Jessica Grewal
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
Welcome, and thank you for being here. Reaching out for support and finding the right therapist for you can feel like a daunting task. My goal is to create an open, supportive, and collaborative environment with a focus on helping you feel more connected to yourself and the world around you, to make sense of complex emotions and challenges, and to feel better. As a student therapist, a member of the Psychological Association of Alberta, and under the supervision of a Registered Psychologist, I will strive to provide you with the greatest level of care possible.
Welcome, and thank you for being here. Reaching out for support and finding the right therapist for you can feel like a daunting task. My goal is to create an open, supportive, and collaborative environment with a focus on helping you feel more connected to yourself and the world around you, to make sense of complex emotions and challenges, and to feel better. As a student therapist, a member of the Psychological Association of Alberta, and under the supervision of a Registered Psychologist, I will strive to provide you with the greatest level of care possible.
(587) 815-6299 View (587) 815-6299
Photo of Teresa Davis, MEd, RPsych, Psychologist
Teresa Davis
Psychologist, MEd, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
Not accepting new clients
“The secret to making progress is getting started.” - Mark Twain. As a Registered Psychologist with over 20 years of experience, I have clinical experience and training working with children, youth, adults and families in the Edmonton and surrounding areas. Many of the young children I work with present with challenges with attention, sleep, regulation, toileting, anxiety, feeding issues, aggression, etc. Parents also express concerns with parenting and attachment concerns.
“The secret to making progress is getting started.” - Mark Twain. As a Registered Psychologist with over 20 years of experience, I have clinical experience and training working with children, youth, adults and families in the Edmonton and surrounding areas. Many of the young children I work with present with challenges with attention, sleep, regulation, toileting, anxiety, feeding issues, aggression, etc. Parents also express concerns with parenting and attachment concerns.
(780) 905-1475 View (780) 905-1475
Photo of Tina D Cowan, MSc, MFT, Psychologist
Tina D Cowan
Psychologist, MSc, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
I am a Registered Psychologist with a Masters of Science in Marriage and Family Therapy. I specialize in couples therapy, assisting couples in the areas of connection, communication, problem-solving, intimacy, and sexuality. I also works with individuals in creating healthy and meaningful relationships with self and others.
I am a Registered Psychologist with a Masters of Science in Marriage and Family Therapy. I specialize in couples therapy, assisting couples in the areas of connection, communication, problem-solving, intimacy, and sexuality. I also works with individuals in creating healthy and meaningful relationships with self and others.
(587) 844-0732 View (587) 844-0732
Photo of Larissa Brosinsky, PhD, Psychologist
Larissa Brosinsky
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
Not accepting new clients
People often spend hours upon hours searching and struggling to find a therapist that seems like they will be a good fit for them. Does this sound familiar? As an experienced humanistic therapist, I prioritize matching my therapeutic approach to the individual needs and goals of each of my clients. Whatever your goals may be when you walk into the therapy room, I will work to ensure that we are able to work towards them in a way that respects your beliefs and makes the most sense to you.
People often spend hours upon hours searching and struggling to find a therapist that seems like they will be a good fit for them. Does this sound familiar? As an experienced humanistic therapist, I prioritize matching my therapeutic approach to the individual needs and goals of each of my clients. Whatever your goals may be when you walk into the therapy room, I will work to ensure that we are able to work towards them in a way that respects your beliefs and makes the most sense to you.
(587) 855-5526 View (587) 855-5526
Photo of Elaine Chan, BSc, MOT, Occupational Therapist
Elaine Chan
Occupational Therapist, BSc, MOT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
I believe everyone deserves the opportunity to build a meaningful and rewarding life, but sometimes, this can feel out of reach, confusing and even impossible. Regardless of whether you're dealing with ongoing mental health concerns, are feeling disconnected after a stressful life change, or just feel stuck, I'm here to help you start building the future you deserve. As an occupational therapist for over ten years who has specialized in mental health I come to this space from a skills-based approach. I work with diverse families and individuals (adults and teenagers 12-17 years old) in a safe and nonjudgemental space.
