Therapists in Ventura, CA

Photo of Susanna D Martinez, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Ventura, CA
Susanna D Martinez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ventura, CA 93003
Waitlist for new clients
I am so glad you're here, and I'm proud of you for taking the first step toward getting the support you need and deserve. Whether this is your first session or hundredth, I am honored to walk beside you as we unpack limiting patterns, and core beliefs to uncover your most authentic and confident self.
I am so glad you're here, and I'm proud of you for taking the first step toward getting the support you need and deserve. Whether this is your first session or hundredth, I am honored to walk beside you as we unpack limiting patterns, and core beliefs to uncover your most authentic and confident self.
(805) 222-0056 View (805) 222-0056
Photo of Heidi Kwan, Psychologist in Ventura, CA
Heidi Kwan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93003
We live our lives in search of happiness, fulfillment, enrichment, and balance through our relationships, families, jobs and career. These areas can become demanding, stressful and even overwhelming. We face challenging situations of life transitions, grief and loss, family dynamics, trauma and abuse. As a result, we experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, and other moods. This is a good time to consider seeking professional help. The journey of psychotherapy can be challenging, yet it is often healing and rewarding.
We live our lives in search of happiness, fulfillment, enrichment, and balance through our relationships, families, jobs and career. These areas can become demanding, stressful and even overwhelming. We face challenging situations of life transitions, grief and loss, family dynamics, trauma and abuse. As a result, we experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, and other moods. This is a good time to consider seeking professional help. The journey of psychotherapy can be challenging, yet it is often healing and rewarding.
(805) 209-2083 View (805) 209-2083
Photo of Dr. Kate Shanahan, Psychologist in Ventura, CA
Dr. Kate Shanahan
Psychologist, PhD, NCSP
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93003
Perceptive, motivated people encounter barriers all the time, but may be uncertain how to get help because to the outside world they seem to be doing just fine. Perhaps you or your child aren't able to achieve up to potential, feel worried about things in life, have trouble focusing or getting things done, or feel tension and conflict in relationships with others. Talented people can lose sight of their many strengths, and need support in figuring out what is keeping them from functioning at their best.
Perceptive, motivated people encounter barriers all the time, but may be uncertain how to get help because to the outside world they seem to be doing just fine. Perhaps you or your child aren't able to achieve up to potential, feel worried about things in life, have trouble focusing or getting things done, or feel tension and conflict in relationships with others. Talented people can lose sight of their many strengths, and need support in figuring out what is keeping them from functioning at their best.
(805) 926-6631 View (805) 926-6631
Photo of Linda Jordan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ventura, CA
Linda Jordan
Marriage & Family Therapist, RN, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93001
Because our mind and body are one, I strongly believe that for you to move forward emotionally, you need to be moving physically. Walking outside, side by side, as apposed to sitting still and facing you in an office setting, naturally creates a collaborative and supportive approach to therapy. It will feel less threatening to you. Because anxiety is less, more can be accomplished in an hour session of walk and talk therapy, then during the same amount of time in and office.
Because our mind and body are one, I strongly believe that for you to move forward emotionally, you need to be moving physically. Walking outside, side by side, as apposed to sitting still and facing you in an office setting, naturally creates a collaborative and supportive approach to therapy. It will feel less threatening to you. Because anxiety is less, more can be accomplished in an hour session of walk and talk therapy, then during the same amount of time in and office.
(805) 491-4429 View (805) 491-4429
Photo of Angie Small Booth, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ventura, CA
Angie Small Booth, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, JD, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ventura, CA 93003
Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Are you worried about a loved one? Are you in recovery (or want to be) from trauma, neglect or "coping mechanisms" like substance use and acting out? I understand that we generally do the best we can, which sometimes is not as great as other times. Therapy with someone you trust is a powerful tool for creating emotional health. It is possible to learn new ways of getting relief and finding a sense of well-being. Asking for help takes courage. Change is possible. I will walk this journey with you, at your pace. I will help you get your needs met and make the changes you want.
Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Are you worried about a loved one? Are you in recovery (or want to be) from trauma, neglect or "coping mechanisms" like substance use and acting out? I understand that we generally do the best we can, which sometimes is not as great as other times. Therapy with someone you trust is a powerful tool for creating emotional health. It is possible to learn new ways of getting relief and finding a sense of well-being. Asking for help takes courage. Change is possible. I will walk this journey with you, at your pace. I will help you get your needs met and make the changes you want.
