Counselling in 3039

Photo of Nick Chien-Hung Koyang, Counsellor, AASW
Nick Chien-Hung Koyang
Counsellor, AASW
2 Endorsed
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Nick Koyang is a dedicated and experienced counsellor providing support to adults of all ages in Melbourne. With years of professional expertise across diverse sectors—acute mental health, aged care, education, and private practice—Nick offers personalised counselling for individuals and couples. He is an Accredited Social Worker with the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW). Whether you are facing personal challenges, relationship difficulties, or simply seeking clarity and growth, Nick provides a safe and supportive space to navigate life's complexities.
Nick Koyang is a dedicated and experienced counsellor providing support to adults of all ages in Melbourne. With years of professional expertise across diverse sectors—acute mental health, aged care, education, and private practice—Nick offers personalised counselling for individuals and couples. He is an Accredited Social Worker with the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW). Whether you are facing personal challenges, relationship difficulties, or simply seeking clarity and growth, Nick provides a safe and supportive space to navigate life's complexities.
0468 863 690 View 0468 863 690
Photo of Parisa Faryadmarni - Ground and Grow Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Ground and Grow Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
2 Endorsed
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Stepping into therapy can feel daunting, especially when you’re unsure if it’s the right fit. My priority is creating a safe, warm, and supportive space from the moment you arrive. I am a Clinical Psychology Registrar working with adolescents (12+) and adults. I have experience across private practice, public health, and the mining industry in a fly-in, fly-out (FIFO) role.
Stepping into therapy can feel daunting, especially when you’re unsure if it’s the right fit. My priority is creating a safe, warm, and supportive space from the moment you arrive. I am a Clinical Psychology Registrar working with adolescents (12+) and adults. I have experience across private practice, public health, and the mining industry in a fly-in, fly-out (FIFO) role.
(03) 7003 2111 View (03) 7003 2111
Photo of Ashlee Hancock - Ashlee Hancock - Assessment & Therapy, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Ashlee Hancock - Assessment & Therapy
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Ashlee offers neuroaffirming autism, ADHD and cognitive assessments for children, adolescents and adults. She also offers individual therapy for teens and young adults aged 13 - 25 years. Ashlee is a clinical psychologist who has experience in hospital and public mental health systems, providing specialist support for young people experiencing severe and/or complex mental health concerns. She has experience cultivating good therapeutic relationships and is experienced in managing a team of clinician's to provide high quality care.
Ashlee offers neuroaffirming autism, ADHD and cognitive assessments for children, adolescents and adults. She also offers individual therapy for teens and young adults aged 13 - 25 years. Ashlee is a clinical psychologist who has experience in hospital and public mental health systems, providing specialist support for young people experiencing severe and/or complex mental health concerns. She has experience cultivating good therapeutic relationships and is experienced in managing a team of clinician's to provide high quality care.
(03) 9020 3705 View (03) 9020 3705
Photo of David Temme, Social Worker, MA, AMHSW
David Temme
Social Worker, MA, AMHSW
1 Endorsed
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Many people come to therapy already understanding themselves quite well, but notice that their emotional responses in certain situations still feel automatic, intense, or difficult to shift in the moment. This can show up as cycles of self-criticism, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, overthinking, or repeated relational difficulties, even when there is insight into why these patterns might be happening. I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker and Psychotherapist offering longer-term psychotherapy for adults experiencing complex trauma, attachment-related difficulties, and longstanding emotional or relational patterns.
Many people come to therapy already understanding themselves quite well, but notice that their emotional responses in certain situations still feel automatic, intense, or difficult to shift in the moment. This can show up as cycles of self-criticism, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, overthinking, or repeated relational difficulties, even when there is insight into why these patterns might be happening. I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker and Psychotherapist offering longer-term psychotherapy for adults experiencing complex trauma, attachment-related difficulties, and longstanding emotional or relational patterns.
(03) 7003 2492 View (03) 7003 2492
Photo of Khai Chia Teoh, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Khai Chia Teoh
Counsellor, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Khai is a passionate and empathetic counsellor with many years of experience working in a school setting before becoming a qualified counsellor. She is a registered counsellor with the Australian Counselling Association. Khai has worked in schools, not-for-profit and charity organisations with children, adolescents and adults. As a counsellor, Khai has worked with people from diverse backgrounds in relationship challenges, emotion regulations, anger management, depression, anxiety and motivation matters.
