Therapists in Winter Park, FL

Jeremy Freye
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MDiv
Winter Park, FL 32789
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over two decades of experience as an ordained Lutheran-Christian pastor, I bring a compassionate, strength-based approach to therapy that honors the unique context of every individual and relationship. My work is grounded in the belief that you already hold the inner strength needed to navigate life’s challenges, and together, we’ll uncover and build on those strengths. Therapy is a collaborative journey, and I’m here to walk alongside you as you state your needs, set meaningful goals, and work toward the life you want.
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over two decades of experience as an ordained Lutheran-Christian pastor, I bring a compassionate, strength-based approach to therapy that honors the unique context of every individual and relationship. My work is grounded in the belief that you already hold the inner strength needed to navigate life’s challenges, and together, we’ll uncover and build on those strengths. Therapy is a collaborative journey, and I’m here to walk alongside you as you state your needs, set meaningful goals, and work toward the life you want.
(321) 730-2594 View (321) 730-2594
Janice Boes
Counselor, LMHC
3 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) with over 15 years of experience helping adults and teens navigate anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, and life transitions. I work with men and women who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to move forward, as well as teens managing the pressures of high school and college. I also support creatives and athletes facing mental blocks, performance pressure, or burnout. Many of my clients seem to have things together on the outside, but internally feel anxious, exhausted, or disconnected.
I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) with over 15 years of experience helping adults and teens navigate anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, and life transitions. I work with men and women who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to move forward, as well as teens managing the pressures of high school and college. I also support creatives and athletes facing mental blocks, performance pressure, or burnout. Many of my clients seem to have things together on the outside, but internally feel anxious, exhausted, or disconnected.
(407) 449-8566 View (407) 449-8566
Steven Roger Brashear
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
There is never a one-size fits all concerning specific clients. Each client has their share of various life experiences. Being able to support my clients through careful listening is a key element to building a strong rapport, which is essential to the therapeutic process. And ultimately, providing the appropriate treatment plan tailored to their needs and goals is also essential to the recovery and healing processes.
There is never a one-size fits all concerning specific clients. Each client has their share of various life experiences. Being able to support my clients through careful listening is a key element to building a strong rapport, which is essential to the therapeutic process. And ultimately, providing the appropriate treatment plan tailored to their needs and goals is also essential to the recovery and healing processes.
(321) 233-9790 View (321) 233-9790
Mandy Roux
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern
2 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
I work with clients who are experiencing the impacts of trauma & grief. When you're carrying the weight of this, life can feel like it's out of your control. It sometimes feels like you're either numb, going through the motions or that your emotions take over which makes it difficult to feel ease in your day-to-day life. If you're reading this, maybe you've tried to talk about it or you know "why you are the way that you are", but still feel stuck in moving forward. That's because knowing & intellectualizing our struggles isn't enough. Healing happens when you learn to release stuck emotions & the impacts of trauma from your body.
I work with clients who are experiencing the impacts of trauma & grief. When you're carrying the weight of this, life can feel like it's out of your control. It sometimes feels like you're either numb, going through the motions or that your emotions take over which makes it difficult to feel ease in your day-to-day life. If you're reading this, maybe you've tried to talk about it or you know "why you are the way that you are", but still feel stuck in moving forward. That's because knowing & intellectualizing our struggles isn't enough. Healing happens when you learn to release stuck emotions & the impacts of trauma from your body.
(321) 850-2882 View (321) 850-2882
Maya Burnett
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, RMHCI
1 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
Hello, my name is Maya, and I’m glad you are here. Seeking help is not easy, nor is navigating it alone. One of the keys that unlock inner healing is learning how to be mindful about what shapes our perceptions. I know firsthand the complexities of navigating multiple identities and the unique challenges that come with balancing motherhood, career, and self-care, often leaving us to feel unbalanced and dysregulated. As a bi-racial female, I bring both personal insight and professional training to my work. With three years of clinical experience and 40-plus years of life experience. I am passionate about helping all individuals heal.