(424) 258-5534 View (424) 258-5534
Photo of Corrine Thomas, LCSW, Inc, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ventura, CA
Corrine Thomas, LCSW, Inc
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93003  (Online Only)
It’s gratifying to work with motivated, insightful, resilient Clients. I know it takes real courage to challenge long held beliefs and adopt different narratives. Growing insight often impacts long held roles within family systems (families of origin, families of creation, blended families often including previous partners, our chosen families, circle of friends). As new perspectives are internalized behaviors change. Systems resist change. That resistance is meant to return the system to its, “normal,” is often punishing and makes change difficult. Change is never easy - even when the change is good, it’s never easy. Let's talk!
It’s gratifying to work with motivated, insightful, resilient Clients. I know it takes real courage to challenge long held beliefs and adopt different narratives. Growing insight often impacts long held roles within family systems (families of origin, families of creation, blended families often including previous partners, our chosen families, circle of friends). As new perspectives are internalized behaviors change. Systems resist change. That resistance is meant to return the system to its, “normal,” is often punishing and makes change difficult. Change is never easy - even when the change is good, it’s never easy. Let's talk!
(805) 424-5369 View (805) 424-5369
Photo of Dr. Marina Marcus, Psychological Associate in Ventura, CA
Dr. Marina Marcus
Psychological Associate, PhD, MPH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ventura, CA 93001  (Online Only)
I create a space that feels safe, encouraging, and collaborative so that you can explore your life experiences and feel supported in moving toward a healthy and vibrant life. Therapy is a place to learn and try out new skills, such as managing difficult emotions or improving communication. Therapy is also a space in which people can feel deeply heard and connected, and I believe a strong relationship between a therapist and client can be profoundly helpful when going through a period of healing and growth.
I create a space that feels safe, encouraging, and collaborative so that you can explore your life experiences and feel supported in moving toward a healthy and vibrant life. Therapy is a place to learn and try out new skills, such as managing difficult emotions or improving communication. Therapy is also a space in which people can feel deeply heard and connected, and I believe a strong relationship between a therapist and client can be profoundly helpful when going through a period of healing and growth.
(805) 622-2884 View (805) 622-2884
Photo of Deneen Maria Asuncion, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ventura, CA
Deneen Maria Asuncion
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93003
Hello, and welcome to a clear path to healing. It is my pleasure to encourage the following positive coping skills: physical activity, good sleep habits, avoidance of alcohol and recreational drugs, healthy eating habits, time out from the identified stressor(s), laughter, positive thinking, positive self-talk, good social skills, stress management and relaxation techniques, artistic expression, self-compassion, listening or playing music, reframing, and mindful/wise behavior. Primarily I assist my patients in developing a sense of wellness in the here and now. In my care, you will be able to bounce back from any hardship in life.
Hello, and welcome to a clear path to healing. It is my pleasure to encourage the following positive coping skills: physical activity, good sleep habits, avoidance of alcohol and recreational drugs, healthy eating habits, time out from the identified stressor(s), laughter, positive thinking, positive self-talk, good social skills, stress management and relaxation techniques, artistic expression, self-compassion, listening or playing music, reframing, and mindful/wise behavior. Primarily I assist my patients in developing a sense of wellness in the here and now. In my care, you will be able to bounce back from any hardship in life.
(805) 253-1323 View (805) 253-1323
Photo of Deana Marie Medina, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ventura, CA
Deana Marie Medina
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93003
Welcome! I am passionate to work with you, in your quest for freedom and overcome challenges that you, your child, teenager, partner or family may be experiencing. My educational journey focused on all conditions an individual may be experiencing with a concentration in trauma psychology. I am pleased to say my education sought to include social justice and multicultural awareness. Important components of multicultural awareness include explicit awareness of cultural influences. In society we must be aware of psychological, social, economic and political issues associated with culture, race, class, ethnicity, age, and gender.
Welcome! I am passionate to work with you, in your quest for freedom and overcome challenges that you, your child, teenager, partner or family may be experiencing. My educational journey focused on all conditions an individual may be experiencing with a concentration in trauma psychology. I am pleased to say my education sought to include social justice and multicultural awareness. Important components of multicultural awareness include explicit awareness of cultural influences. In society we must be aware of psychological, social, economic and political issues associated with culture, race, class, ethnicity, age, and gender.
(805) 874-5205 View (805) 874-5205
Photo of Sandra Aguilera-Cruz, LPC Intern in Ventura, CA
Sandra Aguilera-Cruz
LPC Intern, MA, PPS, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ventura, CA 93003  (Online Only)
My goal is to create a safe space, implement a client centered approach, and empower clients to believe in themselves. I began my career in 2010 working with children, at risk youth, and families at a non-profit organization providing behavioral services and parent training across multiple settings (school, home, in the community, group homes, and shelters). I have the skills and use interventions to best provide support to client's who face a range of challenges such as abuse, neglect, anxiety, depression, self-injurious behaviors, substance abuse.
