Therapists in Kirkwood, MO

Photo of Caitie DuMontier Fahrner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Caitie DuMontier Fahrner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
You are here for a reason, and I am here to support you in your journey. I provide a welcoming therapeutic environment that offers a safe place to facilitate change, promote personal growth, and learn new strategies and coping skills to manage distress. I value each individual that I work with and tailor my therapy practice to meet you at your level of comfort during our sessions. My goal is to collaborate with you to understand your current concerns and work together to find your path to peace and healing.
You are here for a reason, and I am here to support you in your journey. I provide a welcoming therapeutic environment that offers a safe place to facilitate change, promote personal growth, and learn new strategies and coping skills to manage distress. I value each individual that I work with and tailor my therapy practice to meet you at your level of comfort during our sessions. My goal is to collaborate with you to understand your current concerns and work together to find your path to peace and healing.
(844) 280-0038 View (844) 280-0038
Photo of Kelsey Schumacher, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Kelsey Schumacher
Licensed Professional Counselor, CRC, LPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
I work with individuals with a variety of mental health diagnosis and concerns. Some people come to counseling to process a traumatic event, some come to talk about the stress they're experiencing at their job, and some come just to learn about why they haven't been feeling their best emotionally lately. If you feel like you could even pinpoint exactly why you feel how you do, but it just doesn't make it better, I'm the counselor for you. I don't just help you figure out why, I help you DO something with what you learn about yourself so you can move past any barriers you have.
I work with individuals with a variety of mental health diagnosis and concerns. Some people come to counseling to process a traumatic event, some come to talk about the stress they're experiencing at their job, and some come just to learn about why they haven't been feeling their best emotionally lately. If you feel like you could even pinpoint exactly why you feel how you do, but it just doesn't make it better, I'm the counselor for you. I don't just help you figure out why, I help you DO something with what you learn about yourself so you can move past any barriers you have.
(314) 736-3413 View (314) 736-3413
Photo of Circadian Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Circadian Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Circadian Counseling is focused on serving those in the St. Louis area and beyond with professional counseling in a safe, relaxed setting or virtually from anywhere. We believe in the power of unbiased perspective in relationships, working together to achieve goals and gain support. Treatment is customized for the individual, using various evidence-based approaches and techniques designed to bring about higher functioning and a thriving life. Everyone has a unique story, we will partner with you to get busy writing the next chapter.
Circadian Counseling is focused on serving those in the St. Louis area and beyond with professional counseling in a safe, relaxed setting or virtually from anywhere. We believe in the power of unbiased perspective in relationships, working together to achieve goals and gain support. Treatment is customized for the individual, using various evidence-based approaches and techniques designed to bring about higher functioning and a thriving life. Everyone has a unique story, we will partner with you to get busy writing the next chapter.
(314) 274-6637 View (314) 274-6637
Photo of Kim Callaway, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Kim Callaway
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Have you found that no matter how hard you work on your relationship, you're not experiencing the type of spark and connection you long for? Are you struggling to make peace with a recent breakup or divorce? Do you find yourself grappling with feelings of anxiety, loneliness, or anger? Whether I am working with you as an individual or a couple, my goal is to help you piece together the puzzle of how your past is impacting your present. I approach my work with individuals through blending Jungian shadow work and the more modern Internal Family Systems therapy.
Have you found that no matter how hard you work on your relationship, you're not experiencing the type of spark and connection you long for? Are you struggling to make peace with a recent breakup or divorce? Do you find yourself grappling with feelings of anxiety, loneliness, or anger? Whether I am working with you as an individual or a couple, my goal is to help you piece together the puzzle of how your past is impacting your present. I approach my work with individuals through blending Jungian shadow work and the more modern Internal Family Systems therapy.
(314) 696-6080 View (314) 696-6080
Photo of Amy J Stark, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Amy J Stark
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MDiv, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
When we are suffering in this world, there are usually patterns of suffering that have hold of us. If we confront the patterns, they can teach us. I know it takes courage to walk through the door of a therapist's office. Let me give space to face the hard stuff.
When we are suffering in this world, there are usually patterns of suffering that have hold of us. If we confront the patterns, they can teach us. I know it takes courage to walk through the door of a therapist's office. Let me give space to face the hard stuff.
(314) 266-5175 View (314) 266-5175
Photo of Peter Bogart, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Peter Bogart
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CCMHC, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Specializing in adolescent, adult, and family therapy, my mission is to help you and your family live your best lives—to close the gap between your "real self" and your "ideal self". To reduce conflict. To overcome negative behavioral patterns. To gain self-awareness, emotional insights, and regulation. To help you live in alignment with your values. Whatever your goals, I'm here to help you reach them—fully, presently, and with 100% commitment to you and this process.
