Therapists in Gainesville, FL

Photo of Miranda Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Miranda Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
You’re driven and ambitious, but sometimes you find yourself stuck on the couch, overwhelmed by anxiety, procrastination, and perfectionism. Some days you’re on top of the world, and others, you constantly second-guess yourself. You feel the pressure to keep it together, balancing your job, relationships, and life... and you are tired. You get in your own head and escape through mindless eating, drinking, doom scrolling, and sleepless nights, but deep down, you have big goals. The fog of self-doubt and fear of failure makes it hard to get started, and you’re ready for a change.
You’re driven and ambitious, but sometimes you find yourself stuck on the couch, overwhelmed by anxiety, procrastination, and perfectionism. Some days you’re on top of the world, and others, you constantly second-guess yourself. You feel the pressure to keep it together, balancing your job, relationships, and life... and you are tired. You get in your own head and escape through mindless eating, drinking, doom scrolling, and sleepless nights, but deep down, you have big goals. The fog of self-doubt and fear of failure makes it hard to get started, and you’re ready for a change.
(407) 214-4845 View (407) 214-4845
Photo of Holland Hall, Counselor, LMHC
Holland Hall
Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32601
My therapeutic approach is integrative and unique to my clients’ specific goals. We discuss this collaboratively, and my approach is informed by evidence-based practices developed to improve emotional and psychological wellbeing. My therapy style is relational and educational: I show up as another human being and teach what I have learned through my education and training. I completed my graduate degree in 2019 at the University of Florida, and I received my clinical training at the University of Florida Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology at Springhill II.
My therapeutic approach is integrative and unique to my clients’ specific goals. We discuss this collaboratively, and my approach is informed by evidence-based practices developed to improve emotional and psychological wellbeing. My therapy style is relational and educational: I show up as another human being and teach what I have learned through my education and training. I completed my graduate degree in 2019 at the University of Florida, and I received my clinical training at the University of Florida Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology at Springhill II.
(352) 290-7874 View (352) 290-7874
Photo of Mariah Williams, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Mariah Williams
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Gainesville, FL 32601
Why settle for less than you deserve: spending your time feeling alone, unworthy or anxious? Are you entering a new phase of life but feel lost? Maybe you've just started college, navigating parenthood for the first time, or finding yourself in a new city where you don't know anyone... It seems like everyone else has it figured out, so why can’t you? The short answer is- you can! The reality is- it comes with perseverance, commitment, and a willingness to put in place the tools that will help you move forward. You can move forward! You can wake up each day feeling hopeful for/deserving of the promising things that life can hold!
Why settle for less than you deserve: spending your time feeling alone, unworthy or anxious? Are you entering a new phase of life but feel lost? Maybe you've just started college, navigating parenthood for the first time, or finding yourself in a new city where you don't know anyone... It seems like everyone else has it figured out, so why can’t you? The short answer is- you can! The reality is- it comes with perseverance, commitment, and a willingness to put in place the tools that will help you move forward. You can move forward! You can wake up each day feeling hopeful for/deserving of the promising things that life can hold!
(352) 649-3830 View (352) 649-3830
Photo of Burton David Burt - Recovery Awareness LLC, Counselor, LMHC, MCAP, SAP, SAE
Recovery Awareness LLC
Counselor, LMHC, MCAP, SAP, SAE
3 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32653
Clients I work with are dealing with real consequences. Substance use, mental health issues, or both have reached a point where something has to change. Many are referred for evaluations, including DOT SAP services in FL, NH, and GA, or need substance use or mental health assessments for court or treatment. Others are stuck in relapse patterns or poor decisions that are not improving. I provide clear, defensible evaluations and direct, structured treatment. The focus is honesty, accountability, and real change, not surface level work.
Clients I work with are dealing with real consequences. Substance use, mental health issues, or both have reached a point where something has to change. Many are referred for evaluations, including DOT SAP services in FL, NH, and GA, or need substance use or mental health assessments for court or treatment. Others are stuck in relapse patterns or poor decisions that are not improving. I provide clear, defensible evaluations and direct, structured treatment. The focus is honesty, accountability, and real change, not surface level work.
