Therapists in Orlando, FL

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Photo of Samantha Zelaya, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
Samantha Zelaya
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
3 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32804
If you're questioning your worth, feeling invisible, or struggling with boundaries, you're not alone. If you're facing emotional challenges that are hard to express or finding it difficult to recognize your feelings, you are not beyond help. I support individuals of all ages who are dealing with Depression, Anxiety, Anger, Low Self-Esteem, Shame, Trauma, and Eating Disorders (including binge eating, ARFID, and anorexia). My approach focuses on awareness, integration, and balance. I offer a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore your relationships—with others and with yourself.
If you're questioning your worth, feeling invisible, or struggling with boundaries, you're not alone. If you're facing emotional challenges that are hard to express or finding it difficult to recognize your feelings, you are not beyond help. I support individuals of all ages who are dealing with Depression, Anxiety, Anger, Low Self-Esteem, Shame, Trauma, and Eating Disorders (including binge eating, ARFID, and anorexia). My approach focuses on awareness, integration, and balance. I offer a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore your relationships—with others and with yourself.
(407) 900-6194 View (407) 900-6194
Photo of Andreina Bello, Counselor, LMHC
Andreina Bello
Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32803
There are various moments in life in which you may feel unfulfilled, depressed, anxious and unable to self-regulate. Sometimes it is hard to identify your own feelings and explain the reasons why you may act in certain ways. By willingly and intentionally engaging in therapy you may find out that a lot of what you need is someone to listen, validate and guide you through your own healing process. I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor who offers therapy in a collaborative environment where we can work together to understand what is troubling you and identify the steps you can take towards realizing the path you envision.
There are various moments in life in which you may feel unfulfilled, depressed, anxious and unable to self-regulate. Sometimes it is hard to identify your own feelings and explain the reasons why you may act in certain ways. By willingly and intentionally engaging in therapy you may find out that a lot of what you need is someone to listen, validate and guide you through your own healing process. I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor who offers therapy in a collaborative environment where we can work together to understand what is troubling you and identify the steps you can take towards realizing the path you envision.
(689) 204-2603 View (689) 204-2603
Photo of Carele Etienne, Counselor, LMHC
Carele Etienne
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Hello, I'm Carele, a dedicated LMHC committed to guiding individuals towards holistic wellness and personal growth. I have 6 years of experience working with clients with mood and adjustment disorders in both outpatient and inpatient settings. I specialize in working with individuals with anxiety, depression, stress, PTSD and adjustment issues. Together, we'll collaborate to explore your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, uncovering patterns and insights that promote understanding and growth. Through our partnership, you can anticipate genuine support, empathetic guidance, and a commitment to your well-being every step of the way.
Hello, I'm Carele, a dedicated LMHC committed to guiding individuals towards holistic wellness and personal growth. I have 6 years of experience working with clients with mood and adjustment disorders in both outpatient and inpatient settings. I specialize in working with individuals with anxiety, depression, stress, PTSD and adjustment issues. Together, we'll collaborate to explore your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, uncovering patterns and insights that promote understanding and growth. Through our partnership, you can anticipate genuine support, empathetic guidance, and a commitment to your well-being every step of the way.
(407) 315-1315 View (407) 315-1315
Photo of Katherine Bresnahan, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Katherine Bresnahan
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Orlando, FL 32819
In my therapeutic approach I strive to make therapy feel comfortable for all clients. I believe therapy should be a space where clients feel safe, heard and supported. As a result, I value the therapeutic relationship, respect clients’ vulnerability and take a genuine interest in getting to know my clients and their life story. I have found by honoring the individual and their story, clients are able to discover their own power to change and live a happy and healthy life.
In my therapeutic approach I strive to make therapy feel comfortable for all clients. I believe therapy should be a space where clients feel safe, heard and supported. As a result, I value the therapeutic relationship, respect clients’ vulnerability and take a genuine interest in getting to know my clients and their life story. I have found by honoring the individual and their story, clients are able to discover their own power to change and live a happy and healthy life.
(407) 543-2584 x250 View (407) 543-2584 x250
Photo of Derryck Roque, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MEd, EdS, RMHCI
Derryck Roque
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MEd, EdS, RMHCI
3 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32803
Feeling overwhelmed, or like you are never quite doing enough? You are not alone and you don't have to figure it all out by yourself. If you tend to be hard on yourself or struggle to feel “good enough,” I would be honored to walk alongside you as you begin to unpack those feelings and create space for self-compassion and growth. Let me help uncover the hero underneath the layers.
Feeling overwhelmed, or like you are never quite doing enough? You are not alone and you don't have to figure it all out by yourself. If you tend to be hard on yourself or struggle to feel “good enough,” I would be honored to walk alongside you as you begin to unpack those feelings and create space for self-compassion and growth. Let me help uncover the hero underneath the layers.
