Photo of Melissa Rosenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Melissa Rosenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98108
My practice focuses on working with clients who are experiencing emotional distress, adjustment challenges, or communication difficulties. My clients may be struggling with relationship issues, a major life transition, such as divorce or other family changes, or the death of a loved one. Other clients may face the ongoing challenges of living with depression, anxiety, addiction, and/or trauma. My emphasis is on assisting all of my clients to find hope, direction, and a better path forward, using their own inherent strengths. You deserve to feel supported and empowered.
My practice focuses on working with clients who are experiencing emotional distress, adjustment challenges, or communication difficulties. My clients may be struggling with relationship issues, a major life transition, such as divorce or other family changes, or the death of a loved one. Other clients may face the ongoing challenges of living with depression, anxiety, addiction, and/or trauma. My emphasis is on assisting all of my clients to find hope, direction, and a better path forward, using their own inherent strengths. You deserve to feel supported and empowered.
(206) 565-1660 View (206) 565-1660
Photo of Sarah J Kyle, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seattle, WA
Sarah J Kyle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98109
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in couples therapy, where I help partners work toward relational repair after infidelity, betrayal, or ongoing conflict. I also work with individuals who want to work through attachment and relationship issues, identity development, spirituality, trauma, anxiety, and depression. Therapy is work that asks a great deal from us, but it also holds potential for meaningful change: to awaken to your own life, to make strides toward repairing broken bonds, and to imagine new possibilities and new ways of being, for yourself and for your relationships.
I specialize in couples therapy, where I help partners work toward relational repair after infidelity, betrayal, or ongoing conflict. I also work with individuals who want to work through attachment and relationship issues, identity development, spirituality, trauma, anxiety, and depression. Therapy is work that asks a great deal from us, but it also holds potential for meaningful change: to awaken to your own life, to make strides toward repairing broken bonds, and to imagine new possibilities and new ways of being, for yourself and for your relationships.
(206) 339-4277 View (206) 339-4277
Photo of Lila Vidger, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Lila Vidger
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98109
Specialties include depression, anxiety, separation & loss, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, sexual abuse, relationships conflicts, intimacy issues, parenting and life transitions.
My therapeutic orientation encourages me to see people as unique individuals who have particular strengths. While building on these strengths, we focus on issues in their past and current relationships that are causing difficulties. Within the context of an empathic and confidential relationship, psychological growth and comfort are possible.
Specialties include depression, anxiety, separation & loss, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, sexual abuse, relationships conflicts, intimacy issues, parenting and life transitions.
My therapeutic orientation encourages me to see people as unique individuals who have particular strengths. While building on these strengths, we focus on issues in their past and current relationships that are causing difficulties. Within the context of an empathic and confidential relationship, psychological growth and comfort are possible.
(206) 979-9618 View (206) 979-9618
Photo of Erica Mitchell, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Erica Mitchell
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
I support clients feeling overwhelmed, struggling with perfectionism or all-or-nothing mindsets that are taking a toll on their energy and mood (Anxiety/Depression).
Teens and Twenty-Somethings... It's not easy growing up and out and parents may not always know how to help. I work with a full range of ages from older children 15 years old to adults who are seeking support and guidance in meeting expected and unexpected challenges and changes. With my extensive background working with youth and families in community agencies, I specialize in supporting younger clients in navigating relationships with their family and friends as well as learning skills to manage independence successfully, but also with balance.
I support clients feeling overwhelmed, struggling with perfectionism or all-or-nothing mindsets that are taking a toll on their energy and mood (Anxiety/Depression).
Teens and Twenty-Somethings... It's not easy growing up and out and parents may not always know how to help. I work with a full range of ages from older children 15 years old to adults who are seeking support and guidance in meeting expected and unexpected challenges and changes. With my extensive background working with youth and families in community agencies, I specialize in supporting younger clients in navigating relationships with their family and friends as well as learning skills to manage independence successfully, but also with balance.
(206) 350-8264 View (206) 350-8264
Photo of Loretta Juarez-Wagner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Loretta Juarez-Wagner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CSW-G
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98108  (Online Only)
Grief, anxiety, and depression should not get in the way of fully living the life you desire.
