Therapists in Edmonton, AB
Whitney Ireland
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5L
Not accepting new clients
Hi, I'm glad you're here. I'm Whitney, and I'm a Registered Psychologist. I work with adults on a range of concerns. In all my work, I am guided by the following values: honesty, curiosity, and fun. In therapy, this means that I aim to be transparent about what we're doing and why (if you're someone who needs to know the why before you engage in something-I see you), I seek feedback from clients to ensure therapy is meeting their needs and adapt the process when needed. I also take the opportunity to use creativity and humour to enhance therapy.
Hi, I'm glad you're here. I'm Whitney, and I'm a Registered Psychologist. I work with adults on a range of concerns. In all my work, I am guided by the following values: honesty, curiosity, and fun. In therapy, this means that I aim to be transparent about what we're doing and why (if you're someone who needs to know the why before you engage in something-I see you), I seek feedback from clients to ensure therapy is meeting their needs and adapt the process when needed. I also take the opportunity to use creativity and humour to enhance therapy.
Often times in life we can experience personal challenges. These challenges can include losses and trauma. They can leave us feeling anxious or depressed. Counselling can help one make sense of what they have been through. Times of struggle and loss can force us to look inward to re evaluate what has meaning for us and perhaps find out what is our purpose. I have experience working with CAF, First Responders and Vets, as well as people who have experienced childhood trauma. Whatever the challenge we can work together to help you heal and come into wholeness.
Often times in life we can experience personal challenges. These challenges can include losses and trauma. They can leave us feeling anxious or depressed. Counselling can help one make sense of what they have been through. Times of struggle and loss can force us to look inward to re evaluate what has meaning for us and perhaps find out what is our purpose. I have experience working with CAF, First Responders and Vets, as well as people who have experienced childhood trauma. Whatever the challenge we can work together to help you heal and come into wholeness.
Wendy Bos - Sanctuary Psychology And Wellness
Psychologist, BEd, MA, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6E
Do you need a safe, non-judgmental space to talk about your issues? Perhaps you're unsure if you need therapy or wonder if it will be helpful. I offer a free 15-minute call to answer any questions you have. You may want to talk to a psychologist if your coping or communication skills aren't effective, or if you're unhappy with how your life is progressing. You may be experiencing unpleasant memories, confusing thoughts, or recurring worries that interfere with daily living. I offer in-person, video, telephone, and walk-and-talk therapy that will shift your thinking and provide you with skills to improve your life.
Do you need a safe, non-judgmental space to talk about your issues? Perhaps you're unsure if you need therapy or wonder if it will be helpful. I offer a free 15-minute call to answer any questions you have. You may want to talk to a psychologist if your coping or communication skills aren't effective, or if you're unhappy with how your life is progressing. You may be experiencing unpleasant memories, confusing thoughts, or recurring worries that interfere with daily living. I offer in-person, video, telephone, and walk-and-talk therapy that will shift your thinking and provide you with skills to improve your life.
I am in my last year of a Masters of Counselling Psychology. I am offering sliding-scale counselling at Reframed Psychological in Edmonton, AB until Dec, 2024. I take a trauma-informed approach and am drawn to IFS/Parts Work, Attachment theory and Narrative therapy. I believe in the power of re-storying our lives and experiences to help shift our perspectives and open up new possibilities, as well as acknowledging the role that systems of oppression play in our striving for wellbeing. I am knowledgable of Queer + Gender diverse issues, and also love working with couples/relationships of all kinds.
I am in my last year of a Masters of Counselling Psychology. I am offering sliding-scale counselling at Reframed Psychological in Edmonton, AB until Dec, 2024. I take a trauma-informed approach and am drawn to IFS/Parts Work, Attachment theory and Narrative therapy. I believe in the power of re-storying our lives and experiences to help shift our perspectives and open up new possibilities, as well as acknowledging the role that systems of oppression play in our striving for wellbeing. I am knowledgable of Queer + Gender diverse issues, and also love working with couples/relationships of all kinds.
Deepika Mittra
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BSW, MSc, RSW, CSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6C
Self care isn’t just about managing things like anxiety or depression. It is about recognizing when you’re stuck and finding a way to move forward. It’s about thriving, instead of just surviving. It’s about unlocking the potential you know is there. In our work together, you will benefit from my multifaceted approach, including being welcomed by Nibby, my four-footed companion. When you enter my office, you will notice a variety of seating options, offered as a means to help you to tune in to your body and what feels most comfortable.
Self care isn’t just about managing things like anxiety or depression. It is about recognizing when you’re stuck and finding a way to move forward. It’s about thriving, instead of just surviving. It’s about unlocking the potential you know is there. In our work together, you will benefit from my multifaceted approach, including being welcomed by Nibby, my four-footed companion. When you enter my office, you will notice a variety of seating options, offered as a means to help you to tune in to your body and what feels most comfortable.