Hello, my name is Maya, and I’m glad you are here. Seeking help is not easy, nor is navigating it alone. One of the keys that unlock inner healing is learning how to be mindful about what shapes our perceptions. I know firsthand the complexities of navigating multiple identities and the unique challenges that come with balancing motherhood, career, and self-care, often leaving us to feel unbalanced and dysregulated. As a bi-racial female, I bring both personal insight and professional training to my work. With three years of clinical experience and 40-plus years of life experience. I am passionate about helping all individuals heal.
(407) 477-4179 View (407) 477-4179
Moore Care Therapy
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS, CDCCP, PhD
Winter Park, FL 32789
Living with stress, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, or the mental weight of health concerns. Feelings of overwhelmed, disconnected, and not quite like yourself even if you appear “fine” on the outside due to caregiver stress, work issues, or all around life problems. If life feels heavier than it should and you’re tired of carrying it alone, you don’t have to navigate this by yourself.
Living with stress, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, or the mental weight of health concerns. Feelings of overwhelmed, disconnected, and not quite like yourself even if you appear “fine” on the outside due to caregiver stress, work issues, or all around life problems. If life feels heavier than it should and you’re tired of carrying it alone, you don’t have to navigate this by yourself.
(321) 587-0083 View (321) 587-0083
Christian Arbogast
Pre-Licensed Professional
4 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
You know your child better than anyone else. Lately, you've noticed more frustration, shutdowns, emotional outbursts, anxiety about school, pulling away from friends and family, or a loss of interest in the things they used to love. Sometimes the changes are easy to spot, and other times they're harder to put into words. You watch a little closer than you let on, wondering what your child needs and whether you're reading it right. It's painful to see your child struggle and feel unsure of what to do next. You don't want to ignore what could be a painful problem for your child... yet, what should you do?
You know your child better than anyone else. Lately, you've noticed more frustration, shutdowns, emotional outbursts, anxiety about school, pulling away from friends and family, or a loss of interest in the things they used to love. Sometimes the changes are easy to spot, and other times they're harder to put into words. You watch a little closer than you let on, wondering what your child needs and whether you're reading it right. It's painful to see your child struggle and feel unsure of what to do next. You don't want to ignore what could be a painful problem for your child... yet, what should you do?
(321) 475-1462 View (321) 475-1462
Peter Wildeman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
Would you like to build a life that aligns with your values? If you're feeling stuck—in a relationship, in a pattern, or within yourself—therapy can help you move forward. I work with individuals and couples struggling with communication, boundaries, and recurring conflict. I also work well with men who struggle with anger, emotional reactivity, or feel skeptical about therapy. My approach is direct, practical, and respectful. Together, we identify patterns, build accountability, and create meaningful, lasting change.
Would you like to build a life that aligns with your values? If you're feeling stuck—in a relationship, in a pattern, or within yourself—therapy can help you move forward. I work with individuals and couples struggling with communication, boundaries, and recurring conflict. I also work well with men who struggle with anger, emotional reactivity, or feel skeptical about therapy. My approach is direct, practical, and respectful. Together, we identify patterns, build accountability, and create meaningful, lasting change.
(407) 315-1542 View (407) 315-1542
Casie Muse
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
3 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
I’m a therapist who believes that who we are today is deeply shaped by where we’ve been. We don’t just wake up on day feeling anxious, stuck or disconnected… it usually goes way back. Our experiences, relationships, and environment shape who we become. I’ve had the privilege to work with women, young adults, and teenagers navigate complex trauma, substance use, grief & loss, and self-understanding. Together, we will explore not just what is happening in your life right now, but why it might feel that way, and how the patterns you’ve learned can shift toward something more fulfilling.
