Photo of Susan Jean Razavi - TrancePlan, LCSWR , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
TrancePlan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
See complete information at TrancePlan.com. Why choose TrancePlan hypnotherapy for Your Journey? At Trance Plan, my unique approach blends over a decade of expertise in hypnotherapy and coaching, promising a deeper level of personal growth. Leverage Susan Razavi’s 15+ years of hypnotherapy, yoga, and coaching for a trusted path to your personal transformation. Benefit from my specialized skills as an LCSWR and a certified hypnotherapist, tailored to your journey of self-improvement. Discover a comprehensive strategy combining hypnotherapy and coaching for complete personal growth and lasting change.
See complete information at TrancePlan.com. Why choose TrancePlan hypnotherapy for Your Journey? At Trance Plan, my unique approach blends over a decade of expertise in hypnotherapy and coaching, promising a deeper level of personal growth. Leverage Susan Razavi’s 15+ years of hypnotherapy, yoga, and coaching for a trusted path to your personal transformation. Benefit from my specialized skills as an LCSWR and a certified hypnotherapist, tailored to your journey of self-improvement. Discover a comprehensive strategy combining hypnotherapy and coaching for complete personal growth and lasting change.
(646) 466-3170 View (646) 466-3170
Photo of Kassia Robinson Ringell, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kassia Robinson Ringell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
As a trauma informed generalist, my ideal client will be open to working with different modalities but is comfortable with discussing the mind-body connection as well as a systems perspective. I am most interested in working with clients who carry multiple identities (racial, gender, sexual) as I will maintain infinite curiosity about the many parts of you. Deepening self awareness and making meaning out of difficult lived experiences is what drives me in my pursuit of helping others. Acceptance of what is and an understanding of self is the key to real empowerment. I hope to be a guide in your journey toward recovery.
As a trauma informed generalist, my ideal client will be open to working with different modalities but is comfortable with discussing the mind-body connection as well as a systems perspective. I am most interested in working with clients who carry multiple identities (racial, gender, sexual) as I will maintain infinite curiosity about the many parts of you. Deepening self awareness and making meaning out of difficult lived experiences is what drives me in my pursuit of helping others. Acceptance of what is and an understanding of self is the key to real empowerment. I hope to be a guide in your journey toward recovery.
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Photo of Julinicia Rodriguez, LMSW
Julinicia Rodriguez
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Sometimes self-care consists of a night out in the city, a spa day, or binge watching your favorite tv show on the couch all day. Other times, self-care requires us to delve deep. You may need to incorporate mindfulness into your busy day or learn relaxation skills to help you cope with stress. You may need to give yourself grace and improve your relationship with self or build interpersonal relationship skills as you seek more social interactions post Covid19. You may be having difficulties adjusting to a life transition or understanding a diagnosis. If any of these resonate with you, I am the therapist for you.
Sometimes self-care consists of a night out in the city, a spa day, or binge watching your favorite tv show on the couch all day. Other times, self-care requires us to delve deep. You may need to incorporate mindfulness into your busy day or learn relaxation skills to help you cope with stress. You may need to give yourself grace and improve your relationship with self or build interpersonal relationship skills as you seek more social interactions post Covid19. You may be having difficulties adjusting to a life transition or understanding a diagnosis. If any of these resonate with you, I am the therapist for you.
(347) 434-6659 View (347) 434-6659
Photo of Copley Kemp, LCMHC, Counselor
Copley Kemp
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033
Hi, I'm Copley I specialize in individual, family and couples counseling. I especially enjoy helping women who seek assistance coping with depression, anxiety and/or struggles with self-worth and relationships. I especially enjoy helping women and others in need of therapeutic support. I am comfortable treating depression, anxiety, anger, self-esteem issues, adjustment and career concerns.
Hi, I'm Copley I specialize in individual, family and couples counseling. I especially enjoy helping women who seek assistance coping with depression, anxiety and/or struggles with self-worth and relationships. I especially enjoy helping women and others in need of therapeutic support. I am comfortable treating depression, anxiety, anger, self-esteem issues, adjustment and career concerns.
(929) 298-7910 View (929) 298-7910
Photo of Anahi Rubin, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Anahi Rubin
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033
I build my practice on a culturally competence practice by responding sensitively and effectively to people of all cultures, races, classes and religions, in a manner that, the inherent worth of individuals is recognized and affirmed. My goal is to provide professional intervention while being knowledgeable about and sensitive to my client's unique characteristics, as well as, culture, race, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation.