As an Intern Mental Health Therapist and certified Grief Recovery Specialist, I strive to create a non-judgemental, validating space for individuals to explore their thoughts and emotions. I use an integrative approach to therapy, drawing from therapeutic models that foster strength, acceptance, and change such as Internal Family Systems (IFS), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), and EMDR. I have worked with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, emotion dysregulation, Autism, and trauma. The majority of my experience is with adolescents and young adults, but I welcome individuals of all ages and backgrounds.
As an Intern Mental Health Therapist and certified Grief Recovery Specialist, I strive to create a non-judgemental, validating space for individuals to explore their thoughts and emotions. I use an integrative approach to therapy, drawing from therapeutic models that foster strength, acceptance, and change such as Internal Family Systems (IFS), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), and EMDR. I have worked with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, emotion dysregulation, Autism, and trauma. The majority of my experience is with adolescents and young adults, but I welcome individuals of all ages and backgrounds.
I work with teens and adults who want to change their patterns of behaving and their responses to triggers. Their goals are to navigate hard seasons, heal through trauma, find relief from stress/burn-out, and foster healthier relationships. Many of my clients struggle with anxiety/panic, depression, managing hard emotions (like anger), perfectionism/the need to achieve, low self-worth, and codependency/boundary-setting. As a first generation Canadian Filipina, I often see BIPOC folks wanting a therapist who understands what it's like to navigate one's life with two cultural identities.
I work with teens and adults who want to change their patterns of behaving and their responses to triggers. Their goals are to navigate hard seasons, heal through trauma, find relief from stress/burn-out, and foster healthier relationships. Many of my clients struggle with anxiety/panic, depression, managing hard emotions (like anger), perfectionism/the need to achieve, low self-worth, and codependency/boundary-setting. As a first generation Canadian Filipina, I often see BIPOC folks wanting a therapist who understands what it's like to navigate one's life with two cultural identities.
I work with adults in AB and NB (virtual only for NB residents) who experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, grief, PTSD, driving anxiety, as well as relationship issues. I also support people who have been impacted by chronic illnesses, such as cancer, long-haul COVID19, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and other chronic pain conditions.
I work with adults in AB and NB (virtual only for NB residents) who experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, grief, PTSD, driving anxiety, as well as relationship issues. I also support people who have been impacted by chronic illnesses, such as cancer, long-haul COVID19, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and other chronic pain conditions.
You do not have to go through those overwhelming life challenges alone and be feeling worthless, hopeless, pessimistic, or a failure in life. You are bigger than your problems and challenges! Let's collaborate and unpack your challenges, leveraging on your hidden strength. The adage that "Life Happens" is very true. I believe you are the expert of your lived experiences and you know best what you need to navigate your challenges. Let's go on this healing journey together, to be better positioned to achieve your healing goals. Healing is possible if we work as a team.
You do not have to go through those overwhelming life challenges alone and be feeling worthless, hopeless, pessimistic, or a failure in life. You are bigger than your problems and challenges! Let's collaborate and unpack your challenges, leveraging on your hidden strength. The adage that "Life Happens" is very true. I believe you are the expert of your lived experiences and you know best what you need to navigate your challenges. Let's go on this healing journey together, to be better positioned to achieve your healing goals. Healing is possible if we work as a team.
Do you ever feel like you are doing life on hard mode? That you are stuck dealing with the same problems over and over or that things are just hard? Hi, I’m Megan! I’m a Registered Provisional Psychologist. I use evidence-based strategies to help you discover what life can be like with better mental health. People are all unique, and their therapy should be the same. I use my background and experience with therapies like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Internal Family Systems, Gottman’s Couples Therapy and EMDR to help you discover what will work best for you. We’ll work together every step of the way.
Do you ever feel like you are doing life on hard mode? That you are stuck dealing with the same problems over and over or that things are just hard? Hi, I’m Megan! I’m a Registered Provisional Psychologist. I use evidence-based strategies to help you discover what life can be like with better mental health. People are all unique, and their therapy should be the same. I use my background and experience with therapies like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Internal Family Systems, Gottman’s Couples Therapy and EMDR to help you discover what will work best for you. We’ll work together every step of the way.
Davis P Tharayil
Registered Provisional Psychologist, PhD, MA, MEd, CCC
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T5K
I am a compassionate and non-judgmental Registered Provisional Psychologist with over 12 years of experience. In therapy, clients are able to set achievable goals by discussing their personal issues along with the challenging and complex circumstances they are struggling with. Together, we work towards these goals using an Integrative Psychotherapy approach that combines Cognitive-Behavioural, Acceptance & Commitment, Internal Family System, Dialectical Behavioural, Psychodynamic and Gestalt Therapies, and Clinical Hypnotherapy.