I’m a therapist who believes that who we are today is deeply shaped by where we’ve been. We don’t just wake up on day feeling anxious, stuck or disconnected… it usually goes way back. Our experiences, relationships, and environment shape who we become. I’ve had the privilege to work with women, young adults, and teenagers navigate complex trauma, substance use, grief & loss, and self-understanding. Together, we will explore not just what is happening in your life right now, but why it might feel that way, and how the patterns you’ve learned can shift toward something more fulfilling.
(689) 268-1833 View (689) 268-1833
Samantha Carver
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CCTP-II
5 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32792
I empower individuals to create themselves and move to a place of self-acceptance by helping them learn to more efficiently manage life; overcoming past and current obstacles in order to move forward, becoming active participants in their own lives. I work to instill hope and motivation in my clients. I am a master's level Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional in the state of Florida.
I empower individuals to create themselves and move to a place of self-acceptance by helping them learn to more efficiently manage life; overcoming past and current obstacles in order to move forward, becoming active participants in their own lives. I work to instill hope and motivation in my clients. I am a master's level Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional in the state of Florida.
(321) 274-9394 View (321) 274-9394
PHC Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32792
I specialize in PTSD and trauma related to distressing or life-changing experiences. PTSD may cause intrusive memories, nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance, hypervigilance, irritability, poor sleep, guilt, and emotional numbness. These symptoms can disrupt work, relationships, and daily life. I work to provide compassionate, nonjudgmental space, utilizing EMDR, CBT, and Motivational Interviewing to help you process trauma, manage symptoms, build coping skills, and strengthen your sense of safety and confidence. I have experience with Workers’ Compensation clients and am a VA Community Care Network member. Learn more at my website now
I specialize in PTSD and trauma related to distressing or life-changing experiences. PTSD may cause intrusive memories, nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance, hypervigilance, irritability, poor sleep, guilt, and emotional numbness. These symptoms can disrupt work, relationships, and daily life. I work to provide compassionate, nonjudgmental space, utilizing EMDR, CBT, and Motivational Interviewing to help you process trauma, manage symptoms, build coping skills, and strengthen your sense of safety and confidence. I have experience with Workers’ Compensation clients and am a VA Community Care Network member. Learn more at my website now
(305) 780-6132 View (305) 780-6132
Marcia T Norman
Psychologist, PsyD
3 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
You’ve spent years being the person everyone else could count on. You built a life, handled the responsibilities, cared for the people you love, and kept moving forward—even when it wasn’t easy. But somewhere along the way, you may have lost sight of you. Maybe life looks fine from the outside, but inside you feel anxious, overwhelmed, restless, or simply not like yourself anymore. Perhaps your children need you differently now, your relationship or career has changed, or you’ve reached a point where you’re asking a question you never had the time—or permission—to ask before: What do I want my life to look like now?
You’ve spent years being the person everyone else could count on. You built a life, handled the responsibilities, cared for the people you love, and kept moving forward—even when it wasn’t easy. But somewhere along the way, you may have lost sight of you. Maybe life looks fine from the outside, but inside you feel anxious, overwhelmed, restless, or simply not like yourself anymore. Perhaps your children need you differently now, your relationship or career has changed, or you’ve reached a point where you’re asking a question you never had the time—or permission—to ask before: What do I want my life to look like now?
(407) 588-6848 View (407) 588-6848
Tyler Baso
Pre-Licensed Professional, RMHCI
Winter Park, FL 32792
I work especially with men and young men who want to understand themselves more deeply, develop emotional clarity, and live with greater authenticity, presence, and connection. Together, we explore the inner world with curiosity and compassion rather than judgment. Many people move through life disconnected from themselves - caught in fear, avoidance, shame, anxiety, emotional numbness, or patterns they don’t fully understand. My work as a therapist is centered around helping people reconnect to who they truly are in their heart. Healing begins when we are able to honestly face what we’ve been avoiding and bring awareness within.