(352) 415-2472 View (352) 415-2472
Photo of Ann-Marie Fenn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CNM, APRN, LCSW
Ann-Marie Fenn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CNM, APRN, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal clients are young adults/ adults/ and the elderly navigating life transitions, relationship challenges, anxiety, grief, trauma or a sense of feeling stuck despite their best efforts. Many are thoughtful, capable individuals seeking deeper self-understanding and lasting change. My approach is relational, experiential, and collaborative. Together we explore patterns, strengthen emotional resilience, and create a path forward that feels authentic, meaningful, and aligned with each client’s goals and values. I welcome individuals from all walks of life and honor the unique experiences each person brings to therapy.
My ideal clients are young adults/ adults/ and the elderly navigating life transitions, relationship challenges, anxiety, grief, trauma or a sense of feeling stuck despite their best efforts. Many are thoughtful, capable individuals seeking deeper self-understanding and lasting change. My approach is relational, experiential, and collaborative. Together we explore patterns, strengthen emotional resilience, and create a path forward that feels authentic, meaningful, and aligned with each client’s goals and values. I welcome individuals from all walks of life and honor the unique experiences each person brings to therapy.
(352) 790-2660 View (352) 790-2660
Photo of Heejin Ryoo, Counselor, MS, LMHC, LPC, LPCC, CFMHE
Heejin Ryoo
Counselor, MS, LMHC, LPC, LPCC, CFMHE
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Trying to cope with life’s challenges is leaving you emotionally exhausted. You desperately want to live a more fulfilling life, but you’re not sure how to move past your anxiety, hurt, stress, and worry. You feel stuck and need direction to make meaningful changes. You’re ready to do the work to move forward past your struggles and achieve more rewarding outcomes in life. It’s important you feel heard and understood from a place of acceptance and free from judgment. You know you can make the necessary changes, you just need an open-minded ally to meet you where you are and guide you on your journey to living the life you want.
Trying to cope with life’s challenges is leaving you emotionally exhausted. You desperately want to live a more fulfilling life, but you’re not sure how to move past your anxiety, hurt, stress, and worry. You feel stuck and need direction to make meaningful changes. You’re ready to do the work to move forward past your struggles and achieve more rewarding outcomes in life. It’s important you feel heard and understood from a place of acceptance and free from judgment. You know you can make the necessary changes, you just need an open-minded ally to meet you where you are and guide you on your journey to living the life you want.
(689) 333-6590 View (689) 333-6590
Photo of Joanne Hinds - Joanne Jean Counseling LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Joanne Jean Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Gainesville, FL 32606
Before becoming a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I worked as a Correctional Officer and got to witness first hand how untreated mental health and substance abuse challenges bled over into so many different areas of life. I believe that people have an inherent desire to change their lives but some are unsure of where to start. Sometimes being empowered to change is a matter of learning what you don't know.
Before becoming a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I worked as a Correctional Officer and got to witness first hand how untreated mental health and substance abuse challenges bled over into so many different areas of life. I believe that people have an inherent desire to change their lives but some are unsure of where to start. Sometimes being empowered to change is a matter of learning what you don't know.
(352) 204-0234 View (352) 204-0234
Photo of Daniellys Diaz, Counselor, LMHC
Daniellys Diaz
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I graduated from Webster University with a Master's Degree in Counseling in 2018 before continuing on as a Family Behavioral Therapist at a nonprofit organization. My goal as your therapist is to make you feel comfortable, hopeful, and validated when addressing lifestyle stressors through therapeutic interventions, discussions, and activities. I provide a safe space to explore challenges such as anxiety and depression, addictions, grief, trauma, relationship issues, anger management, and more.
