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), life transitions, trauma, relationship issues, infidelity, familial conflicts, sex counseling, borderline personality disorder (BPD) and matters of sexuality.
(321) 335-0393 View (321) 335-0393
Photo of Tanya Ruiz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, Therapy, QS-CSW, EMDR
Tanya Ruiz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, Therapy, QS-CSW, EMDR
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting New Clients -Treating Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Bipolar or troubled relationships. Together we will unstuck life by finding the balance you are looking for. You deserve to be heard. Life can be overwhelming. It is time to take care of YOU. I am glad you are taking the first steps to feel better and resolve the concerns that have been bothering you and keeping you away from living the meaningful happier life you want to live. Perhaps you've been struggling with depression, anxiety, grief or troubled marital relationships? Maybe you've had a crisis and need help to get back on track, let's start to rebuild you back up.
Accepting New Clients -Treating Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Bipolar or troubled relationships. Together we will unstuck life by finding the balance you are looking for. You deserve to be heard. Life can be overwhelming. It is time to take care of YOU. I am glad you are taking the first steps to feel better and resolve the concerns that have been bothering you and keeping you away from living the meaningful happier life you want to live. Perhaps you've been struggling with depression, anxiety, grief or troubled marital relationships? Maybe you've had a crisis and need help to get back on track, let's start to rebuild you back up.
(321) 607-3562 View (321) 607-3562
Photo of Marina Silvestre, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Marina Silvestre
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Orlando, FL 32803
I provide counseling to older children (9 and older), adolescents, and young adults (18-25). Children and adolescents often struggle to communicate their emotions and needs effectively, change negative patterns of thinking, and regulate their emotions appropriately. I have over 10 years of experience working with depression, mood disorders, self-harming/suicidal thoughts, behavioral (exposure) therapy, social anxiety, phobias, social skills training, parent management training, and trauma.
I provide counseling to older children (9 and older), adolescents, and young adults (18-25). Children and adolescents often struggle to communicate their emotions and needs effectively, change negative patterns of thinking, and regulate their emotions appropriately. I have over 10 years of experience working with depression, mood disorders, self-harming/suicidal thoughts, behavioral (exposure) therapy, social anxiety, phobias, social skills training, parent management training, and trauma.
(321) 221-5482 View (321) 221-5482
Photo of Kalie Sumple, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Kalie Sumple
Counselor, MS, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My name is Kalie Sumple (she/her/hers), and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I have earned a Masters of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Stetson University. I have a background in working with adolescents and adults. My areas of interest are BPD, Anxiety, Depression, OCD, ADHD, and identity development which includes Gender Dysphoria. As your therapist, I will create a safe space where I will support you while using techniques such as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to improve, change, and manage aspects of your life.
My name is Kalie Sumple (she/her/hers), and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I have earned a Masters of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Stetson University. I have a background in working with adolescents and adults. My areas of interest are BPD, Anxiety, Depression, OCD, ADHD, and identity development which includes Gender Dysphoria. As your therapist, I will create a safe space where I will support you while using techniques such as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to improve, change, and manage aspects of your life.
(407) 305-2330 View (407) 305-2330
Photo of Lisa Phillips, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lisa Phillips
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hello! My name is Lisa, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Florida. I have had the enjoyment of assisting my clients move past barriers and climb towards their highest potential for the past 20 years.
Hello! My name is Lisa, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Florida. I have had the enjoyment of assisting my clients move past barriers and climb towards their highest potential for the past 20 years.
(321) 463-5786 View (321) 463-5786
Photo of Maura McCusker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
Maura McCusker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
Orlando, FL 32828
An ideal client, I envision someone who recognizes the importance of mental health and seeks support willingly. This individual might be grappling with issues such as anxiety, stress, or depression, acknowledging the impact these challenges have on their overall well-being. Their needs revolve around building coping mechanisms, enhancing emotional resilience, and fostering self-awareness. Goals may include developing healthier thought patterns, improving interpersonal relationships, and achieving a more balanced and fulfilling life. My ideal client is motivated by a genuine desire for personal growth and therapeutic interventions.
An ideal client, I envision someone who recognizes the importance of mental health and seeks support willingly. This individual might be grappling with issues such as anxiety, stress, or depression, acknowledging the impact these challenges have on their overall well-being. Their needs revolve around building coping mechanisms, enhancing emotional resilience, and fostering self-awareness. Goals may include developing healthier thought patterns, improving interpersonal relationships, and achieving a more balanced and fulfilling life. My ideal client is motivated by a genuine desire for personal growth and therapeutic interventions.
(321) 353-6310 View (321) 353-6310
Photo of Lynette Figueroa, Psychologist, PsyD
Lynette Figueroa
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32837
You may be feeling stuck in patterns of stress, worry, or low mood, and want practical tools to feel better. Maybe you're coping with chronic pain, health challenges, or difficulties with sleep that leave you exhausted. You may be looking for a safe space to sort through life's challenges and learn healthier ways of coping. Imagine falling asleep more easily, waking rested, experiencing a lift in your mood and outlook, or handling daily stress with confidence. That’s the kind of change we’ll work toward together.
You may be feeling stuck in patterns of stress, worry, or low mood, and want practical tools to feel better. Maybe you're coping with chronic pain, health challenges, or difficulties with sleep that leave you exhausted. You may be looking for a safe space to sort through life's challenges and learn healthier ways of coping. Imagine falling asleep more easily, waking rested, experiencing a lift in your mood and outlook, or handling daily stress with confidence. That’s the kind of change we’ll work toward together.
(321) 220-3342 View (321) 220-3342

See more therapy options for Orlando

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Orlando, FL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Orlando, FL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
84% Depression
75% Self Esteem
71% Coping Skills
68% Trauma and PTSD
64% Relationship Issues
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% Aetna
86% Cigna and Evernorth
63% Optum

How Therapists in Orlando, FL see their clients

55% Online Only
45% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Orlando?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.