My goal is to create a safe space, implement a client centered approach, and empower clients to believe in themselves. I began my career in 2010 working with children, at risk youth, and families at a non-profit organization providing behavioral services and parent training across multiple settings (school, home, in the community, group homes, and shelters). I have the skills and use interventions to best provide support to client's who face a range of challenges such as abuse, neglect, anxiety, depression, self-injurious behaviors, substance abuse.
(805) 977-5761 View (805) 977-5761
Photo of Dr. Sarah Kappen, Psychologist in Ventura, CA
Dr. Sarah Kappen
Psychologist, PsyD, MS
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93001
Feeling overwhelmed? Struggling with feelings of anxiety or depression? Feeling stuck in your relationship or marriage? Feeling lost or frozen because of trauma you've experienced? No matter where you may find yourself, I am so grateful that you are here!
Feeling overwhelmed? Struggling with feelings of anxiety or depression? Feeling stuck in your relationship or marriage? Feeling lost or frozen because of trauma you've experienced? No matter where you may find yourself, I am so grateful that you are here!
(805) 723-2836 View (805) 723-2836
Photo of Kalie Matisek, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ventura, CA
Kalie Matisek
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Ventura, CA 93001  (Online Only)
If you find yourself people-pleasing and want to break the chains of self-doubt and overthinking, I can help. I specialize in working with adults who tend to shut down or look for “the quick fix” when facing the stressors of life. As a parent myself, I am all too familiar with the challenges that come with balancing a career, marriage, and family life. I work with my clients to understand their triggers and learn new coping skills to feel healthier and more confident. I enjoy working with motivated, insightful adults who want to gain insight into how their past has impacted them and build tools through empowerment and process.
If you find yourself people-pleasing and want to break the chains of self-doubt and overthinking, I can help. I specialize in working with adults who tend to shut down or look for “the quick fix” when facing the stressors of life. As a parent myself, I am all too familiar with the challenges that come with balancing a career, marriage, and family life. I work with my clients to understand their triggers and learn new coping skills to feel healthier and more confident. I enjoy working with motivated, insightful adults who want to gain insight into how their past has impacted them and build tools through empowerment and process.
(805) 790-7903 View (805) 790-7903
Photo of Niloofar Alishahi, Art Therapist in Ventura, CA
Niloofar Alishahi
Art Therapist, MPS, LCAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93001  (Online Only)
I'm passionate about helping people achieve emotional well-being, personal growth, and positive change. I believe everyone has the potential for resilience and inner strength, and I want to provide a safe and supportive space for clients to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
I'm passionate about helping people achieve emotional well-being, personal growth, and positive change. I believe everyone has the potential for resilience and inner strength, and I want to provide a safe and supportive space for clients to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
(805) 243-2062 View (805) 243-2062
Photo of Brian F Soden, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ventura, CA
Brian F Soden
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93001
Hello and thank you for visiting my profile. I look forward to discussing how I might be able to help you navigate your way through this interesting thing called life. In my life, I have been fortunate to have a great many experiences, transitions, joys, sorrows, anxiety, depression, schooling, training and licensure that I am able to bring to our time together. Good therapy has so many facets it is difficult to name them all. One facet that cannot be ignored is that of connection with your chosen professional. I wholeheartedly welcome the opportunity to see if that connection exists with any potential clients.
Hello and thank you for visiting my profile. I look forward to discussing how I might be able to help you navigate your way through this interesting thing called life. In my life, I have been fortunate to have a great many experiences, transitions, joys, sorrows, anxiety, depression, schooling, training and licensure that I am able to bring to our time together. Good therapy has so many facets it is difficult to name them all. One facet that cannot be ignored is that of connection with your chosen professional. I wholeheartedly welcome the opportunity to see if that connection exists with any potential clients.
(805) 819-5851 View (805) 819-5851
Photo of Lucia Shanahan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ventura, CA
Lucia Shanahan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ventura, CA 93003
My specialties are in the areas of child and adult transitions, parenting, relationship challenges and clinical issues such as anxiety, depression, mood and anger. Additionally, I have experience with families dealing with child abuse and family custody challenges. My intensive clinical training and therapeutic skills help many people navigate through life's inherent up and downs, utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Coping Skills Development with a Solution-Focused approach. I like to focus on what I can do to help, keep the communication high and empower people to get motivated and active in their life solutions.
My specialties are in the areas of child and adult transitions, parenting, relationship challenges and clinical issues such as anxiety, depression, mood and anger. Additionally, I have experience with families dealing with child abuse and family custody challenges. My intensive clinical training and therapeutic skills help many people navigate through life's inherent up and downs, utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Coping Skills Development with a Solution-Focused approach. I like to focus on what I can do to help, keep the communication high and empower people to get motivated and active in their life solutions.
