Therapists in V3C

Photo of Shay Villa, Counsellor, MACP, RCC
Shay Villa
Counsellor, MACP, RCC
1 Endorsed
ADHD • Disorganization • Overwhelm. Do you start the day with good intentions, but your ADHD/Anxiety or Depression derail your day? Does distraction, overwhelm, or avoidance take over making everything feel harder than it should? Are your keys are never where you left them? Has the “chair pile” of laundry become permanent furniture? Do deadlines sneak up, tasks stack up, allowing your inner critic to get loud enough to shut you down before you start? If focus, follow-through, and emotional regulation feel inconsistent, you’re likely stuck in cycles of chaos, guilt, and frustration.
ADHD • Disorganization • Overwhelm. Do you start the day with good intentions, but your ADHD/Anxiety or Depression derail your day? Does distraction, overwhelm, or avoidance take over making everything feel harder than it should? Are your keys are never where you left them? Has the “chair pile” of laundry become permanent furniture? Do deadlines sneak up, tasks stack up, allowing your inner critic to get loud enough to shut you down before you start? If focus, follow-through, and emotional regulation feel inconsistent, you’re likely stuck in cycles of chaos, guilt, and frustration.
(825) 782-3183 View (825) 782-3183
Photo of Carolina Rosa-Crespo, Counsellor, MCP, RCC, CCC
Carolina Rosa-Crespo
Counsellor, MCP, RCC, CCC
Feeling lost, misunderstood, or stuck? I understand — I’ve been there. Alongside my professional experience as a therapist, I also bring the perspective of being a child of divorce, an immigrant, a wife, and a mother.
Feeling lost, misunderstood, or stuck? I understand — I’ve been there. Alongside my professional experience as a therapist, I also bring the perspective of being a child of divorce, an immigrant, a wife, and a mother.
(450) 600-7268 View (450) 600-7268
Photo of Devika Rana, Counsellor, RCC, MSc, BEd
Devika Rana
Counsellor, RCC, MSc, BEd
4 Endorsed
My ideal client is someone navigating trauma, anxiety, stress, or major life transitions and looking for more than temporary coping strategies—they want deep, lasting healing. Whether recovering from a car accident (ICBC), processing violence or trauma (CVAP), or balancing cultural and family pressures, they want a space where they feel safe, understood, and genuinely supported. As a Registered Clinical Counsellor and EMDR therapist, I specialize in trauma-focused care, helping clients process painful experiences, reduce emotional distress, and move forward with greater confidence and resilience. Fluent in English, Punjabi, Hindi, a
My ideal client is someone navigating trauma, anxiety, stress, or major life transitions and looking for more than temporary coping strategies—they want deep, lasting healing. Whether recovering from a car accident (ICBC), processing violence or trauma (CVAP), or balancing cultural and family pressures, they want a space where they feel safe, understood, and genuinely supported. As a Registered Clinical Counsellor and EMDR therapist, I specialize in trauma-focused care, helping clients process painful experiences, reduce emotional distress, and move forward with greater confidence and resilience. Fluent in English, Punjabi, Hindi, a
(249) 449-5269 View (249) 449-5269
Photo of Antonela Beslija, Pre-Licensed Professional, BA ABA
Antonela Beslija
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA ABA
2 Endorsed
I am currently a Masters of Counselling student in the final year of my program through Athabasca University with the hope of working towards registration as an RCC with the BCACC following graduation. I have a Bachelor of Arts in Applied Behaviour Analysis from Capilano University and previously studied Psychology at the University of British Columbia. I have extensive experience supporting neurodiverse individuals and their support people having worked as a Behaviour Consultant for several years and in the field for nearly a decade. I have experience working with people of all ages and am fluent in English and Serbo-Croatian.
I am currently a Masters of Counselling student in the final year of my program through Athabasca University with the hope of working towards registration as an RCC with the BCACC following graduation. I have a Bachelor of Arts in Applied Behaviour Analysis from Capilano University and previously studied Psychology at the University of British Columbia. I have extensive experience supporting neurodiverse individuals and their support people having worked as a Behaviour Consultant for several years and in the field for nearly a decade. I have experience working with people of all ages and am fluent in English and Serbo-Croatian.