I am a compassionate and non-judgmental Registered Provisional Psychologist with over 12 years of experience. In therapy, clients are able to set achievable goals by discussing their personal issues along with the challenging and complex circumstances they are struggling with. Together, we work towards these goals using an Integrative Psychotherapy approach that combines Cognitive-Behavioural, Acceptance & Commitment, Internal Family System, Dialectical Behavioural, Psychodynamic and Gestalt Therapies, and Clinical Hypnotherapy.
15 Second Videos
Whitney Ireland
Natalie Amber Boustead
Deepika Mittra
Megan Malo
Well Workshop Ltd
Lona Loken
Janelle Boisvert
Victoria LaBerge
Keisha Virago Integrative Counselling
Puneet Sidhu
Carly Colasimone
Noga Liron Psychologist & Happiness Coach
Key Psychological
Joan Neehall
Kerri Severin
Marek Buchanan
Mahmoud Shabani-Ghazvini
Jennifer MacKinnon
Beth Murray
Amy Nydam
Alberta Practical Counselling Solutions
Chris Lefebvre
Marina Fanous
Kelsey Lummer
Bethany Zelent
Brittany Sales
Parker Pothier
Caroline Bélanger-Willetts
Danielle Lall
Saadiya Ali
Caroline Wisneski
Amélie Rossignol
Alberta Therapy Co
Karen Williams
Toby John
Brooklyn Chang
Shaheen Alarakhia
Vanessa Fingland Counselling
Kimberly Knull
Nadine Crain
Shedean Jones
Kyle Sobey
Mallik Dhadwal - Unstuck Psychological
Taylor Tymchyshyn
Matthew Shandro
Aimee Reimer
Jean E MacKenzie
Kristie Bennett
Becky Piggott
Courtney Rosborough
Are you having difficulty coping with life? Have you experienced a significant loss or life transition? Are you suffering with anxiety, depression, or relationship problems? Your thoughts and emotions may be feeling confusing or overwhelming. I strive to provide a therapeutic environment where you can feel free to express all your thoughts and feelings, even those that seem difficult and dark. We will work together to create an experience that promotes healing, change, and growth. You can move through the suffering to a richer and more rewarding life.
Are you having difficulty coping with life? Have you experienced a significant loss or life transition? Are you suffering with anxiety, depression, or relationship problems? Your thoughts and emotions may be feeling confusing or overwhelming. I strive to provide a therapeutic environment where you can feel free to express all your thoughts and feelings, even those that seem difficult and dark. We will work together to create an experience that promotes healing, change, and growth. You can move through the suffering to a richer and more rewarding life.
Welcome to Well Workshop, Edmonton's ADHD clinic. The road to wellness is ongoing and can be difficult to navigate alone; with support from Well Workshop, you won’t have to. Individually, as a couple, or family, you’ll have the opportunity to work together with your therapist to acquire tools to develop and strengthen the skills and techniques needed for you to be–and stay–mentally, emotionally, and physically well.
Welcome to Well Workshop, Edmonton's ADHD clinic. The road to wellness is ongoing and can be difficult to navigate alone; with support from Well Workshop, you won’t have to. Individually, as a couple, or family, you’ll have the opportunity to work together with your therapist to acquire tools to develop and strengthen the skills and techniques needed for you to be–and stay–mentally, emotionally, and physically well.
JDC Psychological Services
Psychologist, BA, MC, RPsych
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5S
Hi! You've taken the first step in searching for help - let me help you take the next one. I am a registered psychologist with a passion for helping people recover from their past, learn new ways of navigating their present, and discover their life's purpose. I work with a variety of life concerns - including trauma, abuse, addiction, stress/anxiety, depression, emotions management and issues of faith. I believe that every person has the capacity for love, joy and peace in their lives. And that we can all use a little help along the way.
Hi! You've taken the first step in searching for help - let me help you take the next one. I am a registered psychologist with a passion for helping people recover from their past, learn new ways of navigating their present, and discover their life's purpose. I work with a variety of life concerns - including trauma, abuse, addiction, stress/anxiety, depression, emotions management and issues of faith. I believe that every person has the capacity for love, joy and peace in their lives. And that we can all use a little help along the way.
As an Occupational Therapist I work with people who feel stuck and reconnect them with their purpose and meaning in their life. I understand the mind-body relationship. I work with the inner child, trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, ADHD, and OCD. I have a deep appreciation for how the nervous system regulates to process emotions and trauma. I know from both personal and professional experience, when someone is held in a room filled with safety, compassion and curiosity there is growth in one's mind, body, and spirit. This leads to integrating healthier beliefs and a more satisfying engagement in one's world.
