Therapists in Staunton, VA

Photo of Harriet Lane Baggett - H. Lane Baggett, PhD, PhD, LCP, Psychologist
H. Lane Baggett, PhD
Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
Not accepting new clients
In today's fast-paced world it can be hard to really feel a sense of connectedness to to others and even to your own true path and self. You might feel derailed due to past situations, relationships, or difficult or traumatic experiences. I'm here to help you make the changes you need to build on your strengths and develop new skills so you can get back on track and experience the authentic connection and path you seek. I see this process as a journey we take together that involves exploration of important emotions, thoughts, experiences & behaviors, so that you can fulfill your goals on your own terms.
In today's fast-paced world it can be hard to really feel a sense of connectedness to to others and even to your own true path and self. You might feel derailed due to past situations, relationships, or difficult or traumatic experiences. I'm here to help you make the changes you need to build on your strengths and develop new skills so you can get back on track and experience the authentic connection and path you seek. I see this process as a journey we take together that involves exploration of important emotions, thoughts, experiences & behaviors, so that you can fulfill your goals on your own terms.
(540) 425-0750 View (540) 425-0750
Photo of Sarah M Spence, LPC, CFRC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sarah M Spence
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CFRC
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about helping individuals, couples, and families work through their struggles and strengthen resilience in their lives. I have worked with a diverse group of populations in a variety of settings over the past 15 years providing individual, couples, family, and group therapy to children, adolescents, and adults. I have worked extensively with trauma/PTSD, anxiety, depression, and addiction disorders. As the wife of a first responder for over 17 years, I am also passionate about helping first responders and their families navigate the unique challenges and struggles that accompany these professions.
I am passionate about helping individuals, couples, and families work through their struggles and strengthen resilience in their lives. I have worked with a diverse group of populations in a variety of settings over the past 15 years providing individual, couples, family, and group therapy to children, adolescents, and adults. I have worked extensively with trauma/PTSD, anxiety, depression, and addiction disorders. As the wife of a first responder for over 17 years, I am also passionate about helping first responders and their families navigate the unique challenges and struggles that accompany these professions.
(540) 202-1979 View (540) 202-1979
Photo of Theresa Wells, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Theresa Wells
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
I have 30 years experience working as a counselor for children, adolescents, families, and adults. I work with people who are dealing with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, PTSD, grief/loss, trauma, self-image, and any stresses related to race or sexual identity/orientation. I also work with couples of all backgrounds on improving communication, problem solving, and intimacy issues.
I have 30 years experience working as a counselor for children, adolescents, families, and adults. I work with people who are dealing with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, PTSD, grief/loss, trauma, self-image, and any stresses related to race or sexual identity/orientation. I also work with couples of all backgrounds on improving communication, problem solving, and intimacy issues.
(540) 802-4911 View (540) 802-4911
Photo of Amanda Kizer, LPC, MA, EdS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amanda Kizer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, EdS
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
I recognize and respect the courage it takes to begin counseling. My goal is to provide a safe, compassionate environment in order to work on identified issues and bring about hope, peace and well-being. Common concerns addressed in counseling include: play therapy, stress management, relationship issues, life transitions, grief, anger and attachment, and mood disorders. I work holistically, focusing on emotional, relational, spiritual, physical, and mental well-being. Counseling theories utilized include cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal process, and mindfulness.
I recognize and respect the courage it takes to begin counseling. My goal is to provide a safe, compassionate environment in order to work on identified issues and bring about hope, peace and well-being. Common concerns addressed in counseling include: play therapy, stress management, relationship issues, life transitions, grief, anger and attachment, and mood disorders. I work holistically, focusing on emotional, relational, spiritual, physical, and mental well-being. Counseling theories utilized include cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal process, and mindfulness.
(540) 584-8263 View (540) 584-8263
Photo of Monica Quarles, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Monica Quarles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401  (Online Only)
My mission is to accompany clients on their journey towards holistic well-being, by providing compassionate support to empower you to unlock your fullest potential. As a Black, female therapist, I got into this work to help people of all walks of life, especially women, children, and minorities. The world is hard enough and at times, it can be difficult to figure out our identity, wants, needs, boundaries, as well as how we operate in the various spaces of life. I also provide clinical supervision to those seeking their LCSW.