Thank you for putting yourself first and taking the time to find a therapist that will help you be the person you desire to be. I have over 30 years of experience working with individuals and groups struggling with depression, anxiety, grief and loss. I am here to listen and support you through life transitions, and guide you to achieve your full potential. I am client centered in my approach offering compassion, safety, and personal skill building.
Grief, anxiety, and depression should not get in the way of fully living the life you desire.
Thank you for putting yourself first and taking the time to find a therapist that will help you be the person you desire to be. I have over 30 years of experience working with individuals and groups struggling with depression, anxiety, grief and loss. I am here to listen and support you through life transitions, and guide you to achieve your full potential. I am client centered in my approach offering compassion, safety, and personal skill building.
(206) 278-3278 View (206) 278-3278
Photo of Laurel Lum, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Laurel Lum
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98102
I work with a range of issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, abuse, codependency and relationship issues. I do not pathologize issues, challenges, problems or people. The soul is always seeking expression, not just with joy and happiness, but also through challenges and sorrows. When we honor all aspects of our life stories, healing pathways begin to open up for us.
I work with a range of issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, abuse, codependency and relationship issues. I do not pathologize issues, challenges, problems or people. The soul is always seeking expression, not just with joy and happiness, but also through challenges and sorrows. When we honor all aspects of our life stories, healing pathways begin to open up for us.
(206) 496-0465 View (206) 496-0465
Photo of Danielle LeVee, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Danielle LeVee
Counselor, LMHC, MA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
I'm once again welcoming new clients. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, fatigue, or overwhelming emotions, I encourage you to reach out to me. I'm dedicated to helping you minimize and manage stress, understand and navigate your emotions, and develop more effective strategies for these challenging times. I'll pay close nonjudgmental attention to both what is voiced and what lies beneath the surface, responding with empathy, sincerity, and insightful guidance.
I'm once again welcoming new clients. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, fatigue, or overwhelming emotions, I encourage you to reach out to me. I'm dedicated to helping you minimize and manage stress, understand and navigate your emotions, and develop more effective strategies for these challenging times. I'll pay close nonjudgmental attention to both what is voiced and what lies beneath the surface, responding with empathy, sincerity, and insightful guidance.
(206) 309-4679 View (206) 309-4679
Photo of Remember Counseling, PLLC., Counselor in Seattle, WA
Remember Counseling, PLLC.
Counselor, MA, LMHCA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98104  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients! Tolulope Mejolagbe (Tolu for short) is a licensed mental health counselor associate (LMHC-A) in Washington state being supervised by Smurti Desai, LMHC-S and licensed professional counselor associate (LPC-A) in Texas being supervised by Dr. Andrea T.J Ross LPC-S. Tolu primarily works with individuals who experience anxiety, depression, C-PTSD, life transitions and low self esteem. In addition, Tolu enjoys supporting BIPOC communities. With Tolu you will explore how y'all can work collaboratively to overcome obstacles that may impede you from being present in your daily life.
Accepting new clients! Tolulope Mejolagbe (Tolu for short) is a licensed mental health counselor associate (LMHC-A) in Washington state being supervised by Smurti Desai, LMHC-S and licensed professional counselor associate (LPC-A) in Texas being supervised by Dr. Andrea T.J Ross LPC-S. Tolu primarily works with individuals who experience anxiety, depression, C-PTSD, life transitions and low self esteem. In addition, Tolu enjoys supporting BIPOC communities. With Tolu you will explore how y'all can work collaboratively to overcome obstacles that may impede you from being present in your daily life.
(206) 222-4771 View (206) 222-4771
Photo of Anna Kosaly-Meyer, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Anna Kosaly-Meyer
Psychologist, MA, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98115
I also work with people who need help with depression, anxiety, grief and loss issues.
Are you tired of mistreating the people you love? Don't you wish you could change? - Do you often find yourself irritable and angry at the people around you? - Ready to lash out and get upset even at the smallest reason? You are not alone! Many people are in similar shoes. There is hope! Anger management, learning to respond differently to situations that make you upset don't have to be difficult. It can be eye-opening; you will learn a great deal about yourself and it can be fun. I offer individual therapy for issues regarding relationships and anger.