I believe everyone deserves the opportunity to build a meaningful and rewarding life, but sometimes, this can feel out of reach, confusing and even impossible. Regardless of whether you're dealing with ongoing mental health concerns, are feeling disconnected after a stressful life change, or just feel stuck, I'm here to help you start building the future you deserve. As an occupational therapist for over ten years who has specialized in mental health I come to this space from a skills-based approach. I work with diverse families and individuals (adults and teenagers 12-17 years old) in a safe and nonjudgemental space.
(587) 850-3283 View (587) 850-3283
Photo of Petro Palykhata, MA, RPsych, Psychologist
Petro Palykhata
Psychologist, MA, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
Hey there! I'm all about providing counseling that's centered around you, respectful, and geared toward getting results. Whether you're an adult, a late teen, part of a couple, or a whole family, I've got your back. From tackling tricky mental health stuff to smoothing out everyday relationship bumps, I'm here to help you uncover your potential and pick up some skills to make life better.
Hey there! I'm all about providing counseling that's centered around you, respectful, and geared toward getting results. Whether you're an adult, a late teen, part of a couple, or a whole family, I've got your back. From tackling tricky mental health stuff to smoothing out everyday relationship bumps, I'm here to help you uncover your potential and pick up some skills to make life better.
(855) 961-5465 View (855) 961-5465
Photo of Vanessa R Iceton, BA, MC, Psychologist
Vanessa R Iceton
Psychologist, BA, MC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
Do you ask yourself “what’s the point”, feel exhausted, stuck, alone, overwhelmed, stressed, isolated or withdrawn? Do you think to yourself, I’m not in control, not good enough, or I'm a failure? Do you lack focus & concentration or have a loss of interest or pleasure in life? Do memories of your childhood, a recent loss, or an accident interfering in your activities of daily living? If you connected to any of the above and are looking for something different, better, or more, we can work together to create a treatment plan offering you hope, to help guide you, and support you in having a more functioning, healthier & happier life.
Do you ask yourself “what’s the point”, feel exhausted, stuck, alone, overwhelmed, stressed, isolated or withdrawn? Do you think to yourself, I’m not in control, not good enough, or I'm a failure? Do you lack focus & concentration or have a loss of interest or pleasure in life? Do memories of your childhood, a recent loss, or an accident interfering in your activities of daily living? If you connected to any of the above and are looking for something different, better, or more, we can work together to create a treatment plan offering you hope, to help guide you, and support you in having a more functioning, healthier & happier life.
(587) 415-0830 View (587) 415-0830
Photo of Wendy Lee Hawkins, PhD, RPsych, Psychologist
Wendy Lee Hawkins
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
“I used to think that the brain was the most wonderful organ in my body. Then I realized who was telling me this.” (Emo Philips) Often our brains are wonderful! Also, wonderful brains do not stop us from having concerns or problems. Sometimes we are in the position of knowing some things, and also feeling and behaving in different ways - perhaps ways that are negative, not helpful, or destructive. The people I work with have a wide variety of concerns including depression, anxiety, trauma, psychosis, addictions, relationship issues, challenges with “getting going”, specific problem behaviours, as well as other issues.
“I used to think that the brain was the most wonderful organ in my body. Then I realized who was telling me this.” (Emo Philips) Often our brains are wonderful! Also, wonderful brains do not stop us from having concerns or problems. Sometimes we are in the position of knowing some things, and also feeling and behaving in different ways - perhaps ways that are negative, not helpful, or destructive. The people I work with have a wide variety of concerns including depression, anxiety, trauma, psychosis, addictions, relationship issues, challenges with “getting going”, specific problem behaviours, as well as other issues.
