Therapists in Waynesboro, VA

Photo of Jamie Lynn Jackson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Jamie Lynn Jackson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Having 7 years of experience working with individuals with physical and intellectual disabilities, veterans, and the LGBTQIA+ community. I believe in creating a space that supports true self-expression, leading to personal growth, transformation, and healing. I strive to meet clients where they are, helping them navigate their journey of self-discovery with empathy, collaboration, and respect for their unique stories.
Having 7 years of experience working with individuals with physical and intellectual disabilities, veterans, and the LGBTQIA+ community. I believe in creating a space that supports true self-expression, leading to personal growth, transformation, and healing. I strive to meet clients where they are, helping them navigate their journey of self-discovery with empathy, collaboration, and respect for their unique stories.
(540) 924-3344 View (540) 924-3344
Photo of Whitney Spears, Psychologist, PsyD
Whitney Spears
Psychologist, PsyD
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I view the relationship between the client and therapist as the most important aspect of therapy. I value creating a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space in which clients feel comfortable being open about their experiences. I spend time getting to know my clients, listening to their needs, and meeting them where they are. I utilize an integrative approach to treatment, emphasizing emotion-focused and interpersonal process theories, along with evidence-based techniques.
I view the relationship between the client and therapist as the most important aspect of therapy. I value creating a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space in which clients feel comfortable being open about their experiences. I spend time getting to know my clients, listening to their needs, and meeting them where they are. I utilize an integrative approach to treatment, emphasizing emotion-focused and interpersonal process theories, along with evidence-based techniques.
(703) 936-2578 View (703) 936-2578
Photo of Rachel Hilker - Hilker Marriage & Family Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Hilker Marriage & Family Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Waynesboro, VA 22980
You're seeking to enhance the depth and quality of your marriage and you've come to the right place. I equip couples to improve communication and conflict resolution patterns, utilizing the Gottman Method, an approach to couple therapy designed by the Gottman Institute, a leader in the field of marital and relationship research. In our work together, you will learn to engage with each other in new ways designed to enhance your friendship and romance, improve conflict discussions and cultivate a sense shared meaning with one another.
You're seeking to enhance the depth and quality of your marriage and you've come to the right place. I equip couples to improve communication and conflict resolution patterns, utilizing the Gottman Method, an approach to couple therapy designed by the Gottman Institute, a leader in the field of marital and relationship research. In our work together, you will learn to engage with each other in new ways designed to enhance your friendship and romance, improve conflict discussions and cultivate a sense shared meaning with one another.
(540) 277-9381 View (540) 277-9381
Photo of Aimee Stockenstroom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Aimee Stockenstroom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
If you’re carrying the weight of trauma—whether from domestic or sexual violence, the heartbreak of betrayal or infidelity, or the impact of a partner’s sex or porn addiction—you don’t have to face it alone. I work with survivors navigating the pain of broken trust, loss of safety, and identity shifts, and I also support first responders and prosecutors facing burnout, vicarious trauma, and the hidden costs of service. Together, we can create space for healing and move forward at a pace that feels safe, steady, and meaningful.
If you’re carrying the weight of trauma—whether from domestic or sexual violence, the heartbreak of betrayal or infidelity, or the impact of a partner’s sex or porn addiction—you don’t have to face it alone. I work with survivors navigating the pain of broken trust, loss of safety, and identity shifts, and I also support first responders and prosecutors facing burnout, vicarious trauma, and the hidden costs of service. Together, we can create space for healing and move forward at a pace that feels safe, steady, and meaningful.
(540) 559-5067 View (540) 559-5067
Photo of Jeffrey David Watros, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMFT
Jeffrey David Watros
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMFT
Waynesboro, VA 22980
Waitlist for new clients
Hello. I'm Jeff Watros. Since 1995, I have been practicing as a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Perhaps you've noticed one reality that applies to everyone of us: interaction with other human beings. Whether in the context of family, marriage, friend, acquaintance or total stranger, we can find ourselves struggling to understand one another. Sometimes hurt results. However, relationships can be repaired with a willing heart and humble attitude.
Hello. I'm Jeff Watros. Since 1995, I have been practicing as a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Perhaps you've noticed one reality that applies to everyone of us: interaction with other human beings. Whether in the context of family, marriage, friend, acquaintance or total stranger, we can find ourselves struggling to understand one another. Sometimes hurt results. However, relationships can be repaired with a willing heart and humble attitude.
(540) 602-5328 View (540) 602-5328
Photo of Heather Newcomb - Rise Psychotherapy Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Rise Psychotherapy Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I'm Heather and I am most easily accessible via email, and would recommend that you send an email to reach me. I have over 10 years experience working with those struggling with addiction. This is almost always due to past trauma events that initially lead to substance use. Depression and anxiety are often co-occurring disorders that accompany substance use disorders and can lead to further life disruption. My clients want freedom from the mental heath and substance use disorders that are holding them back from their full potential and reaching their dreams.
