Counselling in St Albans

Photo of Helen Newman, Counsellor in St Albans, England
Helen Newman
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
I am a qualified BACP Accredited Counsellor and Family/Systemic Practitioner and I have been qualified for over twenty years. I offer a talking therapy and/or creative therapy to children, adults and young people. My approach to counselling is ‘Client-Centred’ having been trained in a number of modalities; Psychodynamic, Person-Centred, Existential, CBT and as a Family Systemic Practitioner. I believe it is firstly the relationship between counsellor and client(s) which provides the foundation to explore, understand, challenge and change patterns of behaviour which are causing relationship difficulties and personal distress.
I am a qualified BACP Accredited Counsellor and Family/Systemic Practitioner and I have been qualified for over twenty years. I offer a talking therapy and/or creative therapy to children, adults and young people. My approach to counselling is ‘Client-Centred’ having been trained in a number of modalities; Psychodynamic, Person-Centred, Existential, CBT and as a Family Systemic Practitioner. I believe it is firstly the relationship between counsellor and client(s) which provides the foundation to explore, understand, challenge and change patterns of behaviour which are causing relationship difficulties and personal distress.
01753 390542 View 01753 390542
Photo of Dawn Kett, Psychotherapist in St Albans, England
Dawn Kett
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
St Albans AL4
Anxiety can feel like an insurmountable mountain, but with the right tools, you can conquer it. CBT quips you with practical skills to manage anxiety in real-time, leading to tangible and lasting results. Picture a life where your mind isn't a constant battleground, where 'calm' is a tangible reality, not just a distant memory. Are you seeking a life free from the constraints of constant worry, fear or self-doubt? Live more fully in the present moment, to savour simple joys without the intrusion of anxious thoughts? Anxiety can feel like an overwhelming obstacle, but it doesn't have to define your life.
Anxiety can feel like an insurmountable mountain, but with the right tools, you can conquer it. CBT quips you with practical skills to manage anxiety in real-time, leading to tangible and lasting results. Picture a life where your mind isn't a constant battleground, where 'calm' is a tangible reality, not just a distant memory. Are you seeking a life free from the constraints of constant worry, fear or self-doubt? Live more fully in the present moment, to savour simple joys without the intrusion of anxious thoughts? Anxiety can feel like an overwhelming obstacle, but it doesn't have to define your life.
01727 649255 View 01727 649255
Photo of Sharon Twydell, Psychotherapist in St Albans, England
Sharon Twydell
Psychotherapist, PsychD, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Life is so tough at the moment! Are you feeling completely overwhelmed with things you feel you 'should' be doing?- Feeling anxious or not good enough? Trying so desperately hard to look ok but inside feeling you are really not? We can work together to figure out how you would like your life to look. How you are going to get there and why this feeling is happening now? We can keep this totally in the present or look back at your past to see if there are recurring patterns or issues that might be making you feel this way. I can help you unpick all of this at your own pace in confidence.
Life is so tough at the moment! Are you feeling completely overwhelmed with things you feel you 'should' be doing?- Feeling anxious or not good enough? Trying so desperately hard to look ok but inside feeling you are really not? We can work together to figure out how you would like your life to look. How you are going to get there and why this feeling is happening now? We can keep this totally in the present or look back at your past to see if there are recurring patterns or issues that might be making you feel this way. I can help you unpick all of this at your own pace in confidence.
01727 648477 View 01727 648477
Photo of Nicky Kantura, Counsellor in St Albans, England
Nicky Kantura
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1  (Online Only)
Have you experienced a loss, are struggling with negative thoughts about yourself or feelings of anger? Are you feeling anxious, depressed or that life is too much? I am a fully qualified and BACP registered counsellor and I can support you on your journey to work on the areas of your life you are finding challenging. I offer a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space, providing you with empathy and respect.
Have you experienced a loss, are struggling with negative thoughts about yourself or feelings of anger? Are you feeling anxious, depressed or that life is too much? I am a fully qualified and BACP registered counsellor and I can support you on your journey to work on the areas of your life you are finding challenging. I offer a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space, providing you with empathy and respect.
01727 634414 View 01727 634414
Photo of Dr Nicola Connolly, Psychologist in St Albans, England
Dr Nicola Connolly
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Hello and a warm welcome! I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with over 24 years experience working both in the NHS and in private practice. I have worked with both adolescents who struggle to talk, to adults with a wide range of mental health problems, and couples with relationship difficulties. I am trained in several therapies that I will tailor to your unique needs. It can feel very daunting trying to find the right therapist for your needs and I therefore offer you a free 30 minute Zoom meeting or phonecall to meet with me to put you at ease and to see if I am the right person who can help.
Hello and a warm welcome! I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with over 24 years experience working both in the NHS and in private practice. I have worked with both adolescents who struggle to talk, to adults with a wide range of mental health problems, and couples with relationship difficulties. I am trained in several therapies that I will tailor to your unique needs. It can feel very daunting trying to find the right therapist for your needs and I therefore offer you a free 30 minute Zoom meeting or phonecall to meet with me to put you at ease and to see if I am the right person who can help.