(825) 254-9916 View (825) 254-9916
Photo of Dr. Milann Mitchell, PsyD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Dr. Milann Mitchell
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T5P
So many of us struggle with self-doubt, loneliness and time-consuming worry or anxiety that keep us from reaching our potential and living the life we desire. We may feel hopeless and powerless to make changes, feeling that we are incapable, or that there is no way forward. It takes courage to step outside your comfort zone and try something new. Many clients find that when they take the first step into therapy, they experience a newfound sense of hope and possibility. I want to help you see that it’s possible to escape the entrenched patterns that have been holding you back and to experience being in the driver’s seat of your life.
So many of us struggle with self-doubt, loneliness and time-consuming worry or anxiety that keep us from reaching our potential and living the life we desire. We may feel hopeless and powerless to make changes, feeling that we are incapable, or that there is no way forward. It takes courage to step outside your comfort zone and try something new. Many clients find that when they take the first step into therapy, they experience a newfound sense of hope and possibility. I want to help you see that it’s possible to escape the entrenched patterns that have been holding you back and to experience being in the driver’s seat of your life.
(587) 742-3964 View (587) 742-3964
Photo of Rachael Babcock, MC, BA, Psychologist
Rachael Babcock
Psychologist, MC, BA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
Waitlist for new clients
I am a queer practitioner with a passion for working with 2SLGBTQ+ individuals. I am a Registered Psychologist and am available for a free 15-minute phone consultation. Everyone that walks into the counselling room has the ability to create positive change. You are the expert on your own life and have the potential to grow and achieve your personal goals. It is my role as a counsellor to guide you to find and identify your own strengths and potential. I can offer insight and new skills to enhance the strengths you already possess while identifying and changing the things that may be holding you back.
I am a queer practitioner with a passion for working with 2SLGBTQ+ individuals. I am a Registered Psychologist and am available for a free 15-minute phone consultation. Everyone that walks into the counselling room has the ability to create positive change. You are the expert on your own life and have the potential to grow and achieve your personal goals. It is my role as a counsellor to guide you to find and identify your own strengths and potential. I can offer insight and new skills to enhance the strengths you already possess while identifying and changing the things that may be holding you back.
(587) 602-2161 View (587) 602-2161
Photo of Cheryl Dirks, MA, Registered Provisional Psychologist
Cheryl Dirks
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
Life is unpredictable and ever-changing, and at times we may find ourselves stuck, struggling, or dealing with difficulties that seem impossible to overcome. It is my desire to walk alongside you to help you explore new paths, uncover insights for growth, and move forward with a renewed sense of hope and self-compassion. I use a person-centered, strength-based approach while integrating multiple techniques and theories that best suit you and your needs.
Life is unpredictable and ever-changing, and at times we may find ourselves stuck, struggling, or dealing with difficulties that seem impossible to overcome. It is my desire to walk alongside you to help you explore new paths, uncover insights for growth, and move forward with a renewed sense of hope and self-compassion. I use a person-centered, strength-based approach while integrating multiple techniques and theories that best suit you and your needs.
(587) 840-4002 View (587) 840-4002
Photo of Diana Armstrong - The Centre for Dynamic Mental Health, PhD, RPsych, Psychologist
The Centre for Dynamic Mental Health
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
At the Centre for Dynamic Mental Health (CDMH), we believe that you deserve a full recovery from your difficulties - beyond managing symptoms. We are committed to helping you identify and resolve the deeper core issues that are driving the problematic symptoms in your life. Whether you are looking to overcome depression, anxiety, trauma, unexplained medical conditions, or other mental health concerns, our dedicated team of specialists are here to innovate and collaborate with you on your unique treatment needs.
At the Centre for Dynamic Mental Health (CDMH), we believe that you deserve a full recovery from your difficulties - beyond managing symptoms. We are committed to helping you identify and resolve the deeper core issues that are driving the problematic symptoms in your life. Whether you are looking to overcome depression, anxiety, trauma, unexplained medical conditions, or other mental health concerns, our dedicated team of specialists are here to innovate and collaborate with you on your unique treatment needs.