(321) 392-6409 View (321) 392-6409
Photo of Whitney Kicklighter, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, QS
Whitney Kicklighter
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, QS
7 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32822
You're doing everything "right" - but still feel disconnected, anxious or on edge. If you're feeling tired and unsure of what to do next, but you know that something needs to change, you've come to the right place. I view therapy as a collaborative process, and together we will work towards understanding your struggles, developing coping strategies, and fostering personal growth. My theoretical approach is person centered and I commonly utilized CBT, strength based, solution focused, mindfulness, and EMDR techniques when working with clients.
You're doing everything "right" - but still feel disconnected, anxious or on edge. If you're feeling tired and unsure of what to do next, but you know that something needs to change, you've come to the right place. I view therapy as a collaborative process, and together we will work towards understanding your struggles, developing coping strategies, and fostering personal growth. My theoretical approach is person centered and I commonly utilized CBT, strength based, solution focused, mindfulness, and EMDR techniques when working with clients.
(321) 252-5816 View (321) 252-5816
Photo of Fawna Roberts, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LPC
Fawna Roberts
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LPC
Online Only
I am a licensed therapist, serving clients in Florida and Oregon, with 30 years of clinical experience. Is your mind racing or emotions shifting without warning? Is life feeling heavier than it should? You're human - and this is workable. Therapy isn't about fixing you; it's about helping you feel good about being you. I've worked where mental health is most complex - hospitals, correctional settings, and high acuity care - supporting children, teens, and adults facing trauma, psychosis, personality patterns, and layered diagnoses. When life feels overwhelming or complicated, that's where my experience matters most.
I am a licensed therapist, serving clients in Florida and Oregon, with 30 years of clinical experience. Is your mind racing or emotions shifting without warning? Is life feeling heavier than it should? You're human - and this is workable. Therapy isn't about fixing you; it's about helping you feel good about being you. I've worked where mental health is most complex - hospitals, correctional settings, and high acuity care - supporting children, teens, and adults facing trauma, psychosis, personality patterns, and layered diagnoses. When life feels overwhelming or complicated, that's where my experience matters most.
(321) 450-3151 View (321) 450-3151
Photo of Olushola (Shola) Thomas, Pre-Licensed Professional, RMHCI, RMFTI
Olushola (Shola) Thomas
Pre-Licensed Professional, RMHCI, RMFTI
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32822
It is through sharing our deepest fears, struggles, and aspirations that we create a space for healing to unfold. I encourage my clients to embrace vulnerability as a strength, a source of power that allows us to connect with our own humanity and the shared experiences of others. By creating a non-judgmental space, I aim to help clients as they navigate their unique journeys toward self-discovery and healing. Having worked in a residential substance abuse treatment center for men, I have gained valuable experience in helping individuals facing addiction and mental health challenges.
It is through sharing our deepest fears, struggles, and aspirations that we create a space for healing to unfold. I encourage my clients to embrace vulnerability as a strength, a source of power that allows us to connect with our own humanity and the shared experiences of others. By creating a non-judgmental space, I aim to help clients as they navigate their unique journeys toward self-discovery and healing. Having worked in a residential substance abuse treatment center for men, I have gained valuable experience in helping individuals facing addiction and mental health challenges.
(321) 384-5568 View (321) 384-5568
Photo of Romelvi Medrano, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, RMFTI
Romelvi Medrano
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, RMFTI
3 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32814
My main goal when it comes to therapy is to have my clients understand the potential they have to change their own lives. I specialize in empowermering my clients and providing them with skills that can help them keep their power in order to improve their work life, social life, relationships, and mental health as a whole.
My main goal when it comes to therapy is to have my clients understand the potential they have to change their own lives. I specialize in empowermering my clients and providing them with skills that can help them keep their power in order to improve their work life, social life, relationships, and mental health as a whole.
(407) 479-4801 View (407) 479-4801
Photo of Solimar Marin, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
Solimar Marin
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
Orlando, FL 32828
It’s a fact of life that we all struggle in one way or another: feeling stuck or as if life has been turned upside down. Maybe, feeling confused and afraid about the future. Overwhelmed with feelings of shame, loneliness and hopelessness. You wonder: Do I stay or leave this relationship? Where do I go from here? Perhaps, your childhood was lost to sexual abuse and you ponder if it's worth facing the pain. Depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, divorce, relationship issues, infidelity, and life transitions are really holding you back. You want more from life. You want to regain a sense of purpose and peace but it seems elusive.
It’s a fact of life that we all struggle in one way or another: feeling stuck or as if life has been turned upside down. Maybe, feeling confused and afraid about the future. Overwhelmed with feelings of shame, loneliness and hopelessness. You wonder: Do I stay or leave this relationship? Where do I go from here? Perhaps, your childhood was lost to sexual abuse and you ponder if it's worth facing the pain. Depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, divorce, relationship issues, infidelity, and life transitions are really holding you back. You want more from life. You want to regain a sense of purpose and peace but it seems elusive.