01494 509324 View 01494 509324
Photo of Jonathan Eddie, Counsellor in St Albans, England
Jonathan Eddie
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
My name is Jonathan Eddie. I'm a qualified integrative counsellor and a registered member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. I offer individual and couples counselling in central St Albans and online.
My name is Jonathan Eddie. I'm a qualified integrative counsellor and a registered member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. I offer individual and couples counselling in central St Albans and online.
01727 649252 View 01727 649252
Photo of Mosaic Counselling Services, Counsellor in St Albans, England
Mosaic Counselling Services
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Welcome to Mosaic Counselling Services. We are a low cost counselling service run by professional and trainee counsellors. Our aim is to provide counselling services for a range of mental health issues to the local and surrounding communities within St Albans and Hertfordshire. We are here to provide affordable open ended therapy for anyone who needs counselling. At difficult times in our lives, a quiet, non-judgemental space with a counselling professional can offer a unique so important both for you and for those around you.
Welcome to Mosaic Counselling Services. We are a low cost counselling service run by professional and trainee counsellors. Our aim is to provide counselling services for a range of mental health issues to the local and surrounding communities within St Albans and Hertfordshire. We are here to provide affordable open ended therapy for anyone who needs counselling. At difficult times in our lives, a quiet, non-judgemental space with a counselling professional can offer a unique so important both for you and for those around you.
01727 227299 View 01727 227299
Photo of Lisa Jenkins, Psychotherapist in St Albans, England
Lisa Jenkins
Psychotherapist, PsychD, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albans AL1  (Online Only)
I am a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist (BSc. Hons, PG Cert, PG Dip), accredited and registered with the BABCP (British Association of Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies) & I am also accredited and registered with EMDR UK (Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing). I have worked in Psychology since 2007 in a variety of settings currently working in private practice and the NHS as a CBT & EMDR Psychotherapist. Being accredited as an EMDR therapist is something I am particularly passionate about and proud of, as I am currently only 1 of 5 accredited EMDR therapists across Herts that is fully trained & qualified.
I am a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist (BSc. Hons, PG Cert, PG Dip), accredited and registered with the BABCP (British Association of Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies) & I am also accredited and registered with EMDR UK (Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing). I have worked in Psychology since 2007 in a variety of settings currently working in private practice and the NHS as a CBT & EMDR Psychotherapist. Being accredited as an EMDR therapist is something I am particularly passionate about and proud of, as I am currently only 1 of 5 accredited EMDR therapists across Herts that is fully trained & qualified.
01727 648476 View 01727 648476
Photo of Dr Tom Graham, Psychologist in St Albans, England
Dr Tom Graham
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
St Albans AL4  (Online Only)
I am an HCPC registered and BABCP accredited Counselling Psychologist offering specialist CBT for anxiety related problems and misophonia. Having worked with Prof David Veale and colleagues at the Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma (NHS), my current NHS commitments are with Prof Paul Salkvoskis and colleagues at Oxford Health Specialist Psychological Intervention Centre. For many years I have also worked with Dr Jane Gregory researching and treating misophonia, and I am among a small number of clinical experts in this area. I have helped many people struggling with anxiety, OCD, misophonia, and the effects of trauma.
I am an HCPC registered and BABCP accredited Counselling Psychologist offering specialist CBT for anxiety related problems and misophonia. Having worked with Prof David Veale and colleagues at the Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma (NHS), my current NHS commitments are with Prof Paul Salkvoskis and colleagues at Oxford Health Specialist Psychological Intervention Centre. For many years I have also worked with Dr Jane Gregory researching and treating misophonia, and I am among a small number of clinical experts in this area. I have helped many people struggling with anxiety, OCD, misophonia, and the effects of trauma.
01582 377834 View 01582 377834
Photo of Zoe Spear, Counsellor in St Albans, England
Zoe Spear
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albans AL1
In life we will be faced with difficulties, loss and pain. You may be feeling unable to cope with these things alone. Something has made you search for help and that is a big step. I offer therapy as a safe and holding space for you to offload or explore without being judged or criticised. I am trained as an integrative therapist and draw from a range of different therapeutic theories, from attachment theory to trauma work and the affects trauma can have on the body. I’m aware that, sometimes, we can’t find the words to explain or express our feelings and so, if this happens, I will also offer you the option to work creatively.
In life we will be faced with difficulties, loss and pain. You may be feeling unable to cope with these things alone. Something has made you search for help and that is a big step. I offer therapy as a safe and holding space for you to offload or explore without being judged or criticised. I am trained as an integrative therapist and draw from a range of different therapeutic theories, from attachment theory to trauma work and the affects trauma can have on the body. I’m aware that, sometimes, we can’t find the words to explain or express our feelings and so, if this happens, I will also offer you the option to work creatively.