I graduated from Webster University with a Master's Degree in Counseling in 2018 before continuing on as a Family Behavioral Therapist at a nonprofit organization. My goal as your therapist is to make you feel comfortable, hopeful, and validated when addressing lifestyle stressors through therapeutic interventions, discussions, and activities. I provide a safe space to explore challenges such as anxiety and depression, addictions, grief, trauma, relationship issues, anger management, and more.
(352) 724-3541 View (352) 724-3541
Photo of Lora Coleman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, DNH, CHT, MDiv
Lora Coleman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, DNH, CHT, MDiv
Gainesville, FL 32641
I have been in the field of counseling for more than 30 years, With a strong emphasis on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, listening and support, Spiritual Care and Natural Healing. I enjoy working with individuals and couples, and currently work heavily with college students. I have a strong history of working with trauma, anxiety, depression and life changes as well as spiritual matters.
I have been in the field of counseling for more than 30 years, With a strong emphasis on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, listening and support, Spiritual Care and Natural Healing. I enjoy working with individuals and couples, and currently work heavily with college students. I have a strong history of working with trauma, anxiety, depression and life changes as well as spiritual matters.
(352) 604-3311 View (352) 604-3311
Photo of Tracie Frial, Counselor, LMFT, LMHC
Tracie Frial
Counselor, LMFT, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32606
Waitlist for new clients
Deciding to go to therapy isn't an easy decision, but it certainly is a courageous move. Our world often beats us down and tells us that we should be able to deal with struggles on our own. Fortunately, we are made to walk through life's struggles together. I consider it an honor to walk with you and to help you work through challenges that are keeping you from experiencing life the way you deserve. In therapy, I use a positive, strengths based approach to help you reach your goals.
Deciding to go to therapy isn't an easy decision, but it certainly is a courageous move. Our world often beats us down and tells us that we should be able to deal with struggles on our own. Fortunately, we are made to walk through life's struggles together. I consider it an honor to walk with you and to help you work through challenges that are keeping you from experiencing life the way you deserve. In therapy, I use a positive, strengths based approach to help you reach your goals.
(904) 712-0405 View (904) 712-0405
Photo of Rachel Schneider, Counselor, MEd, EdS, LMHC
Rachel Schneider
Counselor, MEd, EdS, LMHC
Gainesville, FL 32605
Not accepting new clients
Rachel Schneider, LMHC is a licensed mental health counselor who completed her degree in Counselor Education at the University of Florida with a focus in mental health counseling. Currently she specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), primarily with anxiety disorders, and particularly with OCD. She also can help with issues of depression, self-esteem, relationship issues, and other concerns. Her main goal and priority is to help every client become their happiest, healthiest self through the therapeutic process.
Rachel Schneider, LMHC is a licensed mental health counselor who completed her degree in Counselor Education at the University of Florida with a focus in mental health counseling. Currently she specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), primarily with anxiety disorders, and particularly with OCD. She also can help with issues of depression, self-esteem, relationship issues, and other concerns. Her main goal and priority is to help every client become their happiest, healthiest self through the therapeutic process.
(352) 433-4860 View (352) 433-4860
Photo of Kris Ann Arana, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Kris Ann Arana
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Gainesville, FL 32601
Are you tired of having the same argument over and over again? With someone you love, or with yourself? Maybe you’ve tried to communicate differently, set new boundaries, or break a pattern you know isn’t working, and somehow you keep ending up in the same place. Whether that cycle is showing up in your relationship, your family, or deep within your own mind, that feeling of being stuck is real. When we’re caught in these cycles, the pain can start to feel like simply the way things are. It bleeds into our relationships, our parenting, and the way we see ourselves. Over time, surviving starts to feel more familiar than thriving.
Are you tired of having the same argument over and over again? With someone you love, or with yourself? Maybe you’ve tried to communicate differently, set new boundaries, or break a pattern you know isn’t working, and somehow you keep ending up in the same place. Whether that cycle is showing up in your relationship, your family, or deep within your own mind, that feeling of being stuck is real. When we’re caught in these cycles, the pain can start to feel like simply the way things are. It bleeds into our relationships, our parenting, and the way we see ourselves. Over time, surviving starts to feel more familiar than thriving.