(321) 324-0988 View (321) 324-0988
Photo of Dr. Aisha Chaudhry, Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC, LMHC
Dr. Aisha Chaudhry
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC, LMHC
Online Only
Overwhelmed by emotionally draining struggles such as from OCD, anxiety, depression, chronic stress, or unresolved trauma? I help women who feel stuck in recurring cycles of negative thoughts, emotional exhaustion, or self-doubt, often intensified by cultural, spiritual, or familial expectations. My clients typically deeply value their faith and desire healing that aligns with their spiritual identity. Their goals include finding emotional relief, strengthening their connection to Allah, and building resilience. They seek a safe, supportive, and faith-sensitive environment to explore.
Overwhelmed by emotionally draining struggles such as from OCD, anxiety, depression, chronic stress, or unresolved trauma? I help women who feel stuck in recurring cycles of negative thoughts, emotional exhaustion, or self-doubt, often intensified by cultural, spiritual, or familial expectations. My clients typically deeply value their faith and desire healing that aligns with their spiritual identity. Their goals include finding emotional relief, strengthening their connection to Allah, and building resilience. They seek a safe, supportive, and faith-sensitive environment to explore.
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Photo of Elisabeth Shields, Counselor, LMHC
Elisabeth Shields
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
The clients I work with are often people who are searching for a deeper understanding of themselves, their relationships, and to process challenges ranging from overwhelming anxiety, navigating the complicated feelings of grief and loss, body-image and self-esteem issues, self-harm and suicidality, and deeply-rooted traumas. My clients often seek understanding of why they deal with the emotional or behavioral issues they experience and want relief from these patterns. Many of my clients come to me unsure of what they want out of therapy, but just know that they need help in some way.
The clients I work with are often people who are searching for a deeper understanding of themselves, their relationships, and to process challenges ranging from overwhelming anxiety, navigating the complicated feelings of grief and loss, body-image and self-esteem issues, self-harm and suicidality, and deeply-rooted traumas. My clients often seek understanding of why they deal with the emotional or behavioral issues they experience and want relief from these patterns. Many of my clients come to me unsure of what they want out of therapy, but just know that they need help in some way.
(407) 559-8072 View (407) 559-8072
Photo of Jacqueline Marshall, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Jacqueline Marshall
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Orlando, FL 32801
She specializes in addressing issues related to later life transitions, midlife changes, and postpartum depression and anxiety. Her expertise in these areas allows her to provide compassionate and effective support for individuals facing these complex and often overwhelming experiences. Additionally, Jacqueline is well-versed in treating anxiety, depression, and couple's issues, helping clients build stronger relationships and healthier mindsets. In her practice, Jacqueline offers a range of therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Couples/Marital Counseling, and Family Therapy.
She specializes in addressing issues related to later life transitions, midlife changes, and postpartum depression and anxiety. Her expertise in these areas allows her to provide compassionate and effective support for individuals facing these complex and often overwhelming experiences. Additionally, Jacqueline is well-versed in treating anxiety, depression, and couple's issues, helping clients build stronger relationships and healthier mindsets. In her practice, Jacqueline offers a range of therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Couples/Marital Counseling, and Family Therapy.
(321) 467-7792 View (321) 467-7792
Photo of Maria Semple, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Maria Semple
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Orlando, FL 32827
I’m Maria, a therapist who believes true healing is possible. My approach integrates psychotherapy, EMDR, mindfulness, CBT, ACT, and trauma-informed care, with faith integration when desired. I also offer therapy in Spanish. I’ll walk alongside you as you build resilience, restore peace, and reconnect with your authentic self. My goal is to provide a non-judgmental, compassionate environment where we can explore your story together and gently rediscover safety, grounding, and hope. You don’t have to go through this alone.
I’m Maria, a therapist who believes true healing is possible. My approach integrates psychotherapy, EMDR, mindfulness, CBT, ACT, and trauma-informed care, with faith integration when desired. I also offer therapy in Spanish. I’ll walk alongside you as you build resilience, restore peace, and reconnect with your authentic self. My goal is to provide a non-judgmental, compassionate environment where we can explore your story together and gently rediscover safety, grounding, and hope. You don’t have to go through this alone.
(407) 974-5842 View (407) 974-5842
Photo of Cj Varghese, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MS, LMFT
Cj Varghese
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MS, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32805
I believe we have the potential for healthy, meaningful relationships, and I am passionate about helping people move closer to ones own potential. My counseling approach integrates my professional training in psychology with the wisdom gained through my own life experiences. Having personally walked through abuse and addiction recovery, I understand the challenges of healing and growth on a deeper level. Before pursuing counseling more than 10 years ago, I worked for the U.S. Army, but ultimately followed my passion to work with people in a more personal and meaningful way.