I work especially with men and young men who want to understand themselves more deeply, develop emotional clarity, and live with greater authenticity, presence, and connection. Together, we explore the inner world with curiosity and compassion rather than judgment. Many people move through life disconnected from themselves - caught in fear, avoidance, shame, anxiety, emotional numbness, or patterns they don’t fully understand. My work as a therapist is centered around helping people reconnect to who they truly are in their heart. Healing begins when we are able to honestly face what we’ve been avoiding and bring awareness within.
(407) 634-2499 View (407) 634-2499
Jennifer Patterson Counseling, LLC
Counselor, BSN, RN, MS, LMHC
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Exhausted and mood depressed? Anxiety level high and impairing your life? Difficulty with relationships? Anger causing you problems? Struggling with food? Life feel out of control? Problems in your marriage? Lonely and empty inside? Busy helping others with their lives, and lost track of yourself? In a mid-life without a clear direction? Hard to even brush your teeth somedays? Alcohol addiction highjacked your life? Blurry boundaries? Good news! There is hope! Call for your initial appointment learn how to express and communicate your needs. Begin your personal journey of discovery and recovery today!
Exhausted and mood depressed? Anxiety level high and impairing your life? Difficulty with relationships? Anger causing you problems? Struggling with food? Life feel out of control? Problems in your marriage? Lonely and empty inside? Busy helping others with their lives, and lost track of yourself? In a mid-life without a clear direction? Hard to even brush your teeth somedays? Alcohol addiction highjacked your life? Blurry boundaries? Good news! There is hope! Call for your initial appointment learn how to express and communicate your needs. Begin your personal journey of discovery and recovery today!
Robert Thally
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Currently accepting new clients as of August 2, 2026. I provide virtual OCD and anxiety therapy to adults throughout Florida. How much time has anxiety taken from you? Your mind tries hard to protect you. It pushes you to avoid discomfort and looks for ways to feel safe and certain again. You may spend hours overthinking conversations, anticipating problems, or trying to relax while your mind jumps to the next “what if?” Worrying feels like preparation. Reassurance feels calming. Checking feels responsible. But over time, OCD and anxiety can start pulling you away from relationships, work, rest, and the moments you value the most.
Currently accepting new clients as of August 2, 2026. I provide virtual OCD and anxiety therapy to adults throughout Florida. How much time has anxiety taken from you? Your mind tries hard to protect you. It pushes you to avoid discomfort and looks for ways to feel safe and certain again. You may spend hours overthinking conversations, anticipating problems, or trying to relax while your mind jumps to the next “what if?” Worrying feels like preparation. Reassurance feels calming. Checking feels responsible. But over time, OCD and anxiety can start pulling you away from relationships, work, rest, and the moments you value the most.
(407) 378-2751 View (407) 378-2751
Yael Rivera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I work with adults 18+ who are looking for support with emotional distress, navigating their partner relationships, friendships, or family dynamics, living with the impacts of trauma, adjusting to life transitions, & those seeking neurodiversity-affirming support. There is hope to create a greater sense of connection, safety, and ease within yourself and your relationships. I offer therapy focused on deepening self-understanding, developing tools for a meaningful life, and discovering your healthier way of responding to life. We will explore approaches to your unique story to find more authentic ways to thrive in your day to day.
I work with adults 18+ who are looking for support with emotional distress, navigating their partner relationships, friendships, or family dynamics, living with the impacts of trauma, adjusting to life transitions, & those seeking neurodiversity-affirming support. There is hope to create a greater sense of connection, safety, and ease within yourself and your relationships. I offer therapy focused on deepening self-understanding, developing tools for a meaningful life, and discovering your healthier way of responding to life. We will explore approaches to your unique story to find more authentic ways to thrive in your day to day.
(407) 845-9072 View (407) 845-9072
Kathlyn Chelsea Davis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCTP
1 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
It's common to often feel isolated and misunderstood. Have you ever experienced an emotional disconnect that you couldn't quite understand? Throughout our lifetime we experience concepts such as trauma, shame and marginalization that affect our mind, bodies and relationships. My goal is to help you uncover these underlying wounds by gaining awareness of the connection between the mind and physical sensations of the body. Through a collaborative approach, let's empower you by exploring the origins of these wounds for a more peaceful life experience. Today you've made the first step in healing your painful past for a healthier future.