(506) 700-4136 View (506) 700-4136
Photo of Kaye Frost-Hunt, Counsellor, RCC, CCPA, LENS, EMDR, BCPFFA
Kaye Frost-Hunt
Counsellor, RCC, CCPA, LENS, EMDR, BCPFFA
My diverse theoretical background has allowed me to tailor my therapeutic approach to suit the unique needs and preferences of each client, ensuring a personalized and effective treatment plan. I believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship and the significance of creating a safe and trusting environment where clients feel comfortable exploring their thoughts and emotions. Every person is capable of change and growth, and my role as a counsellor is to be a facilitator in their journey towards healing and self-discovery.
My diverse theoretical background has allowed me to tailor my therapeutic approach to suit the unique needs and preferences of each client, ensuring a personalized and effective treatment plan. I believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship and the significance of creating a safe and trusting environment where clients feel comfortable exploring their thoughts and emotions. Every person is capable of change and growth, and my role as a counsellor is to be a facilitator in their journey towards healing and self-discovery.
(249) 507-0537 View (249) 507-0537
Photo of Nivedita Ashok, Counsellor, MCP, RCC
Nivedita Ashok
Counsellor, MCP, RCC
1 Endorsed
Hi, I’m Nivedita Ashok! I’m so glad you’ve found your way here. You might be a couple who loves each other but can't seem to stop hurting each other. A family stretched thin by change, conflict, or disconnection. Or an individual carrying something heavy and wondering if anything can actually shift. My clients are adults who are exhausted, stuck, or quietly hoping there's another way. They come in skeptical sometimes, and brave always. Together, we slow things down, get curious about what's really happening beneath the surface, and start building something different both in your relationships, and in yourself.
Hi, I’m Nivedita Ashok! I’m so glad you’ve found your way here. You might be a couple who loves each other but can't seem to stop hurting each other. A family stretched thin by change, conflict, or disconnection. Or an individual carrying something heavy and wondering if anything can actually shift. My clients are adults who are exhausted, stuck, or quietly hoping there's another way. They come in skeptical sometimes, and brave always. Together, we slow things down, get curious about what's really happening beneath the surface, and start building something different both in your relationships, and in yourself.
(506) 497-5677 View (506) 497-5677
Photo of Dorothy Hyslop - Dorothy Hyslop & Associates Counselling, Counsellor, MEd, RCC
In my counselling practice, I work with individuals and their families who have experienced trauma and live with grief, loss, anxiety and depression. Additionally I work with Individuals with significant issues stemming from PTSD, brain trauma and other catastrophic injuries. I also work with individuals with developmental challenges and autism who require support with acquiring life and social skills such as anger management, sexual safety and establishing positive social connections. I work with my clients to help build tools and strategies for managing their daily life as well developing positive coping mechanisms.
In my counselling practice, I work with individuals and their families who have experienced trauma and live with grief, loss, anxiety and depression. Additionally I work with Individuals with significant issues stemming from PTSD, brain trauma and other catastrophic injuries. I also work with individuals with developmental challenges and autism who require support with acquiring life and social skills such as anger management, sexual safety and establishing positive social connections. I work with my clients to help build tools and strategies for managing their daily life as well developing positive coping mechanisms.
(587) 602-2175 View (587) 602-2175
Photo of Chelsea Brewer, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Chelsea Brewer
Counsellor, MA, RCC
3 Endorsed
Hi, I’m Chelsea, a Registered Clinical Counsellor at Calm & Connected Family Centered Wellness. I work with children/teens (12+), adults, and families navigating anxiety, stress, life transitions, relationship challenges, self-esteem, emotional regulation, trauma, and neurodivergence (including ADHD and autism). Many clients come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to move forward. Together, we create a safe, collaborative space to better understand patterns, build practical coping strategies, strengthen relationships, and foster lasting change that aligns with each client's values and goals.