I also work with people who need help with depression, anxiety, grief and loss issues.
Are you tired of mistreating the people you love? Don't you wish you could change? - Do you often find yourself irritable and angry at the people around you? - Ready to lash out and get upset even at the smallest reason? You are not alone! Many people are in similar shoes. There is hope! Anger management, learning to respond differently to situations that make you upset don't have to be difficult. It can be eye-opening; you will learn a great deal about yourself and it can be fun. I offer individual therapy for issues regarding relationships and anger.
(206) 442-2001 View (206) 442-2001
Photo of Katie Leask, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seattle, WA
Katie Leask
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
Considering therapy or a life change? You've already begun your journey. I work with individuals and couples, using Cognitive Behavioral, Solution Focused, and Acceptance and Commitment therapy. My approach blends humanistic, experiential, and systemic methods, infused with humor and mindfulness. If you're experiencing issues with life transitions, depression, anxiety, or relationship stressors, I'm here to help.
Considering therapy or a life change? You've already begun your journey. I work with individuals and couples, using Cognitive Behavioral, Solution Focused, and Acceptance and Commitment therapy. My approach blends humanistic, experiential, and systemic methods, infused with humor and mindfulness. If you're experiencing issues with life transitions, depression, anxiety, or relationship stressors, I'm here to help.
(206) 237-5491 View (206) 237-5491
Photo of Pape Psychological Services, LLC, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Pape Psychological Services, LLC
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98122
I work with adults and couples, helping them to identify resources and build strengths in the areas of: Mothering and Peripartum difficulties * Trauma Emotional-Physiological activation * Grief and Loss * Anxiety * Depression * Chronic Illness * Relationships and Parenting * Aging Parents and Adult Caregiving.
As a licensed psychologist, I have been providing therapy for over 20 years helping individuals and couples to heal, and to create joyful, meaningful lives. Informed by psychological theory and research-supported treatments, such as DBT, and EMDR, as well as alternative methods, such as yoga, spirituality, and mind-body approaches, I will help you access and utilize your own deep wisdom and understanding to address your unique struggles and needs. After treatment, my clients report not only a reduction of symptoms but also an increase in motivation, ease, purpose, and connection.
I work with adults and couples, helping them to identify resources and build strengths in the areas of: Mothering and Peripartum difficulties * Trauma Emotional-Physiological activation * Grief and Loss * Anxiety * Depression * Chronic Illness * Relationships and Parenting * Aging Parents and Adult Caregiving.
As a licensed psychologist, I have been providing therapy for over 20 years helping individuals and couples to heal, and to create joyful, meaningful lives. Informed by psychological theory and research-supported treatments, such as DBT, and EMDR, as well as alternative methods, such as yoga, spirituality, and mind-body approaches, I will help you access and utilize your own deep wisdom and understanding to address your unique struggles and needs. After treatment, my clients report not only a reduction of symptoms but also an increase in motivation, ease, purpose, and connection.
(253) 343-1088 View (253) 343-1088
Photo of Rosalind (Roz) Ando, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Rosalind (Roz) Ando
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
Are you unable to shake anxious or depressed feelings? Are your personal relationships less than ideal? Would you like to be happier? Sometimes it's difficult for us to see the patterns that keep us stuck. I will listen with compassion and acceptance, and together we will unravel your experiences and make sense of your story. Using talk therapy and newer, innovative therapies it is possible to let go of thinking and behavior patterns that keep you from feeling joy. It's time to start enjoying your life.
Are you unable to shake anxious or depressed feelings? Are your personal relationships less than ideal? Would you like to be happier? Sometimes it's difficult for us to see the patterns that keep us stuck. I will listen with compassion and acceptance, and together we will unravel your experiences and make sense of your story. Using talk therapy and newer, innovative therapies it is possible to let go of thinking and behavior patterns that keep you from feeling joy. It's time to start enjoying your life.