(587) 849-0881 View (587) 849-0881
Photo of Dr. Michael Handman, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Michael Handman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T5P
I am a Clinical Psychologist with 41 years of experience working in hospitals, university and currently only in private practice. I worked overseas in a pediatric oncology and in a Pain Clinic. As the Director of the Psychology Department at the Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton, I helped cancer patients and their families; I supervised graduate students and was involved in published research. I achieved the level of Clinical Professor of Palliative Medicine at the University of Alberta. Following my departure from the Cross Cancer Institute, I worked at the University of Alberta Hospital in the Burn and Trauma units.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with 41 years of experience working in hospitals, university and currently only in private practice. I worked overseas in a pediatric oncology and in a Pain Clinic. As the Director of the Psychology Department at the Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton, I helped cancer patients and their families; I supervised graduate students and was involved in published research. I achieved the level of Clinical Professor of Palliative Medicine at the University of Alberta. Following my departure from the Cross Cancer Institute, I worked at the University of Alberta Hospital in the Burn and Trauma units.
(780) 628-7828 View (780) 628-7828
Photo of Caroline Ciano, MA, Registered Provisional Psychologist
Caroline Ciano
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
I have over 15 years working in the field of mental health and specialized in treating trauma and addiction in families. I have worked with population groups that include youth, young adults and adults from diverse backgrounds. I can offer support for a variety of needs, such as mood disorders (including anxiety and depression), addiction, stress management, life transitions, grief, body image, self-esteem and eating disorders.
I have over 15 years working in the field of mental health and specialized in treating trauma and addiction in families. I have worked with population groups that include youth, young adults and adults from diverse backgrounds. I can offer support for a variety of needs, such as mood disorders (including anxiety and depression), addiction, stress management, life transitions, grief, body image, self-esteem and eating disorders.
(587) 705-0423 View (587) 705-0423
Photo of Ramona Kotke Gapp, BSc, MA, Psychologist
Ramona Kotke Gapp
Psychologist, BSc, MA
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T5P
Hello! If you’re reading this, you may be facing some life challenge such as a mood disorder, a relationship issue, or lingering pain from past trauma. You may be feeling overwhelmed and ill prepared to find the success you deserve, struggling to find healthy coping skills, overrun by unhelpful negative thoughts, low self-esteem, or lack of purpose. If you want to improve your mood and perform better in life and in your relationships, you are on the right path. Things can get better once you start taking care of you. It’s imperative to make yourself a priority so you can be present for all the people and commitments in your life.
Hello! If you’re reading this, you may be facing some life challenge such as a mood disorder, a relationship issue, or lingering pain from past trauma. You may be feeling overwhelmed and ill prepared to find the success you deserve, struggling to find healthy coping skills, overrun by unhelpful negative thoughts, low self-esteem, or lack of purpose. If you want to improve your mood and perform better in life and in your relationships, you are on the right path. Things can get better once you start taking care of you. It’s imperative to make yourself a priority so you can be present for all the people and commitments in your life.
(587) 742-0718 View (587) 742-0718
Photo of Lauren Groves - Ignite Counselling & Wellness Services, MC, Psychologist
Ignite Counselling & Wellness Services
Psychologist, MC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
At Ignite Counselling & Wellness Services we specialize in feminist, social justice focused, anti-oppressive counselling. Our team members have experience working collaboratively with clients on wide array of concerns. Please check out our website at www.ignitewellness.ca for our full bios or email hello@ignitewellness.ca for our availability.
At Ignite Counselling & Wellness Services we specialize in feminist, social justice focused, anti-oppressive counselling. Our team members have experience working collaboratively with clients on wide array of concerns. Please check out our website at www.ignitewellness.ca for our full bios or email hello@ignitewellness.ca for our availability.