As an Occupational Therapist I work with people who feel stuck and reconnect them with their purpose and meaning in their life. I understand the mind-body relationship. I work with the inner child, trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, ADHD, and OCD. I have a deep appreciation for how the nervous system regulates to process emotions and trauma. I know from both personal and professional experience, when someone is held in a room filled with safety, compassion and curiosity there is growth in one's mind, body, and spirit. This leads to integrating healthier beliefs and a more satisfying engagement in one's world.
Are you looking for a new way forward through your current situation or life circumstance? Counselling might be the aid that can help facilitate the change you may be looking for. Together we can explore your issues and concerns and see if we can come up with solutions together.
Are you looking for a new way forward through your current situation or life circumstance? Counselling might be the aid that can help facilitate the change you may be looking for. Together we can explore your issues and concerns and see if we can come up with solutions together.
I am a Master of Counselling student completing a practicum at Diverge Therapy and Wellness in southcentral Edmonton. I welcome the opportunity to work with individual adults with diverse concerns, especially Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), neurodivergent parenting, sexual and gender identity, grief, life transitions, and caregiver stress.
I am a Master of Counselling student completing a practicum at Diverge Therapy and Wellness in southcentral Edmonton. I welcome the opportunity to work with individual adults with diverse concerns, especially Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), neurodivergent parenting, sexual and gender identity, grief, life transitions, and caregiver stress.
Elsaby Johnstone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BSW, MSW, RCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5A
Telling your story can open the door to deep and meaningful healing. I hope your therapy experience provides an opportunity to gain insight and perspective; explore meaning and purpose; evaluate and cultivate your unique strengths; and acquire tools to experience and learn from difficult emotions. I love to listen with kindness and generosity. I understand that life is a journey; and healing occurs through compassion and companionship. I offer Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Narrative Therapy.
Telling your story can open the door to deep and meaningful healing. I hope your therapy experience provides an opportunity to gain insight and perspective; explore meaning and purpose; evaluate and cultivate your unique strengths; and acquire tools to experience and learn from difficult emotions. I love to listen with kindness and generosity. I understand that life is a journey; and healing occurs through compassion and companionship. I offer Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Narrative Therapy.
There will always be situations in life that don’t make sense to us; natural disasters, sudden loss, violence close to home or far away. Together we can deconstruct obstacles that feel too big to face alone; we can see your goodness, skills, and hope separate from your struggles; and we can build goals that feel possible. Prior to being a mental health practitioner I worked in Human Services and teaching. I have worked with diverse populations that have neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, FASD, ASD), mood disorders, trauma, and anxiety.
There will always be situations in life that don’t make sense to us; natural disasters, sudden loss, violence close to home or far away. Together we can deconstruct obstacles that feel too big to face alone; we can see your goodness, skills, and hope separate from your struggles; and we can build goals that feel possible. Prior to being a mental health practitioner I worked in Human Services and teaching. I have worked with diverse populations that have neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, FASD, ASD), mood disorders, trauma, and anxiety.
You want a LIFE more worth LIVING! Lets create that together! At all times, we are always doing the best we can with what we have: the knowledge, skills, experience and the information we posses in the moment. But, we often judge our "past" selves (and others in our past) from where we are at "today". This can create problems. With guidance, we can learn how our own (and others) past decisions, actions and experiences can create problems for us today. With understanding, we can learn to live more effectively! I invite you to join me for this journey!!
You want a LIFE more worth LIVING! Lets create that together! At all times, we are always doing the best we can with what we have: the knowledge, skills, experience and the information we posses in the moment. But, we often judge our "past" selves (and others in our past) from where we are at "today". This can create problems. With guidance, we can learn how our own (and others) past decisions, actions and experiences can create problems for us today. With understanding, we can learn to live more effectively! I invite you to join me for this journey!!
See more therapy options for Edmonton
How does your Counsellor compare?
Number of Counsellors in Edmonton, AB
1,000+
Average cost per session
$200
Counsellors in Edmonton, AB who prioritize treating:
92% | Anxiety |
87% | Depression |
80% | Self Esteem |
78% | Relationship Issues |
78% | Stress |
73% | Trauma and PTSD |
72% | Coping Skills |
Average years in practice
9 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
69% | Alberta Blue Cross |
63% | Green Shield Canada |
58% | Canada Life | Great-West Life |
How Counsellors in Edmonton, AB see their clients
83% | In Person and Online | |
17% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
82% | Female | |
17% | Male | |
1% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling
How can I find a therapist in Edmonton?
Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?
Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.
Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.
Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.
If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.