Specializing in adolescent, adult, and family therapy, my mission is to help you and your family live your best lives—to close the gap between your "real self" and your "ideal self". To reduce conflict. To overcome negative behavioral patterns. To gain self-awareness, emotional insights, and regulation. To help you live in alignment with your values. Whatever your goals, I'm here to help you reach them—fully, presently, and with 100% commitment to you and this process.
(314) 926-9063 View (314) 926-9063
Photo of Becky Heck, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Becky Heck
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122  (Online Only)
Sometimes we all feel a little bit broken, we can get so caught up in what's going wrong or what's not working. Sometimes life get's hard, too much stress at home or work, relationship issues, grief and loss, addiction, depression, anxiety or feeling like we have just lost our way. No matter what is going on, you have taken that first step and you have come to the right place.
Sometimes we all feel a little bit broken, we can get so caught up in what's going wrong or what's not working. Sometimes life get's hard, too much stress at home or work, relationship issues, grief and loss, addiction, depression, anxiety or feeling like we have just lost our way. No matter what is going on, you have taken that first step and you have come to the right place.
(314) 926-9854 View (314) 926-9854
Photo of Uplift and Connect Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Uplift and Connect Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
It's getting harder and harder not to argue in front of the kids. Or, not to argue at all. You are feeling resentful and annoyed with your partner and your negative reactions happen faster than ever before. Plus, you don't want to rock the boat and almost any conversation you have right now turns into an argument. It feels like the person lying next to you in bed is only a roommate and you are lonely. You thought things were getting better but then one more fight sent you back to square-one of feeling alone and distant from each other. You are no longer playing the waiting/hoping game and are looking for change.
It's getting harder and harder not to argue in front of the kids. Or, not to argue at all. You are feeling resentful and annoyed with your partner and your negative reactions happen faster than ever before. Plus, you don't want to rock the boat and almost any conversation you have right now turns into an argument. It feels like the person lying next to you in bed is only a roommate and you are lonely. You thought things were getting better but then one more fight sent you back to square-one of feeling alone and distant from each other. You are no longer playing the waiting/hoping game and are looking for change.
(314) 403-2609 View (314) 403-2609
Photo of Marsha Yost Bradford, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Marsha Yost Bradford
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
While serving the community since 1995, Marsha has established a non-judgmental and informative view of those in need. She works with individuals, groups and couples to help them attain a better more centered life while helping to educate them on better relaxation skills, self improvement techniques and better overall mental and physical health. Marsha focuses on the whole person and not on diagnoses or disorders. While Marsha enjoys working with clients she also helps to mold future therapists. Marsha has worked in the mental health field for over 23 years.
While serving the community since 1995, Marsha has established a non-judgmental and informative view of those in need. She works with individuals, groups and couples to help them attain a better more centered life while helping to educate them on better relaxation skills, self improvement techniques and better overall mental and physical health. Marsha focuses on the whole person and not on diagnoses or disorders. While Marsha enjoys working with clients she also helps to mold future therapists. Marsha has worked in the mental health field for over 23 years.
(314) 828-2574 View (314) 828-2574
Photo of David N Wilde, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
David N Wilde
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Life is hard. But that doesn't mean that enjoyment and freedom are distant, idealistic concepts. Whether you are experiencing difficulties in relationships or individually, therapy can be an empowering and life-changing tool. Within my practice, I seek to understand you, first and foremost. I also approach counseling with a goal to modify current thoughts and behaviors, as well as understand why those thoughts and behaviors exist. Through this, you gain the tools and insight to create lasting change.
Life is hard. But that doesn't mean that enjoyment and freedom are distant, idealistic concepts. Whether you are experiencing difficulties in relationships or individually, therapy can be an empowering and life-changing tool. Within my practice, I seek to understand you, first and foremost. I also approach counseling with a goal to modify current thoughts and behaviors, as well as understand why those thoughts and behaviors exist. Through this, you gain the tools and insight to create lasting change.
(314) 561-7157 View (314) 561-7157
Photo of Tracey Sue Pearson-Heaney, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Tracey Sue Pearson-Heaney
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, LPC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
When feeling sad, overwhelmed, anxious, or when recovering from trauma, finding a therapist who can quietly listen is very important. As a therapist with 14 years experience I know how to use therapeutic methods to help clients cope with their mental health. I have successfully treated clients asking for help coping with depression, anxiety, bipolar, trauma and individuals who have suffered a head injury enjoy life again. However, I believe it is my calm and quiet nature along with my ability to listen which creates the best environment for healing.