Khai is a passionate and empathetic counsellor with many years of experience working in a school setting before becoming a qualified counsellor. She is a registered counsellor with the Australian Counselling Association. Khai has worked in schools, not-for-profit and charity organisations with children, adolescents and adults. As a counsellor, Khai has worked with people from diverse backgrounds in relationship challenges, emotion regulations, anger management, depression, anxiety and motivation matters.
0468 863 690 View 0468 863 690
Photo of Elvan Kahraman, Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Elvan Kahraman
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Elvan has a particular passion for working with individuals experiencing long-standing anxiety, depression, complex trauma, or attachment issues, including those who feel they’ve “always been anxious” or “always felt like this.” She also welcomes neurodivergent people with low to moderate support needs who are seeking affirming care for co-occurring mental health challenges.
Elvan has a particular passion for working with individuals experiencing long-standing anxiety, depression, complex trauma, or attachment issues, including those who feel they’ve “always been anxious” or “always felt like this.” She also welcomes neurodivergent people with low to moderate support needs who are seeking affirming care for co-occurring mental health challenges.
(03) 8104 9138 View (03) 8104 9138
Photo of Jesse Muscatello, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Jesse Muscatello
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
I am a Clinical Psychologist registered with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), and Online Educator at The University of Melbourne for the Graduate degree in Youth Mental Health. I have several years of experience across public and private mental health settings, as well as teaching university-level psychology subjects at The University of Melbourne and Victoria University. I work to help you uncover and address unconscious emotional patterns that may perpetuate presenting symptoms, getting to the core of your issues with a focus on long-term change.
I am a Clinical Psychologist registered with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), and Online Educator at The University of Melbourne for the Graduate degree in Youth Mental Health. I have several years of experience across public and private mental health settings, as well as teaching university-level psychology subjects at The University of Melbourne and Victoria University. I work to help you uncover and address unconscious emotional patterns that may perpetuate presenting symptoms, getting to the core of your issues with a focus on long-term change.
0432 171 801 View 0432 171 801
Photo of Christopher Pucinischi - Pucinischi Psychology, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Pucinischi Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Christopher is a registered psychologist with experience working with adults experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, emotional regulation difficulties and workplace/academic stress and burn out. He provides a supportive, caring and non-judgemental space where clients can talk about their concerns freely. It is also important for Christopher to work collaboratively with his clients to set and achieve goals that will make a meaningful difference in their daily lives.
Christopher is a registered psychologist with experience working with adults experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, emotional regulation difficulties and workplace/academic stress and burn out. He provides a supportive, caring and non-judgemental space where clients can talk about their concerns freely. It is also important for Christopher to work collaboratively with his clients to set and achieve goals that will make a meaningful difference in their daily lives.
(03) 7003 2345 View (03) 7003 2345
Moonee Ponds Clinical Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, MACPA
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
A team of 5 highly experienced clinical and general psychologists who charge our fees on a sliding scale to meet the clients needs. Our psychologists work with evidence based techniques and cover a range of problems - from anxiety to ADHD to personality disorders. We are based in a comfortable and discrete heritage property in Moonee Ponds. call 09372 8806 to book an appointment.
A team of 5 highly experienced clinical and general psychologists who charge our fees on a sliding scale to meet the clients needs. Our psychologists work with evidence based techniques and cover a range of problems - from anxiety to ADHD to personality disorders. We are based in a comfortable and discrete heritage property in Moonee Ponds. call 09372 8806 to book an appointment.