I'm Heather and I am most easily accessible via email, and would recommend that you send an email to reach me. I have over 10 years experience working with those struggling with addiction. This is almost always due to past trauma events that initially lead to substance use. Depression and anxiety are often co-occurring disorders that accompany substance use disorders and can lead to further life disruption. My clients want freedom from the mental heath and substance use disorders that are holding them back from their full potential and reaching their dreams.
(540) 792-4823 View (540) 792-4823
Photo of Addison Halverson, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Addison Halverson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Waynesboro, VA 22980
I specialize in working with children, teens, and their families. I work with children and adults struggling with anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, athletic pressure, and managing stress. I have a particular interest in helping families improve their relationships, including siblings, parent-child, co-parents, and step families. I also have experience working with adoption and foster care. If you are worried about your relationship with your child, their ability to cope with stress, emotional outbursts, risky behaviors, or following directions, I can help.
I specialize in working with children, teens, and their families. I work with children and adults struggling with anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, athletic pressure, and managing stress. I have a particular interest in helping families improve their relationships, including siblings, parent-child, co-parents, and step families. I also have experience working with adoption and foster care. If you are worried about your relationship with your child, their ability to cope with stress, emotional outbursts, risky behaviors, or following directions, I can help.
(540) 386-0394 View (540) 386-0394
Photo of Molly Elizabeth Pallavicini, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Molly Elizabeth Pallavicini
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! It takes a great deal of courage and bravery to seek help especially when you have experienced trauma, anxiety or depression. You have taken the first step even though a part of you may feel overwhelmed, exhausted and even isolated. You are not alone. While painful experiences can bring feelings of disconnection, they can also be about reconnecting with parts of yourself that feel lost or hidden away. In our work together, you will find a safe space to explore your experiences without judgment. I am here to support you. Together, we will honor your journey and you move toward greater peace and self compassion
Welcome! It takes a great deal of courage and bravery to seek help especially when you have experienced trauma, anxiety or depression. You have taken the first step even though a part of you may feel overwhelmed, exhausted and even isolated. You are not alone. While painful experiences can bring feelings of disconnection, they can also be about reconnecting with parts of yourself that feel lost or hidden away. In our work together, you will find a safe space to explore your experiences without judgment. I am here to support you. Together, we will honor your journey and you move toward greater peace and self compassion
(540) 269-4306 View (540) 269-4306
Photo of Lisa Marie Weaber, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPT
Lisa Marie Weaber
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPT
Waynesboro, VA 22980
Hi, I’m Lisa Weaber, LPC, RPT—a Licensed Professional Counselor and Registered Play Therapist with a passion for helping both children and adults heal, grow, and thrive. I specialize in play therapy for children, creating a safe and supportive space where they can express themselves and work through challenges in a developmentally appropriate way.
Hi, I’m Lisa Weaber, LPC, RPT—a Licensed Professional Counselor and Registered Play Therapist with a passion for helping both children and adults heal, grow, and thrive. I specialize in play therapy for children, creating a safe and supportive space where they can express themselves and work through challenges in a developmentally appropriate way.
(540) 572-7289 View (540) 572-7289
Photo of Noel Patrice Dianas-Hughes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, C-ASWCM, CSAC-S, CCATP
Noel Patrice Dianas-Hughes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, C-ASWCM, CSAC-S, CCATP
1 Endorsed
Waynesboro, VA 22980
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Virginia providing psychological therapies to adolescents, adults, and couples. My primary focus is in the treatment of depression, anxiety, trauma, dual diagnosis, grief, adjustment, and relational problems. My background includes clinical work, case management and training in the medical, educational, social service and therapeutic settings. I am experienced providing assessments and clinical services to children, adolescents, and adults. I also have experience treating those with medical challenges, grief and loss.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Virginia providing psychological therapies to adolescents, adults, and couples. My primary focus is in the treatment of depression, anxiety, trauma, dual diagnosis, grief, adjustment, and relational problems. My background includes clinical work, case management and training in the medical, educational, social service and therapeutic settings. I am experienced providing assessments and clinical services to children, adolescents, and adults. I also have experience treating those with medical challenges, grief and loss.
(540) 426-3430 View (540) 426-3430
Photo of Yozaira Leon-Santiago, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Yozaira Leon-Santiago