(206) 388-4589 View (206) 388-4589
Photo of Jennifer Schulz, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Jennifer Schulz
Counselor, MA, LMHC, PhD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98118
I work with individual adult clients and couples who are facing anxiety, depression, life transitions, loss, trauma, and challenges at work or in relationships. Since 2002, I have counseled adults, couples, and groups in community mental health and medical clinics, as well as in my private practice. I have also conducted in-depth research on trauma, hopelessness, empathy, and intimacy. Above all, I believe that my clients, not I, hold the key to their growth and that emotional pain and anxiety, when given respect and non-judgmental attention, can often provide some of the best opportunities for learning.
I work with individual adult clients and couples who are facing anxiety, depression, life transitions, loss, trauma, and challenges at work or in relationships. Since 2002, I have counseled adults, couples, and groups in community mental health and medical clinics, as well as in my private practice. I have also conducted in-depth research on trauma, hopelessness, empathy, and intimacy. Above all, I believe that my clients, not I, hold the key to their growth and that emotional pain and anxiety, when given respect and non-judgmental attention, can often provide some of the best opportunities for learning.
(206) 395-3354 View (206) 395-3354
Photo of Carol Poole, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Carol Poole
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98112
People can get stuck in painful emotional states and relationship patterns, for all kinds of reasons. I help people with chronic emotional pain, depression, anxiety, and the aftereffects of trauma and abuse. I focus on helping people work through sources of pain, and build their capacities for a satisfying life. In couples counseling, I help partners hear and understand each other in new ways, and create the space they need to thrive as both individuals and as partners in a relationship.
People can get stuck in painful emotional states and relationship patterns, for all kinds of reasons. I help people with chronic emotional pain, depression, anxiety, and the aftereffects of trauma and abuse. I focus on helping people work through sources of pain, and build their capacities for a satisfying life. In couples counseling, I help partners hear and understand each other in new ways, and create the space they need to thrive as both individuals and as partners in a relationship.
(253) 343-0824 View (253) 343-0824
Photo of Trinese Clark Counseling Services, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Trinese Clark Counseling Services, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98144  (Online Only)
I work with adults dealing with various issues, including depression, anxiety, trauma, and stress caused by systemic barriers.
Coming to the realization that you are facing challenges that cannot be remedied on your own may feel confusing, frightening, and overwhelming. I offer empathy, compassion, and a safe space to explore the connection between your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors and barriers to self-fulfillment. My holistic approach focuses on increasing your overall wellness as you work towards overcoming unhealthy life patterns that have left you feeling stuck and defeated.
I work with adults dealing with various issues, including depression, anxiety, trauma, and stress caused by systemic barriers.
Coming to the realization that you are facing challenges that cannot be remedied on your own may feel confusing, frightening, and overwhelming. I offer empathy, compassion, and a safe space to explore the connection between your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors and barriers to self-fulfillment. My holistic approach focuses on increasing your overall wellness as you work towards overcoming unhealthy life patterns that have left you feeling stuck and defeated.
(206) 222-3972 View (206) 222-3972
Photo of Muzi Chen, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Muzi Chen
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98105
We can work together on: Trauma; Grief and loss; Multicultural issues; Anxiety/Depression; Relationship issues; Life transitions; Social stress. I am here to support you and invite you to this safe space where you are free to explore yourself without judgment. The foundation of my client-centered approach is founded on the idea that you are the expert on your own life, experiences, and emotions. In our sessions, I provide a compassionate and empathetic environment where you can feel safe and understood. We work collaboratively, focusing on your unique needs, goals, and values.
We can work together on: Trauma; Grief and loss; Multicultural issues; Anxiety/Depression; Relationship issues; Life transitions; Social stress. I am here to support you and invite you to this safe space where you are free to explore yourself without judgment. The foundation of my client-centered approach is founded on the idea that you are the expert on your own life, experiences, and emotions. In our sessions, I provide a compassionate and empathetic environment where you can feel safe and understood. We work collaboratively, focusing on your unique needs, goals, and values.