(03) 9070 5217 View (03) 9070 5217
Photo of Shariann Girgis, Psychotherapist
Shariann Girgis
Psychotherapist
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
With 20+ years of experience in mental health, you will receive the care and guidance you need. I specialise in Depression, Anxiety, Complex Trauma, Fears, Phobias & Significant Life Transitions. I provide you the support that you need to unburden yourself from emotional pain and difficult memories of the past. You will learn skills for a deep sense of Safety and Well-being. I integrate Clinical Hypnotherapy, Mindfulness, Nervous System Regulation, Emotional Awareness and Deep Nature Connection. My approach is gentle and holistic. I work collaboratively with other specialists and Allied Health Practitioners. NDIS welcomed
With 20+ years of experience in mental health, you will receive the care and guidance you need. I specialise in Depression, Anxiety, Complex Trauma, Fears, Phobias & Significant Life Transitions. I provide you the support that you need to unburden yourself from emotional pain and difficult memories of the past. You will learn skills for a deep sense of Safety and Well-being. I integrate Clinical Hypnotherapy, Mindfulness, Nervous System Regulation, Emotional Awareness and Deep Nature Connection. My approach is gentle and holistic. I work collaboratively with other specialists and Allied Health Practitioners. NDIS welcomed
(03) 8104 9996 View (03) 8104 9996
Photo of Maryam Farache, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Prov
Maryam Farache
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Prov
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
I have particular expertise working with children and youth who present with behaviours of concern, particularly those who are autistic or ADHD. This includes helping parents with the coaching and support needed to effectively implement strategies at home and in other environments. I am equally passionate about working with working adults and University students, helping them to cope with the pressures of study and/or work and develop workable solutions to reduce anxiety and enhance their wellbeing. I also love assessment work and complete insightful cognitive (IQ), mental health and personality assessments across the lifespan.
I have particular expertise working with children and youth who present with behaviours of concern, particularly those who are autistic or ADHD. This includes helping parents with the coaching and support needed to effectively implement strategies at home and in other environments. I am equally passionate about working with working adults and University students, helping them to cope with the pressures of study and/or work and develop workable solutions to reduce anxiety and enhance their wellbeing. I also love assessment work and complete insightful cognitive (IQ), mental health and personality assessments across the lifespan.
1300 000 164 View 1300 000 164
Photo of Vicki Hutchings, Psychologist, MA, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Vicki Hutchings
Psychologist, MA, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
My name is Vicki, I am a general psychologist who is passionate about creating a warm, collaborative and non-judgemental therapeutic environment. My focus is on providing an accessible and nurturing environment for people to explore their inner worlds. I work from a trauma-informed and strengths based approach with an emphasis on respect for peoples lived experiences and knowledge of their own lives.
My name is Vicki, I am a general psychologist who is passionate about creating a warm, collaborative and non-judgemental therapeutic environment. My focus is on providing an accessible and nurturing environment for people to explore their inner worlds. I work from a trauma-informed and strengths based approach with an emphasis on respect for peoples lived experiences and knowledge of their own lives.
(03) 7003 2773 View (03) 7003 2773
Photo of Jason Lim-How, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Jason Lim-How
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
I work with adults who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure of how to move forward. Many clients come to therapy experiencing anxiety, the impact of past experiences, or difficulties in relationships, and are looking for a space to better understand themselves and what’s been happening in their lives. Together, we work to make sense of these patterns, develop a clearer understanding of your experiences, and find ways of responding that feel more manageable and aligned with what matters to you.
I work with adults who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure of how to move forward. Many clients come to therapy experiencing anxiety, the impact of past experiences, or difficulties in relationships, and are looking for a space to better understand themselves and what’s been happening in their lives. Together, we work to make sense of these patterns, develop a clearer understanding of your experiences, and find ways of responding that feel more manageable and aligned with what matters to you.
(03) 7003 2893 View (03) 7003 2893
Photo of Codie Nyhan, Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Codie Nyhan
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Codie is a clinical psychologist who has experience in the assessment and treatment of chronic pain, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, personality disorders and various anxiety/depressive disorders. He also has extensive experience in assessments and report writing and has provided evidence within court. He has worked with individuals from various funding bodies including, Workcover, National Disability Insurance Scheme, Transport Accident Commission, Work and Development Permit Scheme as well as Medicare.
Codie is a clinical psychologist who has experience in the assessment and treatment of chronic pain, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, personality disorders and various anxiety/depressive disorders. He also has extensive experience in assessments and report writing and has provided evidence within court. He has worked with individuals from various funding bodies including, Workcover, National Disability Insurance Scheme, Transport Accident Commission, Work and Development Permit Scheme as well as Medicare.