01438 904144 View 01438 904144
Photo of Marina Ziff, Counsellor in St Albans, England
Marina Ziff
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
I'm here to support your personal growth and well-being journey. From self-esteem to relationships, family dynamics to life transitions, body image to loss, work stress, and existential concerns, I help adults develop healthier relationships with themselves and others who matter most.
I'm here to support your personal growth and well-being journey. From self-esteem to relationships, family dynamics to life transitions, body image to loss, work stress, and existential concerns, I help adults develop healthier relationships with themselves and others who matter most.
01727 649271 View 01727 649271
Photo of Effie Molyva, Psychotherapist in St Albans, England
Effie Molyva
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1  (Online Only)
I am a BABCP accredited CBT therapist with extensive experience supporting clients with anxiety and depression both in the NHS as well as privately. In my practice I work together with clients to offer support for a range of anxiety disorders including social anxiety, health anxiety, treatment of phobias, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Panic attacks, OCD and Generalised anxiety as well as difficulties with low mood. An area of particular interest for me is offering support to women and men who may struggle during the perinatal period. Having a baby is an exciting
I am a BABCP accredited CBT therapist with extensive experience supporting clients with anxiety and depression both in the NHS as well as privately. In my practice I work together with clients to offer support for a range of anxiety disorders including social anxiety, health anxiety, treatment of phobias, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Panic attacks, OCD and Generalised anxiety as well as difficulties with low mood. An area of particular interest for me is offering support to women and men who may struggle during the perinatal period. Having a baby is an exciting
01727 638249 View 01727 638249
Photo of Anna Manajeva, Psychotherapist in St Albans, England
Anna Manajeva
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1  (Online Only)
Anna is a highly experienced, BABCP accredited Senior Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT), specialist in PTSD and Complex PTSD and multilingual therapy (English, Spanish, Russian & Italian). Anna specialises in working with adult clients who have problems with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – PTSD (childhood trauma, accidents, assaults, issues of military combat). Her approach is personalised and creative, focused on growth and resilience and informed by her extensive training and experience in CBT and complemented by ideas & techniques from Compassion Focused Therapy and Positive Psychology.
Anna is a highly experienced, BABCP accredited Senior Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT), specialist in PTSD and Complex PTSD and multilingual therapy (English, Spanish, Russian & Italian). Anna specialises in working with adult clients who have problems with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – PTSD (childhood trauma, accidents, assaults, issues of military combat). Her approach is personalised and creative, focused on growth and resilience and informed by her extensive training and experience in CBT and complemented by ideas & techniques from Compassion Focused Therapy and Positive Psychology.
View
Photo of Harrie Wilson, Counsellor in St Albans, England
Harrie Wilson
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Therapy is one time when it is all about you. Your experiences, your feelings. When things feel difficult – whether or not you know the reasons why, therapy can really help. How? At the heart of therapy is your relationship with your therapist. When your therapist offers you space to think and to feel, uninterrupted and without judgement, you can start to make more sense of things, together. So it’s important to find a good connection. There are many types of therapist – it’s not necessarily sensible shoes and long silences.
Therapy is one time when it is all about you. Your experiences, your feelings. When things feel difficult – whether or not you know the reasons why, therapy can really help. How? At the heart of therapy is your relationship with your therapist. When your therapist offers you space to think and to feel, uninterrupted and without judgement, you can start to make more sense of things, together. So it’s important to find a good connection. There are many types of therapist – it’s not necessarily sensible shoes and long silences.
01727 638227 View 01727 638227
Photo of Shweta Panchal, Counsellor in St Albans, England
Shweta Panchal
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Waitlist for new clients
I am a qualified adult psychotherapeutic counsellor working in counselling services, healthcare settings, and private practice, in London and Hertfordshire. I aim to support my clients with their emotional and psychological health using a select combination of talking and body-based (somatic) approaches and techniques. Through support and guidance you will be invited in the sessions, at a pace which feels right and appropriate for you, to explore and process your thoughts, feelings and emotions. This exploration can take place through talking and through other body-based (somatic) and mindfulness-based activities and interventions.
I am a qualified adult psychotherapeutic counsellor working in counselling services, healthcare settings, and private practice, in London and Hertfordshire. I aim to support my clients with their emotional and psychological health using a select combination of talking and body-based (somatic) approaches and techniques. Through support and guidance you will be invited in the sessions, at a pace which feels right and appropriate for you, to explore and process your thoughts, feelings and emotions. This exploration can take place through talking and through other body-based (somatic) and mindfulness-based activities and interventions.