When feeling sad, overwhelmed, anxious, or when recovering from trauma, finding a therapist who can quietly listen is very important. As a therapist with 14 years experience I know how to use therapeutic methods to help clients cope with their mental health. I have successfully treated clients asking for help coping with depression, anxiety, bipolar, trauma and individuals who have suffered a head injury enjoy life again. However, I believe it is my calm and quiet nature along with my ability to listen which creates the best environment for healing.
(314) 804-3271 View (314) 804-3271
Photo of Paul Joseph Dohearty, Pre-Licensed Professional in Kirkwood, MO
Paul Joseph Dohearty
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Throughout my career, I've worked with many people in difficult or painful situations. Many clients have dealt with issues like grief, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, job problems, life decisions, suicidal thoughts, and recovering from trauma. I have experience with folks who are curious or working through their gender identity, sexual orientation, fetishes, kinks, swinging, alternative sexuality, polyamory, ethical non monogamy, and lifestyle situations. I've also helped clients with out of control sexual behavior issues. I have worked with individual clients, couples clients, and polycules.
Throughout my career, I've worked with many people in difficult or painful situations. Many clients have dealt with issues like grief, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, job problems, life decisions, suicidal thoughts, and recovering from trauma. I have experience with folks who are curious or working through their gender identity, sexual orientation, fetishes, kinks, swinging, alternative sexuality, polyamory, ethical non monogamy, and lifestyle situations. I've also helped clients with out of control sexual behavior issues. I have worked with individual clients, couples clients, and polycules.
(314) 936-2791 View (314) 936-2791
Photo of Angie Narsh, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Angie Narsh
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Using gentleness mixed with honesty, I will call you forward to better.Not to shame, but to healing.Freedom, passion, vibrance, thriving and not simply surviving. It's possible.There's hope.I believe we hold power over our own healing.I merely come alongside those who have decided to make that brave journey.From the very beginning, the most consistent feedback is of feeling safe and truly understood.I believe in "working myself out of a job", achieved by doing good work and encouraging clients to test and stretch their growth.They do this out on their own, knowing they can return for new layers of work.
Using gentleness mixed with honesty, I will call you forward to better.Not to shame, but to healing.Freedom, passion, vibrance, thriving and not simply surviving. It's possible.There's hope.I believe we hold power over our own healing.I merely come alongside those who have decided to make that brave journey.From the very beginning, the most consistent feedback is of feeling safe and truly understood.I believe in "working myself out of a job", achieved by doing good work and encouraging clients to test and stretch their growth.They do this out on their own, knowing they can return for new layers of work.
(314) 742-8947 View (314) 742-8947
Photo of Dr. Tammy Root, Pre-Licensed Professional in Kirkwood, MO
Dr. Tammy Root
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD, MS, NCC, PLPC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Seeking therapy for an eating disorder or food-related concern is a brave first step toward healing and I am glad you are here. I am a dedicated provisionally licensed therapist specializing in eating disorders with a strong foundation in scientific research and a passion for fostering healing. I am a Nationally Board-Certified Counselor, who holds both a Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and in Psychology. I also have a PhD in Human Development and Family Studies and worked in the Eating Disorders Program at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Seeking therapy for an eating disorder or food-related concern is a brave first step toward healing and I am glad you are here. I am a dedicated provisionally licensed therapist specializing in eating disorders with a strong foundation in scientific research and a passion for fostering healing. I am a Nationally Board-Certified Counselor, who holds both a Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and in Psychology. I also have a PhD in Human Development and Family Studies and worked in the Eating Disorders Program at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
(636) 275-1677 View (636) 275-1677
Photo of St. Louis Couples Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
St. Louis Couples Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Hello, my name is Melissa Chosid. I work with couples to help them reach a place of relationship wellness and satisfaction. I support my clients in building healthy, mutually supportive relationships where emotional safety can be nurtured. Some of my specialties include communication and conflict management, transitions to parenthood, infertility, and exploring toxic relational patterns.
Hello, my name is Melissa Chosid. I work with couples to help them reach a place of relationship wellness and satisfaction. I support my clients in building healthy, mutually supportive relationships where emotional safety can be nurtured. Some of my specialties include communication and conflict management, transitions to parenthood, infertility, and exploring toxic relational patterns.