It's common to often feel isolated and misunderstood. Have you ever experienced an emotional disconnect that you couldn't quite understand? Throughout our lifetime we experience concepts such as trauma, shame and marginalization that affect our mind, bodies and relationships. My goal is to help you uncover these underlying wounds by gaining awareness of the connection between the mind and physical sensations of the body. Through a collaborative approach, let's empower you by exploring the origins of these wounds for a more peaceful life experience. Today you've made the first step in healing your painful past for a healthier future.
(321) 320-8419 View (321) 320-8419
John Gallagher
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, CAP
1 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
I specialize in healing broken relationships. If your relationship is not bringing you the joy it once did, I'd like to help. Issues such as affairs, anger, children, in laws, health, and alcohol abuse will test even the strongest of couples - but relationships can not only survive; they can thrive in the face of adversity. I can help you reconnect with your partner and restore joy and balance to your relationship. I have been working with couples and individual clients in the central Florida area for over 20 years and I've been happily married myself for 25 years.
I specialize in healing broken relationships. If your relationship is not bringing you the joy it once did, I'd like to help. Issues such as affairs, anger, children, in laws, health, and alcohol abuse will test even the strongest of couples - but relationships can not only survive; they can thrive in the face of adversity. I can help you reconnect with your partner and restore joy and balance to your relationship. I have been working with couples and individual clients in the central Florida area for over 20 years and I've been happily married myself for 25 years.
(407) 490-2577 View (407) 490-2577
Anne Keen | Complex Trauma & Attachment Therapy
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
8 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
Trauma isn’t always loud or obvious. Sometimes it’s the quiet accumulation of moments where your needs went unmet or you learned it wasn’t safe to fully show up as yourself. Over time, that can lead to anxiety, burnout, or relationships that feel confusing or draining. As a trauma-informed therapist, I help people who’ve learned to hold it all together on the outside but feel overwhelmed or disconnected on the inside. Together, we’ll slow down, understand what’s happening beneath the surface, and rebuild a sense of safety, self-trust, and emotional balance.
Trauma isn’t always loud or obvious. Sometimes it’s the quiet accumulation of moments where your needs went unmet or you learned it wasn’t safe to fully show up as yourself. Over time, that can lead to anxiety, burnout, or relationships that feel confusing or draining. As a trauma-informed therapist, I help people who’ve learned to hold it all together on the outside but feel overwhelmed or disconnected on the inside. Together, we’ll slow down, understand what’s happening beneath the surface, and rebuild a sense of safety, self-trust, and emotional balance.
(321) 386-1926 View (321) 386-1926
Alexandria Turnbow
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
7 Endorsed
Winter Park, FL 32789
Hi, I'm Alexandria, the owner of Mindful Perceptions; a mental health counseling practice that focuses on learning, healing, and wellness. We know life can be fast-paced and overwhelming; finding and attending therapy shouldn't cause you more distress. We recognize that you are an individual and tailor the therapeutic process to your personality and needs. We will do our best to meet you where you are, help you gain insight into past experiences, and gently challenge you to reach your goals.
Hi, I'm Alexandria, the owner of Mindful Perceptions; a mental health counseling practice that focuses on learning, healing, and wellness. We know life can be fast-paced and overwhelming; finding and attending therapy shouldn't cause you more distress. We recognize that you are an individual and tailor the therapeutic process to your personality and needs. We will do our best to meet you where you are, help you gain insight into past experiences, and gently challenge you to reach your goals.
(407) 337-7707 View (407) 337-7707

See more therapy options for Winter Park

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Winter Park, FL

700+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Winter Park, FL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
93% Social Anxiety
93% Health Anxiety
93% Driving Anxiety
86% Depression
80% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% Aetna
77% Cigna and Evernorth
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Winter Park, FL see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Winter Park?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.