My mission is to accompany clients on their journey towards holistic well-being, by providing compassionate support to empower you to unlock your fullest potential. As a Black, female therapist, I got into this work to help people of all walks of life, especially women, children, and minorities. The world is hard enough and at times, it can be difficult to figure out our identity, wants, needs, boundaries, as well as how we operate in the various spaces of life. I also provide clinical supervision to those seeking their LCSW.
(540) 679-7596 View (540) 679-7596
Photo of Robyn Walden, LCSW , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robyn Walden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401  (Online Only)
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with experience working with clients addressing issues such as trauma, depression or anxiety, relationship with self and others, addiction, emotional dysregulation, self confidence, goal setting and sport performance.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with experience working with clients addressing issues such as trauma, depression or anxiety, relationship with self and others, addiction, emotional dysregulation, self confidence, goal setting and sport performance.
(540) 660-3147 View (540) 660-3147
Photo of Lisa Columbo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Columbo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Staunton, VA 24401  (Online Only)
Things seem to have gone a bit haywire these last few years. Most of us who had been getting along well enough may find ourselves or our children struggling more lately. We don't have to wait for the world to change in order to feel better or to help our children. Let's work together toward managing your mind, body, soul, and relationships harmoniously.
Things seem to have gone a bit haywire these last few years. Most of us who had been getting along well enough may find ourselves or our children struggling more lately. We don't have to wait for the world to change in order to feel better or to help our children. Let's work together toward managing your mind, body, soul, and relationships harmoniously.
(540) 405-8877 View (540) 405-8877
Photo of Melissa Gee, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Gee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you tired of existing in life, not fully living? I will meet you with empathy and compassion and work to ensure you feel understood and cared about. My ability to understand situations from several different perspectives in a non-judgmental way helps clients quickly feel heard and validated. I encourage clients to consider our work together as a team approach. I encourage clients to be active and engaged by using various strategies and techniques during and in between sessions. We work to increase coping skills, and when needed, we will work on processing and understanding underlying, unresolved issues of the past.
Are you tired of existing in life, not fully living? I will meet you with empathy and compassion and work to ensure you feel understood and cared about. My ability to understand situations from several different perspectives in a non-judgmental way helps clients quickly feel heard and validated. I encourage clients to consider our work together as a team approach. I encourage clients to be active and engaged by using various strategies and techniques during and in between sessions. We work to increase coping skills, and when needed, we will work on processing and understanding underlying, unresolved issues of the past.
(540) 242-8344 View (540) 242-8344
Photo of Janet Mizzi Balser, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Janet Mizzi Balser
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401  (Online Only)
Janet Mizzi Balser graduated with a Bachelors in Psychology from Hollins University and received her Masters in Counseling from Eastern Mennonite University. She has over 30 years experience of working with child abuse victims and other victims of trauma. She has a facility dog, Murph, who works with her. Murph is a graduate of Canine Companions for Independence. He assists his handler by making everyone feel comfortable so they can tell their story in a non-judgmental setting.
Janet Mizzi Balser graduated with a Bachelors in Psychology from Hollins University and received her Masters in Counseling from Eastern Mennonite University. She has over 30 years experience of working with child abuse victims and other victims of trauma. She has a facility dog, Murph, who works with her. Murph is a graduate of Canine Companions for Independence. He assists his handler by making everyone feel comfortable so they can tell their story in a non-judgmental setting.
(540) 609-2884 View (540) 609-2884
Photo of Margaret Roth - Highlight Educational and Behavioral Services, BCBA, MS, MEd
Highlight Educational and Behavioral Services
BCBA, MS, MEd
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
Waitlist for new clients
Our center is focused on helping children with autism spectrum disorder and/or other developmental disabilities. We offer home based and clinic based sessions. In our clinic-based therapy program, your child will receive one-on-one instruction and learning opportunities in a structured setting to work on specific goals. Providing ABA therapy in the home is not unlike clinic-based interventions, as the goal is to develop treatment/behavior plans with objective and measurable goals. This type of therapy creates a naturalistic setting for teaching children daily living and household skills.
Our center is focused on helping children with autism spectrum disorder and/or other developmental disabilities. We offer home based and clinic based sessions. In our clinic-based therapy program, your child will receive one-on-one instruction and learning opportunities in a structured setting to work on specific goals. Providing ABA therapy in the home is not unlike clinic-based interventions, as the goal is to develop treatment/behavior plans with objective and measurable goals. This type of therapy creates a naturalistic setting for teaching children daily living and household skills.