(805) 243-1552 View (805) 243-1552
Photo of Nicole Freeman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ventura, CA
Nicole Freeman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93003  (Online Only)
My experience enables me to offer effective, individualized, psychological care. I treat mood, thought, and personality disorders, while providing an unconcidered and pragmatic landscape for individuals and families who are floundering or stuck in ineffective thought loops. I work with those who have experienced trauma (PTSD and C-PTSD) and are having difficulty moving past experiences that they believe define them. I am uniquely qualified to offer niche services to adolescents and their families who are experiencing discord in these highly unusual and troubling times.
My experience enables me to offer effective, individualized, psychological care. I treat mood, thought, and personality disorders, while providing an unconcidered and pragmatic landscape for individuals and families who are floundering or stuck in ineffective thought loops. I work with those who have experienced trauma (PTSD and C-PTSD) and are having difficulty moving past experiences that they believe define them. I am uniquely qualified to offer niche services to adolescents and their families who are experiencing discord in these highly unusual and troubling times.
(805) 257-0766 View (805) 257-0766
Photo of Joshua Perkins, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ventura, CA
Joshua Perkins
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Ventura, CA 93001
Waitlist for new clients
Life can be overwhelming. Ongoing problems can leave us frustrated and defeated. Anxiety, depression, trauma, drug and alcohol dependence, relationship conflict, or isolation make it even harder to cope. The joy and spirit of life that we once had seems far gone. We may feel like we've been holding it together for weeks, months, or even years. At our lowest we lose perspective and believe things will never change. We don't want to be this way anymore. Life shouldn't feel this hard.
Life can be overwhelming. Ongoing problems can leave us frustrated and defeated. Anxiety, depression, trauma, drug and alcohol dependence, relationship conflict, or isolation make it even harder to cope. The joy and spirit of life that we once had seems far gone. We may feel like we've been holding it together for weeks, months, or even years. At our lowest we lose perspective and believe things will never change. We don't want to be this way anymore. Life shouldn't feel this hard.
(805) 262-9327 View (805) 262-9327
Photo of Cheryl Peel, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Ventura, CA
Cheryl Peel
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Ventura, CA 93003
Waitlist for new clients
Feel like you & your partner communicate in two different languages? Are you trying to navigate your way through a life change? Are you feeling trapped inside worry, doubt, or fear? You desire a stronger connection but when it is as if you are speaking a different language than your partner it is lonely & frustrating. Maybe you are experiencing a life change from a change in your relationship, a change in your career or one of the many other things that can take life in new directions & you are feeling pulled in multiple directions & emotions. Attempts at control, avoidance, or perfection have provided you with little to no success.
Feel like you & your partner communicate in two different languages? Are you trying to navigate your way through a life change? Are you feeling trapped inside worry, doubt, or fear? You desire a stronger connection but when it is as if you are speaking a different language than your partner it is lonely & frustrating. Maybe you are experiencing a life change from a change in your relationship, a change in your career or one of the many other things that can take life in new directions & you are feeling pulled in multiple directions & emotions. Attempts at control, avoidance, or perfection have provided you with little to no success.
(805) 219-7846 View (805) 219-7846
Photo of Larry Sherfield, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ventura, CA
Larry Sherfield
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93003
My name is Larry Sherfield and I am a licensed clinical social worker. I have worked in mental health in various roles including medical and clinical social worker and psychotherapist since 2002. I am trained in evidence-based models and have a strength-based, solution-focused, trauma-informed approach. I specialize in anxiety disorders, depression, adjustment disorder, grief schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
My name is Larry Sherfield and I am a licensed clinical social worker. I have worked in mental health in various roles including medical and clinical social worker and psychotherapist since 2002. I am trained in evidence-based models and have a strength-based, solution-focused, trauma-informed approach. I specialize in anxiety disorders, depression, adjustment disorder, grief schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
(805) 590-7619 View (805) 590-7619
Photo of 2 Sides 2 the Coin Therapy , Marriage & Family Therapist in Ventura, CA
2 Sides 2 the Coin Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ventura, CA 93003  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a practice that focuses on young adults, adults, seniors, veterans, and first responders. I am also a United States Army Combat Veteran, and a father who knows what it is like to put other people's needs before your own. It takes time, exploration, and effort to learn a new way of looking at yourself. It takes time to see what is on the other side of the coin.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a practice that focuses on young adults, adults, seniors, veterans, and first responders. I am also a United States Army Combat Veteran, and a father who knows what it is like to put other people's needs before your own. It takes time, exploration, and effort to learn a new way of looking at yourself. It takes time to see what is on the other side of the coin.
(805) 666-2401 View (805) 666-2401

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ventura, CA

600+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Ventura, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
65% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Aetna
65% Cigna and Evernorth
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Ventura, CA see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ventura?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.