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Yozaira Leon-Santiago, Virginia License 0701008987. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 10 years of experience in the behavioral healthcare field. Currently I am a Bilingual (Spanish) mental health clinician in a detention center working with young immigrants. Before that, I served as MST (Multisystemic) therapist in the community that dealt with juveniles with serious criminal offenses and are possibly abusing substances. I am experienced with the emotional problems that occur in adults, adolescents and children. I have specialized training with family therapy, trauma depression and anxiety.
Yozaira Leon-Santiago, Virginia License 0701008987. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 10 years of experience in the behavioral healthcare field. Currently I am a Bilingual (Spanish) mental health clinician in a detention center working with young immigrants. Before that, I served as MST (Multisystemic) therapist in the community that dealt with juveniles with serious criminal offenses and are possibly abusing substances. I am experienced with the emotional problems that occur in adults, adolescents and children. I have specialized training with family therapy, trauma depression and anxiety.
(571) 771-1910 View (571) 771-1910
Photo of Beth Holt Wright, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Beth Holt Wright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
1 Endorsed
Waynesboro, VA 22980
I have been a licensed psychotherapist for over 25 years and practice in VA, West VA, and NC and specialize in trauma and aging. I obtained my BA in Psychology from UR in 1994 and my Masters in Social Work from UGA in 1998. I am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy and have been trained in Internal Family Systems (IFS) (parts work), Brainspotting, Hakomi, Prolonged Exposure, Somatic work, Core Energetics, dream analysis, mindfulness, Humanistic, and Psychodynamic. 2x winner of top Bedside Manner Award in Our Health Magazine. I am a registered clinical supervisor.
I have been a licensed psychotherapist for over 25 years and practice in VA, West VA, and NC and specialize in trauma and aging. I obtained my BA in Psychology from UR in 1994 and my Masters in Social Work from UGA in 1998. I am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy and have been trained in Internal Family Systems (IFS) (parts work), Brainspotting, Hakomi, Prolonged Exposure, Somatic work, Core Energetics, dream analysis, mindfulness, Humanistic, and Psychodynamic. 2x winner of top Bedside Manner Award in Our Health Magazine. I am a registered clinical supervisor.
(540) 492-4057 View (540) 492-4057
Photo of Becca Wright Gillis, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Becca Wright Gillis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting Clients - Becca values being a warm and accepting licensed professional counselor serving in the state of Virginia and West Virginia. Rebecca has a passion for working with those who are feeling lost or unsure of themselves. She believes deeply in working together to develop a sacred and healing place that is needed for growth and transformation to happen. A place where all change begins through curiosity and taking a first step.
Accepting Clients - Becca values being a warm and accepting licensed professional counselor serving in the state of Virginia and West Virginia. Rebecca has a passion for working with those who are feeling lost or unsure of themselves. She believes deeply in working together to develop a sacred and healing place that is needed for growth and transformation to happen. A place where all change begins through curiosity and taking a first step.
(540) 554-6748 View (540) 554-6748
Photo of Ryan Grubb, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Ryan Grubb
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
1 Endorsed
Waynesboro, VA 22980
My ideal client consists of individuals seeking to better their self esteem, self worth, and overall image of who they are. Their struggle with anxiety relates issues of the past and challenges with trauma and memory issues are my focus. Helping the client gain greater awareness and consciousness, while creating plans for increased healthy energy and mental wellness is my ideal client.
My ideal client consists of individuals seeking to better their self esteem, self worth, and overall image of who they are. Their struggle with anxiety relates issues of the past and challenges with trauma and memory issues are my focus. Helping the client gain greater awareness and consciousness, while creating plans for increased healthy energy and mental wellness is my ideal client.
(540) 546-4399 View (540) 546-4399
Photo of April Annette Cordell - Allied Transformations LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Allied Transformations LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Waynesboro, VA 22980
This is a safe, judgment free, environment. We offer counseling to those ready to take the next step in self discovery and fulfillment. We look at therapy as guidance to those that are or have struggled with life’s journey. This could be due to a difficult childhood, abuse, assault, grief, extreme disappointment, or just too many responsibilities. We are ready to meet you where you are on life’s journey, as you are. That includes in person or telehealth therapy. If you are ready to walk with us, schedule an appointment today!
This is a safe, judgment free, environment. We offer counseling to those ready to take the next step in self discovery and fulfillment. We look at therapy as guidance to those that are or have struggled with life’s journey. This could be due to a difficult childhood, abuse, assault, grief, extreme disappointment, or just too many responsibilities. We are ready to meet you where you are on life’s journey, as you are. That includes in person or telehealth therapy. If you are ready to walk with us, schedule an appointment today!
(540) 609-2570 View (540) 609-2570
Photo of Alexis Rennie Wagner-Call, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MEd
Alexis Rennie Wagner-Call
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MEd
2 Endorsed
Waynesboro, VA 22980
Hello. I am Alexis and I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Work practicing in Virginia. I have over twenty years of experience working with clients of all ages in a wide range of settings including: inpatient psychiatric hospitalization, outpatient care, in-home, school and residential. Most of my experience has been working with individuals who struggle with grief, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, relationship issues, Autism Spectrum, PTSD, developmental and intellectual disabilities, abuse, trauma and major life changes.