(540) 596-5439 View (540) 596-5439
Photo of Beth E. Kaufman, MA, LPC, MT-BC, FAMI, Licensed Professional Counselor
Beth E. Kaufman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MT-BC, FAMI
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
Many times we find ourselves disconnected and overwhelmed in a fast paced world. We forget what is most meaningful in our lives. We rush from one task to another and rarely pause long enough to ask if our actions support our deepest desires. You want to slow down. You want to feel more peaceful. You want to breathe. You want to know yourself on a deeper level. You want all of these things and yet you put your head down and keep pushing. Our work is getting clear on your deepest desires, slowing down and listening, and nurturing a healthy and sustainable connection to yourself and others.
Many times we find ourselves disconnected and overwhelmed in a fast paced world. We forget what is most meaningful in our lives. We rush from one task to another and rarely pause long enough to ask if our actions support our deepest desires. You want to slow down. You want to feel more peaceful. You want to breathe. You want to know yourself on a deeper level. You want all of these things and yet you put your head down and keep pushing. Our work is getting clear on your deepest desires, slowing down and listening, and nurturing a healthy and sustainable connection to yourself and others.
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Photo of Thomas Paulus, PsyD, Psychologist
Thomas Paulus
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
We all have suffering in our lives-- it's part of human experience. Too often, however, there is a layer of unnecessary psychological pain caused by unconscious defenses. We often resist painful feelings and the realities they point to. When this happens chronically we can get stuck in our resistance, becoming emotionally and physically sick. So our suffering increases. I work together with patients to build and/or embrace their capacity to honestly and compassionately face, untangle, and accept truths they can no longer resist.
We all have suffering in our lives-- it's part of human experience. Too often, however, there is a layer of unnecessary psychological pain caused by unconscious defenses. We often resist painful feelings and the realities they point to. When this happens chronically we can get stuck in our resistance, becoming emotionally and physically sick. So our suffering increases. I work together with patients to build and/or embrace their capacity to honestly and compassionately face, untangle, and accept truths they can no longer resist.
(540) 215-7694 View (540) 215-7694
Photo of Cameron Dupree, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cameron Dupree
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, working with clients within the states of Virginia and Texas, and I would love to connect with you! With over 10 years of experience in serving adult individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, and more, one of my beliefs is the importance of maintaining an authentic environment. With the use of various tools and therapeutic approaches, I seek to help each client understand their abilities and create a path toward confronting challenges.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, working with clients within the states of Virginia and Texas, and I would love to connect with you! With over 10 years of experience in serving adult individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, and more, one of my beliefs is the importance of maintaining an authentic environment. With the use of various tools and therapeutic approaches, I seek to help each client understand their abilities and create a path toward confronting challenges.
(540) 616-2724 View (540) 616-2724
Photo of Ian Rivera, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ian Rivera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
Welcome, my name is Ian Rivera and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 5 years of experience in the field. I work with individuals with all types of issues including depression, anxiety, addiction, men's issues, and mood disorders. My approach combines cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused brief, and motivational interviewing to help elicit change from within to become the best you. I have a warm and interactive counseling style and believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion.
Welcome, my name is Ian Rivera and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 5 years of experience in the field. I work with individuals with all types of issues including depression, anxiety, addiction, men's issues, and mood disorders. My approach combines cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused brief, and motivational interviewing to help elicit change from within to become the best you. I have a warm and interactive counseling style and believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion.
(703) 810-7912 View (703) 810-7912
Photo of Tawanda McPhatter, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tawanda McPhatter
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
Hello! My name is Ms. Tawanda McPhatter and I'm a licensed professional counselor. I have been providing therapy for 12 years. I allow my clients a safe space to discuss their issues, concerns, and needs for themselves. I am a very avid listener and I feel that listening is very important when assisting my clients and helps identify their feelings and thoughts on things so that I can identify ways that I can be of assistance in helping to work through and/or address these issues and/or concerns.
Hello! My name is Ms. Tawanda McPhatter and I'm a licensed professional counselor. I have been providing therapy for 12 years. I allow my clients a safe space to discuss their issues, concerns, and needs for themselves. I am a very avid listener and I feel that listening is very important when assisting my clients and helps identify their feelings and thoughts on things so that I can identify ways that I can be of assistance in helping to work through and/or address these issues and/or concerns.