I build my practice on a culturally competence practice by responding sensitively and effectively to people of all cultures, races, classes and religions, in a manner that, the inherent worth of individuals is recognized and affirmed. My goal is to provide professional intervention while being knowledgeable about and sensitive to my client's unique characteristics, as well as, culture, race, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation.
(646) 480-6087 View (646) 480-6087
Photo of Janet Richman, LCSW, RN, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janet Richman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
I believe that developing a therapeutic relationship with my clients is most improtant. I provide active lisetning with a therapeutic ear, and will reflect your story back to you and help you to see yourself in a different light. Together we will work on identifying goals and use a variety of modalities to help you reach them.
I believe that developing a therapeutic relationship with my clients is most improtant. I provide active lisetning with a therapeutic ear, and will reflect your story back to you and help you to see yourself in a different light. Together we will work on identifying goals and use a variety of modalities to help you reach them.
(914) 221-0027 View (914) 221-0027
Photo of Kseniya Yershova, PhD, Psychologist
Kseniya Yershova
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033
We are not meant to struggle and suffer alone. Feeling understood, we understand ourselves better and find courage, inspiration and wisdom to lead authentic lives. Whether you are seeking help with adjusting to stressful life events, managing your own or your child's ADHD, anxiety, depression, parenting or romantic relationships, I hope to help you and/or your child gain a realistic and compassionate understanding of the difficulties, build resilience and improve coping. One of the greatest joys of doing this work is sharing the healing and liberating moments of putting something unspoken or unspeakable into words.
We are not meant to struggle and suffer alone. Feeling understood, we understand ourselves better and find courage, inspiration and wisdom to lead authentic lives. Whether you are seeking help with adjusting to stressful life events, managing your own or your child's ADHD, anxiety, depression, parenting or romantic relationships, I hope to help you and/or your child gain a realistic and compassionate understanding of the difficulties, build resilience and improve coping. One of the greatest joys of doing this work is sharing the healing and liberating moments of putting something unspoken or unspeakable into words.
(917) 563-4616 View (917) 563-4616
Photo of Patricia Dickey, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patricia Dickey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Are you feeling Depressed, Anxious, experiencing Panic, concerned about your Mood, seeking help with relational problems or in resolving symptoms associated with past trauma or family of origin issues? I think I can help. https://headway.co/providers/patricia-dickey
Are you feeling Depressed, Anxious, experiencing Panic, concerned about your Mood, seeking help with relational problems or in resolving symptoms associated with past trauma or family of origin issues? I think I can help. https://headway.co/providers/patricia-dickey
(917) 746-0219 View (917) 746-0219
Photo of Capri Warchol, PsyD, CEDS-C, EMDR, Psychologist
Capri Warchol
Psychologist, PsyD, CEDS-C, EMDR
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033
With over 15 years working with individuals with eating disorders and providing leadership to eating disorder treatment programs, I have witnessed many recovery stories and believe full recovery from eating disorders and mental health issues is possible for each person. I support individuals to find freedom from their eating disorder or past trauma and reconnect with their authentic self. Using a client-centered and collaborative approach, I will work with you to identify and strengthen the resources within that make healing and recovery possible.
With over 15 years working with individuals with eating disorders and providing leadership to eating disorder treatment programs, I have witnessed many recovery stories and believe full recovery from eating disorders and mental health issues is possible for each person. I support individuals to find freedom from their eating disorder or past trauma and reconnect with their authentic self. Using a client-centered and collaborative approach, I will work with you to identify and strengthen the resources within that make healing and recovery possible.
(646) 971-0778 View (646) 971-0778
Photo of Jessica Gruboy, MA, MHC-LP
Jessica Gruboy
MA, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Do you often feel weighed down by a cycle of anxiety, rumination, intrusive thoughts, and depression? Have you felt unable to fully enjoy exciting life events and transitions due to negative thinking and constant worry? Do you struggle with negative self-talk and low self-esteem? It might feel as though you wake up each day just hoping to survive until the next. You might feel lonely with your thoughts and as though no one understands the burden of your worry. I get it, and I am here to support you on your healing journey.
Do you often feel weighed down by a cycle of anxiety, rumination, intrusive thoughts, and depression? Have you felt unable to fully enjoy exciting life events and transitions due to negative thinking and constant worry? Do you struggle with negative self-talk and low self-esteem? It might feel as though you wake up each day just hoping to survive until the next. You might feel lonely with your thoughts and as though no one understands the burden of your worry. I get it, and I am here to support you on your healing journey.