(352) 320-0032 View (352) 320-0032
Photo of Jessica Bone, Counselor, Ed.S., LMHC, QS
Jessica Bone
Counselor, Ed.S., LMHC, QS
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I work best with people who are balancing a lot and are ready for a space that is actually focused on them. Many of my clients are college students, young professionals, and families who are managing pressure from multiple directions and starting to feel overwhelmed, stuck, or stretched thin. Whether that is stress, anxiety, relationship strain, or just feeling like they have lost a sense of themselves in everything they are carrying. I help by creating a space where we can slow things down, make sense of what is going on, and focus on what will actually help things feel different.
I work best with people who are balancing a lot and are ready for a space that is actually focused on them. Many of my clients are college students, young professionals, and families who are managing pressure from multiple directions and starting to feel overwhelmed, stuck, or stretched thin. Whether that is stress, anxiety, relationship strain, or just feeling like they have lost a sense of themselves in everything they are carrying. I help by creating a space where we can slow things down, make sense of what is going on, and focus on what will actually help things feel different.
(352) 839-3882 View (352) 839-3882
Photo of Nancy C Kanter, Psychologist, PhD
Nancy C Kanter
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32608
I have been practicing as a psychologist since 1991, and have been in independent practice full time since 2007. I have extensive experience working with older adolescents (17 and up) and adults in individual, couples and group therapy. I provide therapy for people struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship problems, life transitions, body image issues, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress, substance use disorders, people affected by the disease of addiction/alcoholism, and unhealthy coping behaviors.
I have been practicing as a psychologist since 1991, and have been in independent practice full time since 2007. I have extensive experience working with older adolescents (17 and up) and adults in individual, couples and group therapy. I provide therapy for people struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship problems, life transitions, body image issues, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress, substance use disorders, people affected by the disease of addiction/alcoholism, and unhealthy coping behaviors.
(352) 462-2443 View (352) 462-2443
Photo of Katie Hughes, Counselor, LHMC, MEd, EdS
Katie Hughes
Counselor, LHMC, MEd, EdS
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32606
You’ve been carrying a lot. Maybe it’s grief that lingers, anxiety that loops on repeat, or the sense that you’ve lost touch with yourself or your relationships. You might feel stuck—like something needs to shift, but you're not sure where to begin. Deep down, you want more ease, more connection, and to feel like yourself again. You're craving space to slow down, feel heard, and figure things out without judgment. You want support that’s grounded and real, not just surface-level advice. And even if it feels a little scary, you're ready to start untangling what’s been weighing you down.
You’ve been carrying a lot. Maybe it’s grief that lingers, anxiety that loops on repeat, or the sense that you’ve lost touch with yourself or your relationships. You might feel stuck—like something needs to shift, but you're not sure where to begin. Deep down, you want more ease, more connection, and to feel like yourself again. You're craving space to slow down, feel heard, and figure things out without judgment. You want support that’s grounded and real, not just surface-level advice. And even if it feels a little scary, you're ready to start untangling what’s been weighing you down.
(352) 320-5448 View (352) 320-5448
Photo of Jean M. Theurer, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, CFP(R), LMFT, LMHC
Jean M. Theurer
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, CFP(R), LMFT, LMHC
Online Only
I am a Marriage and Family Therapist licensed in Florida and a Certified Financial Planner(TM). After a long career in finance as a Wall Street trader and financial planner, I earned a doctorate in Marriage Counseling. My experience and education guide me in helping my clients with their relationships, whether it is their relationships with money, family, partners, colleagues or friends. Therapy is the best investment that you can make for all aspects of your personal wellbeing.
I am a Marriage and Family Therapist licensed in Florida and a Certified Financial Planner(TM). After a long career in finance as a Wall Street trader and financial planner, I earned a doctorate in Marriage Counseling. My experience and education guide me in helping my clients with their relationships, whether it is their relationships with money, family, partners, colleagues or friends. Therapy is the best investment that you can make for all aspects of your personal wellbeing.