(757) 530-7137 View (757) 530-7137
Photo of Terra Jones-Steele - Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
(540) 609-2531 View (540) 609-2531
Photo of Alistaire McKemy, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alistaire McKemy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who helps adults with developmental/relational trauma to overcome anxiety, depression, and fear of connection by utilizing a combination of cognitive and somatic therapy modalities to achieve higher quality of life. Do you want to trust yourself or others but feel your "picker" is broken? Are you feeling stuck in the same patterns and routines that you know don't serve you, but aren't sure where to get started with changing your life? I'm here to help! Together, we'll explore the roots of your patterns and unlock new ways of seeing the world around you.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who helps adults with developmental/relational trauma to overcome anxiety, depression, and fear of connection by utilizing a combination of cognitive and somatic therapy modalities to achieve higher quality of life. Do you want to trust yourself or others but feel your "picker" is broken? Are you feeling stuck in the same patterns and routines that you know don't serve you, but aren't sure where to get started with changing your life? I'm here to help! Together, we'll explore the roots of your patterns and unlock new ways of seeing the world around you.
(540) 660-7568 View (540) 660-7568
Photo of Garika Williams (Soulful Garden Llc), LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Garika Williams (Soulful Garden Llc)
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hey! My name is Garika and I'm a licensed professional therapist out of Virginia along with licensing in Indiana and South Carolina. I spent the first 7 years post-grad working in a residential facility and last 3 years proving care through telehealth therapy to people from many walks of life. Over the years, I have worked with various diagnoses including depression, anxiety, ADHD, severe trauma, PTSD, dual diagnosis, and personality disorders; along with areas like family issues and grief/loss.
Hey! My name is Garika and I'm a licensed professional therapist out of Virginia along with licensing in Indiana and South Carolina. I spent the first 7 years post-grad working in a residential facility and last 3 years proving care through telehealth therapy to people from many walks of life. Over the years, I have worked with various diagnoses including depression, anxiety, ADHD, severe trauma, PTSD, dual diagnosis, and personality disorders; along with areas like family issues and grief/loss.
(540) 870-0141 View (540) 870-0141
Photo of Jordan Phillips, LPC, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jordan Phillips
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Staunton, VA 24401  (Online Only)
I am educated and trained as a licensed professional counselor in the state of Virginia. I have worked with various populations and have a diverse background including people with trauma, crisis, depression, anxiety, grief and loss and relationship problems. My counseling/consulting/spiritual philosophy entails a growth model for transforming one’s life. I like a person centered approach meaning you are in charge, we go at your speed and things should always be comfortable for you during therapy. It would be my privilege to walk alongside you in whatever your are currently carrying or navigating.
I am educated and trained as a licensed professional counselor in the state of Virginia. I have worked with various populations and have a diverse background including people with trauma, crisis, depression, anxiety, grief and loss and relationship problems. My counseling/consulting/spiritual philosophy entails a growth model for transforming one’s life. I like a person centered approach meaning you are in charge, we go at your speed and things should always be comfortable for you during therapy. It would be my privilege to walk alongside you in whatever your are currently carrying or navigating.
(540) 305-8590 View (540) 305-8590
Photo of Dr. Benjamin Pumphrey, MD
Dr. Benjamin Pumphrey
MD
Verified Verified
Staunton, VA 24401  (Online Only)
I provide psychotherapy for individuals interested in developing a better understanding of themselves to help address difficulties in a deep, meaningful way. Psychodynamic psychotherapy goes beyond homework and other exercises to look at relationship patterns, personality styles, and current experiences that may be contributing to your symptoms. Engaging in psychotherapy requires patience, a curious mind, and an honest desire to make changes. In addition to psychodynamic psychotherapy, I also provide psychiatric medication management if needed, diagnostic second opinions, and consultations.
I provide psychotherapy for individuals interested in developing a better understanding of themselves to help address difficulties in a deep, meaningful way. Psychodynamic psychotherapy goes beyond homework and other exercises to look at relationship patterns, personality styles, and current experiences that may be contributing to your symptoms. Engaging in psychotherapy requires patience, a curious mind, and an honest desire to make changes. In addition to psychodynamic psychotherapy, I also provide psychiatric medication management if needed, diagnostic second opinions, and consultations.
(540) 416-9800 View (540) 416-9800
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Staunton, VA

100+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Staunton, VA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
70% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Aetna
79% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Elevance

How Therapists in Staunton, VA see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Staunton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.