(646) 933-8847 View (646) 933-8847
Photo of Anette Eriksson, L, C, S, W, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anette Eriksson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, L, C, S, W
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with post-graduate training in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), a cognitive-behavioral approach. I have extensive training and practice with meditation, which I find increases my sensitivity and awareness in the therapeutic relationship. My approach is gentle, yet challenging. I’m collaborative and interactive and sessions tend to have a conversational feel to them. I mostly encourage clients to work on current problems, while simultaneously explore historic patterns.
Hello and welcome. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with post-graduate training in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), a cognitive-behavioral approach. I have extensive training and practice with meditation, which I find increases my sensitivity and awareness in the therapeutic relationship. My approach is gentle, yet challenging. I’m collaborative and interactive and sessions tend to have a conversational feel to them. I mostly encourage clients to work on current problems, while simultaneously explore historic patterns.
(646) 859-6491 View (646) 859-6491
Photo of Lieb Swartz-Brownstein, LICSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lieb Swartz-Brownstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10033
There are a number of credentials I could share about myself and ways you might decide if I'm the right therapist for you, but honestly, between you and me, what matters is that I love this work. I use theories rooted in an anti-racist, queer liberation, harm reduction, and body-neutral framework. I feel most drawn to this work through an attachment-focused analytical frame. We have all been harmed in relationships, and I believe our healing must also exist in relationships. I know we cannot look at one's personal frame without understanding the systemic and cultural impact that intersectionality has had on one's own experience.
There are a number of credentials I could share about myself and ways you might decide if I'm the right therapist for you, but honestly, between you and me, what matters is that I love this work. I use theories rooted in an anti-racist, queer liberation, harm reduction, and body-neutral framework. I feel most drawn to this work through an attachment-focused analytical frame. We have all been harmed in relationships, and I believe our healing must also exist in relationships. I know we cannot look at one's personal frame without understanding the systemic and cultural impact that intersectionality has had on one's own experience.
(503) 901-6608 View (503) 901-6608
Photo of Raisa M Rodriguez Torres, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Raisa M Rodriguez Torres
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Welcome all! My name is Raisa Rodriguez (she/ella), I'm a bilingual latina social worker. I earned my master's degree from the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus. I also earned a Gerontology Certification from the University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus. As a psychotherapist, I'm committed to co-creating therapeutical spaces that foster healing and growth through a framework focused on culturally affirming practices, intersectionality, and social justice. I have been working with latinx first-gen folks and communities for the past seven years.
Welcome all! My name is Raisa Rodriguez (she/ella), I'm a bilingual latina social worker. I earned my master's degree from the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus. I also earned a Gerontology Certification from the University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus. As a psychotherapist, I'm committed to co-creating therapeutical spaces that foster healing and growth through a framework focused on culturally affirming practices, intersectionality, and social justice. I have been working with latinx first-gen folks and communities for the past seven years.
(914) 862-7656 View (914) 862-7656
Photo of Jennifer Ciraulo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Ciraulo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
You may find you’re a deeply creative and sensitive person, going through major life transitions, a spiritual awakening, or a dark night of the soul. You want to grow your self-confidence and self worth, but are unsure where to start. You may feel unsatisfied with the way things are but are unclear on what you actually want and what exactly is holding you back. There may be habits, beliefs, and behaviors that are no longer serving you, but you aren't sure how to change them. I’ve been there and understand. My goal as a therapist is to accompany you as a guide on your path of personal empowerment and self discovery.
You may find you’re a deeply creative and sensitive person, going through major life transitions, a spiritual awakening, or a dark night of the soul. You want to grow your self-confidence and self worth, but are unsure where to start. You may feel unsatisfied with the way things are but are unclear on what you actually want and what exactly is holding you back. There may be habits, beliefs, and behaviors that are no longer serving you, but you aren't sure how to change them. I’ve been there and understand. My goal as a therapist is to accompany you as a guide on your path of personal empowerment and self discovery.
(646) 768-9080 View (646) 768-9080
Photo of Amy Lebowitz Bruce, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy Lebowitz Bruce
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
I am a clinical social worker licensed in New York with over 10 years of experience as a therapist. My counseling style is warm and interactive. I have special interests in working with couples and with members of the LGBTQ+ community. I see healthy relationships as central to the process of change, and believe that learning to love and accept yourself completely is the key to creating the life you want and deserve.
I am a clinical social worker licensed in New York with over 10 years of experience as a therapist. My counseling style is warm and interactive. I have special interests in working with couples and with members of the LGBTQ+ community. I see healthy relationships as central to the process of change, and believe that learning to love and accept yourself completely is the key to creating the life you want and deserve.