(314) 328-8593 View (314) 328-8593
Photo of Meredith Beard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Meredith Beard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
A little about me... I couldn’t survive without my assortment of To Do lists. Somehow I manage to surprise myself again and again by not completing the lengthy tasks I hoped to cross off my lists. I wish I prioritized time in nature, self-care, and getting together with friends. The frenetic pace of our modern “grind culture” is a force I find challenging to resist. Despite having book knowledge on anxiety, I still have panicky moments. Through my own therapy, I am unlearning the message of hustling for my worth and aiming to embrace my limitations. I have come to learn that my triggers often end up being my best teachers.
A little about me... I couldn’t survive without my assortment of To Do lists. Somehow I manage to surprise myself again and again by not completing the lengthy tasks I hoped to cross off my lists. I wish I prioritized time in nature, self-care, and getting together with friends. The frenetic pace of our modern “grind culture” is a force I find challenging to resist. Despite having book knowledge on anxiety, I still have panicky moments. Through my own therapy, I am unlearning the message of hustling for my worth and aiming to embrace my limitations. I have come to learn that my triggers often end up being my best teachers.
View
Photo of Jessie Wells, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Jessie Wells
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Jessie’s laid back, compassionate approach allows her to meet her clients exactly where they are without judgment and collaboratively take steps toward a healthier and more enjoyable life. She uses a combined approach of Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Person Centered Therapy techniques to help guide the therapy journey. Jessie believes in transparency and allowing clients to be deeply involved in their own therapy and mental health care decisions, making sure that the approach is a helpful fit for each client.
Jessie’s laid back, compassionate approach allows her to meet her clients exactly where they are without judgment and collaboratively take steps toward a healthier and more enjoyable life. She uses a combined approach of Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Person Centered Therapy techniques to help guide the therapy journey. Jessie believes in transparency and allowing clients to be deeply involved in their own therapy and mental health care decisions, making sure that the approach is a helpful fit for each client.
(636) 339-4640 View (636) 339-4640
Photo of Alyssa Wood, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Alyssa Wood
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
I am honored to help my clients see through the messiness of life and grieve what should have been. Clients often come to me after losing a loved one, struggling with body image or disordered eating, or trying to cope with a traumatic event. I also am a part of a foundation of therapists that work with reality tv stars before, during, and after they are cast on unscripted reality tv shows.
I am honored to help my clients see through the messiness of life and grieve what should have been. Clients often come to me after losing a loved one, struggling with body image or disordered eating, or trying to cope with a traumatic event. I also am a part of a foundation of therapists that work with reality tv stars before, during, and after they are cast on unscripted reality tv shows.
(314) 970-3528 View (314) 970-3528
Photo of Daniel J Frank, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Daniel J Frank
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
I understand how challenging being an adolescent can be. I have worked with adolescents for over 25 years. I can offer a private, confidential and safe environment to be able to work through those challenges. I can help with: anxiety, depression, school issues, being bullied, resolving conflicts, Asperger's Syndrome, social skills, identity struggles, drugs and alcohol issues, and a stressful home life. I am ready to take on those challenges with you and show you that you can overcome them.
I understand how challenging being an adolescent can be. I have worked with adolescents for over 25 years. I can offer a private, confidential and safe environment to be able to work through those challenges. I can help with: anxiety, depression, school issues, being bullied, resolving conflicts, Asperger's Syndrome, social skills, identity struggles, drugs and alcohol issues, and a stressful home life. I am ready to take on those challenges with you and show you that you can overcome them.
(314) 403-7128 View (314) 403-7128
Photo of Rachael Arnold, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Rachael Arnold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Waitlist for new clients
I work within the perinatal population; particularly with clients who wish to process becoming a parent, are struggling with infertility, are looking to adopt and/or have a baby through surrogate, have suffered perinatal loss and/or grief, want to work through a traumatic experience before giving birth (including previous traumatic births and sexual assault,) are struggling with postpartum depression and/or anxiety, who need guidance and support as they transition back to work after parental leave, and/or who have children under the age of 3 are are looking to process the struggles of parenting.
I work within the perinatal population; particularly with clients who wish to process becoming a parent, are struggling with infertility, are looking to adopt and/or have a baby through surrogate, have suffered perinatal loss and/or grief, want to work through a traumatic experience before giving birth (including previous traumatic births and sexual assault,) are struggling with postpartum depression and/or anxiety, who need guidance and support as they transition back to work after parental leave, and/or who have children under the age of 3 are are looking to process the struggles of parenting.
(314) 461-1996 View (314) 461-1996

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Kirkwood, MO

200+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Kirkwood, MO who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
90% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
80% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
64% Aetna
62% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Kirkwood, MO see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Kirkwood?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.