Hello. I am Alexis and I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Work practicing in Virginia. I have over twenty years of experience working with clients of all ages in a wide range of settings including: inpatient psychiatric hospitalization, outpatient care, in-home, school and residential. Most of my experience has been working with individuals who struggle with grief, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, relationship issues, Autism Spectrum, PTSD, developmental and intellectual disabilities, abuse, trauma and major life changes.
(540) 609-2696 View (540) 609-2696
Photo of Megan Kincheloe, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Megan Kincheloe
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Waynesboro, VA 22980
I have a passion for working with those who are hurting, specifically those who have suffered trauma or other adverse life experiences. I have a strong desire to help women recognize their value and worth, overcome shame, forgive themselves, and experience forgiveness. I am strongly committed to working with first responders, who have unique stressors and trauma exposure that can deeply impact mental health and relationships. My goal is to offer support to assist them in processing critical events and building resilience. I utilize skills learned from various modalities to address trauma, depression, anxiety, and family stress.
I have a passion for working with those who are hurting, specifically those who have suffered trauma or other adverse life experiences. I have a strong desire to help women recognize their value and worth, overcome shame, forgive themselves, and experience forgiveness. I am strongly committed to working with first responders, who have unique stressors and trauma exposure that can deeply impact mental health and relationships. My goal is to offer support to assist them in processing critical events and building resilience. I utilize skills learned from various modalities to address trauma, depression, anxiety, and family stress.
(540) 696-5419 View (540) 696-5419
Photo of Gail Conner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Gail Conner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Waynesboro, VA 22980
With over 25 years of experience in community mental health and emergency psychiatric care, I bring a grounded, compassionate approach to therapy. I’ve worked extensively with adults navigating serious mental illness (SMI), trauma, substance use, mood disorders, and self-harm. My style is collaborative and supportive, and I tailor treatment to meet you where you are. I often draw from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and incorporate mindfulness and meditation practices when appropriate.
With over 25 years of experience in community mental health and emergency psychiatric care, I bring a grounded, compassionate approach to therapy. I’ve worked extensively with adults navigating serious mental illness (SMI), trauma, substance use, mood disorders, and self-harm. My style is collaborative and supportive, and I tailor treatment to meet you where you are. I often draw from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and incorporate mindfulness and meditation practices when appropriate.
(540) 453-7535 View (540) 453-7535
Photo of Jordan Phillips, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LLC
Jordan Phillips
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LLC
2 Endorsed
Waynesboro, VA 22980
Accepting New Clients. I enjoy working with clients that feel stuck and are ready to make some changes to better their life. I work from a person centered approach meaning you are in charge, we go at your speed, and things should always be comfortable for you during therapy. My background in working with various populations and diverse backgrounds including people with trauma, depression, anxiety, grief and loss and that has helped inform the counseling I provide now.
Accepting New Clients. I enjoy working with clients that feel stuck and are ready to make some changes to better their life. I work from a person centered approach meaning you are in charge, we go at your speed, and things should always be comfortable for you during therapy. My background in working with various populations and diverse backgrounds including people with trauma, depression, anxiety, grief and loss and that has helped inform the counseling I provide now.
(540) 305-8590 View (540) 305-8590
Photo of Emilee Burke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Emilee Burke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
My name is Emilee Smith and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Virginia, working with clients state-wide via telehealth. I have experience working with many populations including children, adolescents, adults, and families. I have experience helping people with anxiety, depression, and parent-child relationships. I work with clients of all ages and most often use a cognitive behavioral approach. When a person's automatic thoughts and behaviors are unhealthy, anxiety, depression, and conflict in relationships can be the result.
My name is Emilee Smith and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Virginia, working with clients state-wide via telehealth. I have experience working with many populations including children, adolescents, adults, and families. I have experience helping people with anxiety, depression, and parent-child relationships. I work with clients of all ages and most often use a cognitive behavioral approach. When a person's automatic thoughts and behaviors are unhealthy, anxiety, depression, and conflict in relationships can be the result.
(757) 767-4598 View (757) 767-4598

See more therapy options for Waynesboro

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Waynesboro, VA

60+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Waynesboro, VA who prioritize treating:

98% Anxiety
92% Depression
80% Trauma and PTSD
80% Coping Skills
80% Stress
77% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% BlueCross and BlueShield
82% Anthem
80% Aetna

How Therapists in Waynesboro, VA see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

89% Female
9% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Waynesboro?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.