01727 649283 View 01727 649283
Photo of Lauren Street, Psychotherapist in St Albans, England
Lauren Street
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
St Albans AL1
As therapists for both adults & children we understand the impact of today's ever changing world can have on us at any age. We will offer you the opportunity to talk through your worries and feel more emotionally tolerant for the future ahead; whichever path you choose to take. We can help you build your self-esteem and promote confidence in your own ability; using the tools you already have and new ones you'll develop. Anxiety, anger, depression & shame are words we're hearing more frequently but have we become intolerant to experiencing them? We offer you an opportunity to talk through your issues in an emotionally healthy way.
As therapists for both adults & children we understand the impact of today's ever changing world can have on us at any age. We will offer you the opportunity to talk through your worries and feel more emotionally tolerant for the future ahead; whichever path you choose to take. We can help you build your self-esteem and promote confidence in your own ability; using the tools you already have and new ones you'll develop. Anxiety, anger, depression & shame are words we're hearing more frequently but have we become intolerant to experiencing them? We offer you an opportunity to talk through your issues in an emotionally healthy way.
01727 260264 View 01727 260264
Photo of Dr Megan Reay, Psychologist in St Albans, England
Dr Megan Reay
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
I provide specialist support to children, adolescents and young adults who are struggling with their mental health. I primarily work with people aged 11-25 years. I use a variety of evidence-based therapeutic approaches to support young people who may be struggling with a range of difficulties including depression, anxiety, OCD, eating disorders, low self-esteem, phobias or panic attacks.
I provide specialist support to children, adolescents and young adults who are struggling with their mental health. I primarily work with people aged 11-25 years. I use a variety of evidence-based therapeutic approaches to support young people who may be struggling with a range of difficulties including depression, anxiety, OCD, eating disorders, low self-esteem, phobias or panic attacks.
View
Photo of Dr Paul Workman, Psychologist in St Albans, England
Dr Paul Workman
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
I am a Clinical Psychologist, EMDR (Adult, Adolescent & Child) Therapist and Chartered Member & Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society (BPS) with experience working within Adult & Child and Adolescent Mental Health settings. I aim to offer a compassionate and person-centred approach to support people to understand how their problems have come to be and work together to resolve the issues that bring them to therapy.
I am a Clinical Psychologist, EMDR (Adult, Adolescent & Child) Therapist and Chartered Member & Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society (BPS) with experience working within Adult & Child and Adolescent Mental Health settings. I aim to offer a compassionate and person-centred approach to support people to understand how their problems have come to be and work together to resolve the issues that bring them to therapy.
01727 738506 View 01727 738506
Photo of Hayley Ryan, Psychotherapist in St Albans, England
Hayley Ryan
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albans AL1
If we never take a leap of faith then we never know. More significantly we remain stuck. I often talk to clients about the power of change. In my work I am for people to gain a greater understanding of who they really are. Whilst enabling them to explore their feelings, circumstances and relationships. The goal of our work together is to challenge any destructive patterns or behaviours and work towards positive active change. In the end this enables people to live a more fulfilling and calmer life.
If we never take a leap of faith then we never know. More significantly we remain stuck. I often talk to clients about the power of change. In my work I am for people to gain a greater understanding of who they really are. Whilst enabling them to explore their feelings, circumstances and relationships. The goal of our work together is to challenge any destructive patterns or behaviours and work towards positive active change. In the end this enables people to live a more fulfilling and calmer life.
01727 634564 View 01727 634564
Photo of Lauren Haycox, Psychotherapist in St Albans, England
Lauren Haycox
Psychotherapist, MSc, BPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
St Albans AL1
You might be feeling low, anxious, stuck in a rut in a relationship or at work or, alternatively, repeating the same old mistakes. You might have decided it's time to make sense of things that have happened in the past or wondering how to resolve a situation that's happening right now. Perhaps things are feeling very distressing or difficult. You might be looking for clarity and a way forward or just some space to be heard.
You might be feeling low, anxious, stuck in a rut in a relationship or at work or, alternatively, repeating the same old mistakes. You might have decided it's time to make sense of things that have happened in the past or wondering how to resolve a situation that's happening right now. Perhaps things are feeling very distressing or difficult. You might be looking for clarity and a way forward or just some space to be heard.
View

See more therapy options for St Albans

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in St Albans

100+

Average cost per session

£70

Counsellors in St Albans who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
91% Depression
87% Self Esteem
77% Stress
74% Relationship Issues
65% Trauma and PTSD
64% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aviva
65% AXA PPP
65% Vitality

How Counsellors in St Albans see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in St Albans?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.