Hi, I’m Chelsea, a Registered Clinical Counsellor at Calm & Connected Family Centered Wellness. I work with children/teens (12+), adults, and families navigating anxiety, stress, life transitions, relationship challenges, self-esteem, emotional regulation, trauma, and neurodivergence (including ADHD and autism). Many clients come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to move forward. Together, we create a safe, collaborative space to better understand patterns, build practical coping strategies, strengthen relationships, and foster lasting change that aligns with each client's values and goals.
(867) 292-0934 View (867) 292-0934
Photo of Heather Marie Nyberg, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Heather Marie Nyberg
Counsellor, MA, RCC
10 Endorsed
There are times in life when things become too overwhelming to face alone. I work with clients who need space to process their thoughts and feelings, explore new ways of thinking and examine unhealthy cycles and patterns. Taking the time to examine one's own strengths and utilize them to their full potential is the key to growth and personal fulfillment. I walk along side clients and guide them through sessions in the hopes of developing increased self awareness and new insight. Through building a relationship of trust and mutual respect, I provide an empathetic ear to my clients and give them the time and space they need to heal.
There are times in life when things become too overwhelming to face alone. I work with clients who need space to process their thoughts and feelings, explore new ways of thinking and examine unhealthy cycles and patterns. Taking the time to examine one's own strengths and utilize them to their full potential is the key to growth and personal fulfillment. I walk along side clients and guide them through sessions in the hopes of developing increased self awareness and new insight. Through building a relationship of trust and mutual respect, I provide an empathetic ear to my clients and give them the time and space they need to heal.
(902) 710-0248 View (902) 710-0248
Photo of Ioana Crina Popa, Counsellor, MACP, RCC
Ioana Crina Popa
Counsellor, MACP, RCC
3 Endorsed
To the person who went through Immigration, Infertility, Miscarriage, Divorce, Single Parenting and who dealt with anxiety in teens: Although I do not know your pain to the extent that you feel it because it is YOUR experience, I can relate to it, and I can empathize with your struggles because I walked in those shoes. Thus, I will help you find hope again through a therapeutic process tailored to your UNIQUE needs.
To the person who went through Immigration, Infertility, Miscarriage, Divorce, Single Parenting and who dealt with anxiety in teens: Although I do not know your pain to the extent that you feel it because it is YOUR experience, I can relate to it, and I can empathize with your struggles because I walked in those shoes. Thus, I will help you find hope again through a therapeutic process tailored to your UNIQUE needs.
(778) 879-9038 View (778) 879-9038
Photo of Brad Martin - Peaceful Warrior Consulting Group, Counsellor, RTC, CH
Peaceful Warrior Consulting Group
Counsellor, RTC, CH
4 Endorsed
When you’re in the dark it’s nice to find someone with a light. You're used to doing things yourself but lately there's a lot of confusion and misunderstanding. No one seems to really understand. What is going on? Peaceful Warrior Consulting will help you explore, understand, and work through your current dilemma at your pace, with solutions that you discover work best for you.
When you’re in the dark it’s nice to find someone with a light. You're used to doing things yourself but lately there's a lot of confusion and misunderstanding. No one seems to really understand. What is going on? Peaceful Warrior Consulting will help you explore, understand, and work through your current dilemma at your pace, with solutions that you discover work best for you.
(343) 655-0706 View (343) 655-0706
Photo of Aditi Jasra - Wellness North Counselling, Counsellor, MA, RCC, CCC
Wellness North Counselling
Counsellor, MA, RCC, CCC
7 Endorsed
Do you feel angry, tired, confused, overwhelmed? Are you dealing with loss or struggling with relationships? As a wellness practitioner of 10 yrs, immigrant, parent, person of color, I know how hard it is to navigate life's challenges alone. As EFT trained couples therapist and certified trauma specialist, I help my clients build safe and healthy relationships and heal from traumatic life experience. I support in processing trauma, setting boundaries, understanding patterns/emotions and dealing with anxiety/ depression. I have lived struggles and clinical training to deal with C-ptsd/ADHD/OCD, family conflict and parenting.