(352) 766-1790 View (352) 766-1790
Photo of Maria Montenegro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Maria Montenegro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Navigating life’s complexities can feel overwhelming, when early relational rupture, caregiver trauma, or emotional dysregulation makes it hard to connect with yourself or others. You may long for a safe, supportive space to explore your inner world, strengthen your boundaries, and foster authentic relationships including with self. What makes my practice unique is the integration of bottom-up processing, analytical approaches, and judgment-free self-expression through metaphor, abstraction, and creativity. I believe in the power of embracing complexity and honoring the wisdom of both your inner world and outward expression.
Navigating life’s complexities can feel overwhelming, when early relational rupture, caregiver trauma, or emotional dysregulation makes it hard to connect with yourself or others. You may long for a safe, supportive space to explore your inner world, strengthen your boundaries, and foster authentic relationships including with self. What makes my practice unique is the integration of bottom-up processing, analytical approaches, and judgment-free self-expression through metaphor, abstraction, and creativity. I believe in the power of embracing complexity and honoring the wisdom of both your inner world and outward expression.
(352) 605-6616 View (352) 605-6616
Photo of Susan Lake-Rawson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Susan Lake-Rawson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Gainesville, FL 32601
Practicing empathy, encouraging growth. This is the mantra Susan lives by. She offers a peaceful, nature-filled space for those navigating grief, loss, and major life changes. Known for her quirky charm and big heart, she integrates bibliotherapy to inspire reflection and healing. Her beloved co-therapists— Zoey, Heidi, and Sissy—bring comfort and connection to each session, helping clients feel safe and supported. With compassion and respect for every journey, she provides a private, nurturing environment where individuals can process, heal, and rediscover their strength at their own pace.
Practicing empathy, encouraging growth. This is the mantra Susan lives by. She offers a peaceful, nature-filled space for those navigating grief, loss, and major life changes. Known for her quirky charm and big heart, she integrates bibliotherapy to inspire reflection and healing. Her beloved co-therapists— Zoey, Heidi, and Sissy—bring comfort and connection to each session, helping clients feel safe and supported. With compassion and respect for every journey, she provides a private, nurturing environment where individuals can process, heal, and rediscover their strength at their own pace.
(352) 698-3939 View (352) 698-3939
Photo of Juan Cobo, Counselor, LMHC
Juan Cobo
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
My name is Juan Cobo, and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC). I am dedicated to providing compassionate support to individuals navigating life's challenges, with a focus on fostering emotional well-being and personal growth. My practice is centered on creating a safe and collaborative space where clients can explore their feelings and work toward meaningful change.
My name is Juan Cobo, and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC). I am dedicated to providing compassionate support to individuals navigating life's challenges, with a focus on fostering emotional well-being and personal growth. My practice is centered on creating a safe and collaborative space where clients can explore their feelings and work toward meaningful change.
(786) 686-4203 View (786) 686-4203
Photo of Jessica Kirpala Goldberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jessica Kirpala Goldberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32601
Counseling is a process to challenge old coping skills and to address suffering that can disrupt a healthy life. A safe and positive relationship is the cornerstone of any healing therapeutic experience. I offer a healing space to safely explore ways to face challenges, overcome trauma, and develop a path towards joyful living. Together we can learn more about the difficulties in your life you want to change and your inherent strengths.
Counseling is a process to challenge old coping skills and to address suffering that can disrupt a healthy life. A safe and positive relationship is the cornerstone of any healing therapeutic experience. I offer a healing space to safely explore ways to face challenges, overcome trauma, and develop a path towards joyful living. Together we can learn more about the difficulties in your life you want to change and your inherent strengths.
(352) 262-5498 View (352) 262-5498

See more therapy options for Gainesville

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Gainesville, FL

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Gainesville, FL who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
91% Social Anxiety
91% Health Anxiety
91% Driving Anxiety
85% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Aetna
78% Cigna and Evernorth
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Gainesville, FL see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Gainesville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.