I believe we have the potential for healthy, meaningful relationships, and I am passionate about helping people move closer to ones own potential. My counseling approach integrates my professional training in psychology with the wisdom gained through my own life experiences. Having personally walked through abuse and addiction recovery, I understand the challenges of healing and growth on a deeper level. Before pursuing counseling more than 10 years ago, I worked for the U.S. Army, but ultimately followed my passion to work with people in a more personal and meaningful way.
(321) 351-4734 View (321) 351-4734
Photo of Rebecca Jane Tulloch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Rebecca Jane Tulloch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Orlando, FL 32806
You might feel stuck in patterns you don't fully understand-whether that's in your relationships, your emotions, or the way your past keeps showing up in your present. Maybe you've tried to "just move on," but something still feels heavy or unresolved. You don't have to figure it out alone. I help individuals and families work through trauma, relationship challenges, and emotional overwhelm so that they can feel more grounded, confident, and in control of their lives again. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling stuck in relationship patterns, past trauma, or overwhelming emotions.
You might feel stuck in patterns you don't fully understand-whether that's in your relationships, your emotions, or the way your past keeps showing up in your present. Maybe you've tried to "just move on," but something still feels heavy or unresolved. You don't have to figure it out alone. I help individuals and families work through trauma, relationship challenges, and emotional overwhelm so that they can feel more grounded, confident, and in control of their lives again. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling stuck in relationship patterns, past trauma, or overwhelming emotions.
(689) 356-6208 View (689) 356-6208
Photo of Steven Perham, Counselor, LMHC
Steven Perham
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you are feeling overwhelmed by stress in your life I am here to help you along your journey of developing healthy and effective coping skills to take back control of your life and achieve your personal goals. My goal is to help you discover a new outlook in life that will decrease your stress and find the happiness you deserve. I work with adults, adolescents, and children to find solutions to problems.
If you are feeling overwhelmed by stress in your life I am here to help you along your journey of developing healthy and effective coping skills to take back control of your life and achieve your personal goals. My goal is to help you discover a new outlook in life that will decrease your stress and find the happiness you deserve. I work with adults, adolescents, and children to find solutions to problems.
(407) 410-3540 View (407) 410-3540
Photo of Drew Gomez-Erickson, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Drew Gomez-Erickson
Counselor, MA, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32817
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the state of Florida. I transitioned into counseling after spending over 10 years in education. As a classroom instructor and as a tutor, I saw how much outside issues affected my students, whether they were in kindergarten or college. My background definitely shapes the way I work with my clients. I take into account the how people are shaped by their experiences, always keeping in mind that clients are doing the best they can. My job as a counselor is not to "fix" my clients-it's to provide a safe space to explore their concerns and help them learn to "do better."
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the state of Florida. I transitioned into counseling after spending over 10 years in education. As a classroom instructor and as a tutor, I saw how much outside issues affected my students, whether they were in kindergarten or college. My background definitely shapes the way I work with my clients. I take into account the how people are shaped by their experiences, always keeping in mind that clients are doing the best they can. My job as a counselor is not to "fix" my clients-it's to provide a safe space to explore their concerns and help them learn to "do better."
(386) 210-3404 View (386) 210-3404
Photo of Angela Butler - Eyesparkle Mental Wellness & Coaching, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, IMH
Eyesparkle Mental Wellness & Coaching
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, IMH
Online Only
I work with adults, adolescents, and families navigating stress, life transitions, and emotional overwhelm. I also support military community-connected individuals and families facing the unique demands of change, responsibility, and transition.
I work with adults, adolescents, and families navigating stress, life transitions, and emotional overwhelm. I also support military community-connected individuals and families facing the unique demands of change, responsibility, and transition.
(321) 521-3604 View (321) 521-3604
Photo of Alexandra Givens, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Alexandra Givens
Counselor, MS, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32835
Alexandra works with adolescents, adult, couples and families who are facing a wide range of emotional, psychological, physical, and spiritual issues. These are high-functioning, creative individuals who feel stuck, unfulfilled, and generally out of sync with the lives that they lead for a variety of internal and external reasons.
Alexandra works with adolescents, adult, couples and families who are facing a wide range of emotional, psychological, physical, and spiritual issues. These are high-functioning, creative individuals who feel stuck, unfulfilled, and generally out of sync with the lives that they lead for a variety of internal and external reasons.
(407) 305-3520 View (407) 305-3520

See more therapy options for Orlando

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Orlando, FL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$139

Therapists in Orlando, FL who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
85% Depression
74% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
66% Relationship Issues
65% Stress
58% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% Aetna
86% Cigna and Evernorth
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Orlando, FL see their clients

53% Online Only
47% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Orlando?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.