(914) 677-2822 View (914) 677-2822
Photo of Maria Fernanda Wilber, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Maria Fernanda Wilber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Our exposure to stress and trauma is more common than we let on. What we carry within us already, whether through our experiences with racism or discrimination, childhood upbringing, loss, illness or other life events, also informs our repetitive ways of thinking and behaving that may not be helpful to our mental well-being. Despite the prevalence of trauma, we also have the capacity for resiliency. My goal is to tap into this strength by offering the support, skills and interventions that can increase our sense of purpose and thrive.
Our exposure to stress and trauma is more common than we let on. What we carry within us already, whether through our experiences with racism or discrimination, childhood upbringing, loss, illness or other life events, also informs our repetitive ways of thinking and behaving that may not be helpful to our mental well-being. Despite the prevalence of trauma, we also have the capacity for resiliency. My goal is to tap into this strength by offering the support, skills and interventions that can increase our sense of purpose and thrive.
(929) 205-3590 View (929) 205-3590
Photo of Susan Razavi Lcswr, LCSWR, oth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susan Razavi Lcswr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR, oth
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Welcome and congrats for making the step to a better life. I offer a holistic approach to therapy that combines traditional therapeutic techniques with mindfulness/CBT, DBT and body-based practices. CIT focuses on helping clients to become aware of the present moment and to develop greater insight into the root causes of their distress. This approach is based on the understanding that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected and can be used to gain insight into our experiences. Through CIT, clients can learn to access their inner wisdom, build resilience, and the capacity to live with ease and joy.
Welcome and congrats for making the step to a better life. I offer a holistic approach to therapy that combines traditional therapeutic techniques with mindfulness/CBT, DBT and body-based practices. CIT focuses on helping clients to become aware of the present moment and to develop greater insight into the root causes of their distress. This approach is based on the understanding that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected and can be used to gain insight into our experiences. Through CIT, clients can learn to access their inner wisdom, build resilience, and the capacity to live with ease and joy.
(646) 791-3375 View (646) 791-3375
Photo of Christopher M. Conley, LPCC, LMHC, CADC, CASAC, Counselor
Christopher M. Conley
Counselor, LPCC, LMHC, CADC, CASAC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Seeking therapy can be an overwhelming and confusing process. There are often many personal issues that drive our need to seek help, which are not easy to bring up, and may have never been brought up before at all. From trauma to legal problems, sexuality to substance use, and everyday stress to severe mental illness, sometimes all we need is for someone to sit with us and help us solve the problems that we don't believe we can talk about with anyone else in our lives. The only necessary starting point is the willingness to explore what brought you to seek help in the first place.
Seeking therapy can be an overwhelming and confusing process. There are often many personal issues that drive our need to seek help, which are not easy to bring up, and may have never been brought up before at all. From trauma to legal problems, sexuality to substance use, and everyday stress to severe mental illness, sometimes all we need is for someone to sit with us and help us solve the problems that we don't believe we can talk about with anyone else in our lives. The only necessary starting point is the willingness to explore what brought you to seek help in the first place.
(323) 987-7786 View (323) 987-7786
Photo of Anthony E Easter III, LMSW
Anthony E Easter III
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Navigating life's challenges can be tough, but you don’t have to do it alone. You'll find a welcoming and empowering space dedicated to your well-being and growth with Anthony.
Navigating life's challenges can be tough, but you don’t have to do it alone. You'll find a welcoming and empowering space dedicated to your well-being and growth with Anthony.
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Photo of Heidi Landis, LCAT, RDT/BCT, TEP
Heidi Landis
LCAT, RDT/BCT, TEP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Whatever your reason for considering psychotherapy, I commend you for prioritizing your mental health and urge you to continue on this road. As a psychotherapist with an expertise in trauma informed work, I use the creative arts therapies to achieve the therapeutic goals of self-expression, personal empowerment, and emotional and physical integration. With over 20 years of experience, I offer individual and group therapy, intentionally combining talk therapy, drama therapy, psychodrama and the creative arts to address emotional issues in innovative, unique ways. I am also trained in attachment- focused EMDR.
Whatever your reason for considering psychotherapy, I commend you for prioritizing your mental health and urge you to continue on this road. As a psychotherapist with an expertise in trauma informed work, I use the creative arts therapies to achieve the therapeutic goals of self-expression, personal empowerment, and emotional and physical integration. With over 20 years of experience, I offer individual and group therapy, intentionally combining talk therapy, drama therapy, psychodrama and the creative arts to address emotional issues in innovative, unique ways. I am also trained in attachment- focused EMDR.
(347) 414-8417 View (347) 414-8417
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 10033

80+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in 10033 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
82% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
64% Stress
63% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% Aetna
72% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
70% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 10033 see their clients

65% Online Only
35% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

73% Female
26% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 10033?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.