(780) 666-7358 View (780) 666-7358
Photo of Samantha Greenwood, Psychologist
Samantha Greenwood
Psychologist
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
Not accepting new clients
Anxiety, social relationships, and trauma recovery are my specialties. Specifically, I am best suited for those who are needing support with creating and keeping social connections, adults experiencing difficult relationships with family, or those who are struggling with "getting over" specific worries or life events. I have over ten years' experience counselling those with relationship challenges and issues with work-life balance, and I have extensive experience seeing professionals with high pressure occupations. I also have training and experience treating PTSD, OCD, and various types of anxiety.
Anxiety, social relationships, and trauma recovery are my specialties. Specifically, I am best suited for those who are needing support with creating and keeping social connections, adults experiencing difficult relationships with family, or those who are struggling with "getting over" specific worries or life events. I have over ten years' experience counselling those with relationship challenges and issues with work-life balance, and I have extensive experience seeing professionals with high pressure occupations. I also have training and experience treating PTSD, OCD, and various types of anxiety.
(587) 870-6832 View (587) 870-6832
Photo of Dr. Sulin Tan, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Sulin Tan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T5P
I offer individual adult therapy. On a case-by-case basis, I work with some mature minors. My practice is primarily focused on the treatment of chronic and often, treatment-resistant depression/anxiety, or unclear mood disturbances. At times, this involves healing from a past trauma, attachment "injury", adverse event from childhood, or identity-related challenge. These are the types of issues that I frequently see in my practice.
I offer individual adult therapy. On a case-by-case basis, I work with some mature minors. My practice is primarily focused on the treatment of chronic and often, treatment-resistant depression/anxiety, or unclear mood disturbances. At times, this involves healing from a past trauma, attachment "injury", adverse event from childhood, or identity-related challenge. These are the types of issues that I frequently see in my practice.
(587) 858-5154 View (587) 858-5154
Photo of Joshua Dunn, MEd, PhD, RPsych, Psychologist
Joshua Dunn
Psychologist, MEd, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
I am a doctoral-level psychologist who has provided psychotherapy and assessment for almost 20 years in the Alberta area. I have training in many treatment modalities; however, I mostly use Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT) to address a range of issues including trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, panic, OCD, perfectionism, grief, substance use difficulties, as well as identity and relationship struggles.
I am a doctoral-level psychologist who has provided psychotherapy and assessment for almost 20 years in the Alberta area. I have training in many treatment modalities; however, I mostly use Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT) to address a range of issues including trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, panic, OCD, perfectionism, grief, substance use difficulties, as well as identity and relationship struggles.
(587) 847-2845 View (587) 847-2845
Photo of Madeleine Pye, MA, Bed, Counsellor
Madeleine Pye
Counsellor, MA, Bed
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
While we cannot eliminate all challenges from our lives, it sure can lighten the load to navigate life’s challenges with some support and guidance. I am a huge believer in bringing authenticity, compassion, and a sprinkle of humor into the therapy space, and am honoured to support others on their journeys. I am a firm believer in the importance of the therapeutic relationship and value working to build and maintain an authentic rapport with clients, regardless of modality. We're all just human, at the end of the day, and I love the "humanness" of therapy - so I encourage clients to show up as they are.
While we cannot eliminate all challenges from our lives, it sure can lighten the load to navigate life’s challenges with some support and guidance. I am a huge believer in bringing authenticity, compassion, and a sprinkle of humor into the therapy space, and am honoured to support others on their journeys. I am a firm believer in the importance of the therapeutic relationship and value working to build and maintain an authentic rapport with clients, regardless of modality. We're all just human, at the end of the day, and I love the "humanness" of therapy - so I encourage clients to show up as they are.
(587) 816-8720 View (587) 816-8720
1

See more therapy options for T5P

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in T5P

50+

Average cost per session

$220

Counsellors in T5P who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
91% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
77% Trauma and PTSD
77% Self Esteem
72% Grief
72% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Alberta Blue Cross
62% Green Shield Canada
62% Medavie Blue Cross

How Counsellors in T5P see their clients

97% In Person and Online
3% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
15% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in T5P?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.