Do you feel angry, tired, confused, overwhelmed? Are you dealing with loss or struggling with relationships? As a wellness practitioner of 10 yrs, immigrant, parent, person of color, I know how hard it is to navigate life's challenges alone. As EFT trained couples therapist and certified trauma specialist, I help my clients build safe and healthy relationships and heal from traumatic life experience. I support in processing trauma, setting boundaries, understanding patterns/emotions and dealing with anxiety/ depression. I have lived struggles and clinical training to deal with C-ptsd/ADHD/OCD, family conflict and parenting.
(579) 600-0131 View (579) 600-0131
Photo of Darya Gilbert, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Darya Gilbert
Counsellor, MA, RCC
4 Endorsed
Are you feeling disconnected from yourself, your body, or the important people in your life? You may be carrying some hurt, feeling unsure how to talk about your needs, or hoping to reconnect with pleasure, safety, and belonging. You are not alone. My work is about supporting those who are navigating challenges around relationships, intimacy, trauma, or major life transitions. I offer sex-positive, trauma-informed therapy for individuals and couples. My practice is LGBTQIA2S+ affirming and supportive of diverse relationship structures. Nothing about your identity, desires, or experiences is “too much” or “not enough” here.
Are you feeling disconnected from yourself, your body, or the important people in your life? You may be carrying some hurt, feeling unsure how to talk about your needs, or hoping to reconnect with pleasure, safety, and belonging. You are not alone. My work is about supporting those who are navigating challenges around relationships, intimacy, trauma, or major life transitions. I offer sex-positive, trauma-informed therapy for individuals and couples. My practice is LGBTQIA2S+ affirming and supportive of diverse relationship structures. Nothing about your identity, desires, or experiences is “too much” or “not enough” here.
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Photo of Miyu Gagnon, Pre-Licensed Professional
Miyu Gagnon
Pre-Licensed Professional
6 Endorsed
Hello! I am a student working towards completing a master’s in counselling and currently practicing under supervision. I offer a non-judgemental and warm space where individuals can process and explore their feelings and emotions.
Hello! I am a student working towards completing a master’s in counselling and currently practicing under supervision. I offer a non-judgemental and warm space where individuals can process and explore their feelings and emotions.
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Photo of Jolene Carlsen, Counsellor, BA, MEd, RCC
Jolene Carlsen
Counsellor, BA, MEd, RCC
1 Endorsed
Perhaps you are navigating a major life transition and feeling the weight of it in your body and mind. Maybe you are a teen overwhelmed by social pressure, a child struggling with "big feelings" at school, or a new mother facing the raw reality of postpartum anxiety. You might feel "stuck" in a cycle of stress and want to find your way back to calm. Your goal is to feel regulated, understood, and confident in your own body. Whether you are a student facing classroom stress or a woman navigating the journey of motherhood, you want a therapist who meets you with deep empathy, lived experience, and practical tools to help you thrive.
Perhaps you are navigating a major life transition and feeling the weight of it in your body and mind. Maybe you are a teen overwhelmed by social pressure, a child struggling with "big feelings" at school, or a new mother facing the raw reality of postpartum anxiety. You might feel "stuck" in a cycle of stress and want to find your way back to calm. Your goal is to feel regulated, understood, and confident in your own body. Whether you are a student facing classroom stress or a woman navigating the journey of motherhood, you want a therapist who meets you with deep empathy, lived experience, and practical tools to help you thrive.
(579) 509-1091 View (579) 509-1091
Photo of Lynn Windels, Counsellor, MSc, RCC
Lynn Windels
Counsellor, MSc, RCC
1 Endorsed
Life can present challenges that leave us feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from ourselves and others. My goal is to provide a supportive, compassionate, and nonjudgmental space where you can explore your experiences, build on your strengths, and develop the tools needed to navigate life's difficulties with greater confidence and resilience.
Life can present challenges that leave us feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from ourselves and others. My goal is to provide a supportive, compassionate, and nonjudgmental space where you can explore your experiences, build on your strengths, and develop the tools needed to navigate life's difficulties with greater confidence and resilience.