(206) 737-3053 View (206) 737-3053
Photo of Rhonda Cinotto, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Seattle, WA
Rhonda Cinotto
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98102
Issues I work with include: anxiety, depression, life-transitions, spiritual/existential concerns, challenges due to a non-dominant identity, grief and loss, relationship distress, and self-esteem.
For optimal mental health, it is vital for you to feel seen, understood, and appreciated. I offer a space where you can experience a calm, attentive, nonjudgmental presence as you explore your concerns. My approach involves working collaboratively with you to set goals, noting together what your strengths are and what might be keeping you stuck, and exploring tools, skills, and perspectives that might be useful to you. In our sessions I will show up with curiosity, compassion, and a bit of humor, and I will encourage you to do the same. We will do all of this within the context of a safe and supportive therapeutic relationship.
Issues I work with include: anxiety, depression, life-transitions, spiritual/existential concerns, challenges due to a non-dominant identity, grief and loss, relationship distress, and self-esteem.
For optimal mental health, it is vital for you to feel seen, understood, and appreciated. I offer a space where you can experience a calm, attentive, nonjudgmental presence as you explore your concerns. My approach involves working collaboratively with you to set goals, noting together what your strengths are and what might be keeping you stuck, and exploring tools, skills, and perspectives that might be useful to you. In our sessions I will show up with curiosity, compassion, and a bit of humor, and I will encourage you to do the same. We will do all of this within the context of a safe and supportive therapeutic relationship.
(425) 403-7175 View (425) 403-7175
Photo of Ellie Valda, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Ellie Valda
Counselor, LMHCA, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98115
Welcome! As a counselor I am committed to creating a safe space for healing and growth where clients can share their stories. I work with adults (18 and up) who have difficulties related to anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem, trauma/PTSD, and identity. Additionally, I specialize in navigating multicultural issues. I am also passionate about women's issues, particularly women's health and the impact it can have on wellness. I am a board certified Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate with a Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling.
Welcome! As a counselor I am committed to creating a safe space for healing and growth where clients can share their stories. I work with adults (18 and up) who have difficulties related to anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem, trauma/PTSD, and identity. Additionally, I specialize in navigating multicultural issues. I am also passionate about women's issues, particularly women's health and the impact it can have on wellness. I am a board certified Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate with a Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling.
(206) 222-9062 View (206) 222-9062
Photo of Buffy Curtin, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Buffy Curtin
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98146
I work with adults and couples who are coping with anxiety, depression, dating and relationship issues, divorce/parenting/coparenting or communication of their needs in order to build stronger and deeper connections with themselves and others. It can be incredibly challenging to build healthy emotional attachments to the people in your life when dealing with anxiety, depression, poor modeling and the struggles of everyday.
I work with adults and couples who are coping with anxiety, depression, dating and relationship issues, divorce/parenting/coparenting or communication of their needs in order to build stronger and deeper connections with themselves and others. It can be incredibly challenging to build healthy emotional attachments to the people in your life when dealing with anxiety, depression, poor modeling and the struggles of everyday.
(855) 704-1521 View (855) 704-1521
Photo of Pamela Woodroffe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Pamela Woodroffe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, SUDP, MAC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98133  (Online Only)
Are current events triggering feelings of worry and despair? Perhaps past traumas are coming up for review? Are you experiencing a shift in what really, deeply matters to you? I would love to help you reflect, sort out, and heal. I offer teletherapy sessions (audio, visual) to clients in Washington State in the comfort of your own home. I enjoy working with people experiencing anxiety and panic, depression, mood disorders, trauma, and life transitions. Specialties include working with health care professionals, including physicians, with stress and work-related trauma.
Are current events triggering feelings of worry and despair? Perhaps past traumas are coming up for review? Are you experiencing a shift in what really, deeply matters to you? I would love to help you reflect, sort out, and heal. I offer teletherapy sessions (audio, visual) to clients in Washington State in the comfort of your own home. I enjoy working with people experiencing anxiety and panic, depression, mood disorders, trauma, and life transitions. Specialties include working with health care professionals, including physicians, with stress and work-related trauma.
(206) 966-6915 View (206) 966-6915
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.