(249) 488-1893 View (249) 488-1893
Photo of Adrienne Cossom, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RCSW
Adrienne Cossom
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RCSW
3 Endorsed
Hi, I'm Adrienne! Glad you're here. I'm an Individual and Couples Therapist with 20 years of counselling experience, offering appointments in Pitt Meadows and Port Coquitlam. My special interests are helping people find freedom from anxiety, depression and addictions as well as working with couples to strengthen their communication and connection. I strive to create a relaxed atmosphere where you feel comfortable with being open. I'll offer guidance, practical tools, and challenge you to grow and do hard things.
Hi, I'm Adrienne! Glad you're here. I'm an Individual and Couples Therapist with 20 years of counselling experience, offering appointments in Pitt Meadows and Port Coquitlam. My special interests are helping people find freedom from anxiety, depression and addictions as well as working with couples to strengthen their communication and connection. I strive to create a relaxed atmosphere where you feel comfortable with being open. I'll offer guidance, practical tools, and challenge you to grow and do hard things.
(236) 201-6407 View (236) 201-6407
Photo of Emily Marroquin, MA, CCC, RPC-C
Emily Marroquin
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Clients often come to therapy feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or uncertain about the next step. Together, we explore not only what’s not working, but also what’s possible. My aim is to help you uncover your inner strength, build healthier patterns, and reconnect with the deeper parts of yourself—spiritually, emotionally, and relationally. You may feel overwhelmed right now, but you are not alone. Whatever challenge you are facing, I would be honoured to walk alongside you as you start your path to healing.
Clients often come to therapy feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or uncertain about the next step. Together, we explore not only what’s not working, but also what’s possible. My aim is to help you uncover your inner strength, build healthier patterns, and reconnect with the deeper parts of yourself—spiritually, emotionally, and relationally. You may feel overwhelmed right now, but you are not alone. Whatever challenge you are facing, I would be honoured to walk alongside you as you start your path to healing.
(450) 999-5333 View (450) 999-5333
Photo of Shima Sartipi, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Shima Sartipi
Counsellor, MA, RCC
1 Endorsed
Do stress, anxiety, or overwhelming emotions leave you feeling exhausted, stuck, or disconnected from the life you want to live? You may find yourself overthinking, struggling with self-doubt, feeling emotionally overwhelmed, or repeating relationship patterns that cause distress. You don't have to face these challenges alone. I’m Shima Sartipi, a Registered Clinical Counsellor (RCC) in BC. I help clients navigate trauma, anxiety, depression, burnout, anger, and relationship challenges.
Do stress, anxiety, or overwhelming emotions leave you feeling exhausted, stuck, or disconnected from the life you want to live? You may find yourself overthinking, struggling with self-doubt, feeling emotionally overwhelmed, or repeating relationship patterns that cause distress. You don't have to face these challenges alone. I’m Shima Sartipi, a Registered Clinical Counsellor (RCC) in BC. I help clients navigate trauma, anxiety, depression, burnout, anger, and relationship challenges.
(587) 742-6212 View (587) 742-6212
Photo of Marcel D Cadogan, Counsellor, MEd, RCC
Marcel D Cadogan
Counsellor, MEd, RCC
2 Endorsed
We all encounter challenges and obstacles that come in many forms. Through empathy, patience and perseverance we can manage these situations. For our youth, guidance and support can benefit their identity development, family conflict and their mental health. My name is Marcel Cadogan and I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor (17906) who specializes in individual counselling and family support, as well as child and youth support that includes racial/ethnic identity development. Additionally, my services include consulting to share ideas, gain clarity or understand life changes.
We all encounter challenges and obstacles that come in many forms. Through empathy, patience and perseverance we can manage these situations. For our youth, guidance and support can benefit their identity development, family conflict and their mental health. My name is Marcel Cadogan and I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor (17906) who specializes in individual counselling and family support, as well as child and youth support that includes racial/ethnic identity development. Additionally, my services include consulting to share ideas, gain clarity or understand life changes.
(873) 300-5606 View (873) 300-5606

See more therapy options for V3C

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in V3C

90+

Average cost per session

$160

Counsellors in V3C who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
92% Social Anxiety
92% Health Anxiety
92% Driving Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Self Esteem
81% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Pacific Blue Cross
65% SunLife
65% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in V3C see their clients

84% In Person and Online
16% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
17% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in V3C?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.