(03) 8104 9920 View (03) 8104 9920
Photo of Monique Rizzo, Psychotherapist, MC, PACFA
Monique Rizzo
Psychotherapist, MC, PACFA
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
If you’re reading this, you might be called to navigate your journey, deeper connection with yourself or sensing something in you is ready to shift. Maybe parts of you feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unheard. At TreeEye Therapy, I honour every layer of your experience, the seen, the unseen, the shadow parts, and the parts that are still finding their voice. You don’t have to navigate this alone. My approach is non-judgmental, and collaborative. I draw from evidence-based modalities, somatic and trauma-informed practices, and holistic integrative approaches to support trauma integration, emotional regulation, and self-empowerment.
If you’re reading this, you might be called to navigate your journey, deeper connection with yourself or sensing something in you is ready to shift. Maybe parts of you feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unheard. At TreeEye Therapy, I honour every layer of your experience, the seen, the unseen, the shadow parts, and the parts that are still finding their voice. You don’t have to navigate this alone. My approach is non-judgmental, and collaborative. I draw from evidence-based modalities, somatic and trauma-informed practices, and holistic integrative approaches to support trauma integration, emotional regulation, and self-empowerment.
0413 322 915 View 0413 322 915
Photo of Chloe Versace, Counsellor, PACFA
Chloe Versace
Counsellor, PACFA
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Child & Youth Counsellor - Hello, I’m Chloe! I work with children & youth in my private practice while also working a few days a week as a school counsellor. I help my clients to build emotional regulation skills, help them to understand their emotions, as well as building social skills. I aim to provide a safe & caring space to help each child/teen feel their most comfortable. Depending on the age, I often incorporate play therapy into my sessions as I find that this can be very therapeutic for my clients. To find out more about my services, please reach out! :) You can also find me on instagram - chloeversacecounselling
Child & Youth Counsellor - Hello, I’m Chloe! I work with children & youth in my private practice while also working a few days a week as a school counsellor. I help my clients to build emotional regulation skills, help them to understand their emotions, as well as building social skills. I aim to provide a safe & caring space to help each child/teen feel their most comfortable. Depending on the age, I often incorporate play therapy into my sessions as I find that this can be very therapeutic for my clients. To find out more about my services, please reach out! :) You can also find me on instagram - chloeversacecounselling
(03) 7302 8382 View (03) 7302 8382
Photo of Nicole Loo, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Nicole Loo
Counsellor, ACA-L2
3 Endorsed
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
As a therapist, I work from a person-centred, trauma-informed, and neuroaffirming foundation — attuned to the unique pace and story of each person along this supportive path to self-discovery and healing. I focus on fostering a safe, inclusive environment where clients can explore their stories, build resilience, and achieve meaningful personal growth.
As a therapist, I work from a person-centred, trauma-informed, and neuroaffirming foundation — attuned to the unique pace and story of each person along this supportive path to self-discovery and healing. I focus on fostering a safe, inclusive environment where clients can explore their stories, build resilience, and achieve meaningful personal growth.
(02) 4503 4703 View (02) 4503 4703
Photo of Dr Hana Guo, Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Dr Hana Guo
Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Welcome to AMH Psychology, Anxiety Management Hub, a boutique psychology clinic in Melbourne. My name is Dr Hana Guo, and I am Clinical Psychologist trained in EMDR, CBT and ISTDP psychodynamic therapy. I am dedicated to helping my clients see and break free from the unhealthy and often unconscious patterns that keep on repeating. I support both individuals who warrant a mental health diagnosis as well as professionals without any diagnosis (ie., health and mental health practitioners, lawyers, engineers) who are seeking coaching or self improvement to be happier better adjusted individuals.
Welcome to AMH Psychology, Anxiety Management Hub, a boutique psychology clinic in Melbourne. My name is Dr Hana Guo, and I am Clinical Psychologist trained in EMDR, CBT and ISTDP psychodynamic therapy. I am dedicated to helping my clients see and break free from the unhealthy and often unconscious patterns that keep on repeating. I support both individuals who warrant a mental health diagnosis as well as professionals without any diagnosis (ie., health and mental health practitioners, lawyers, engineers) who are seeking coaching or self improvement to be happier better adjusted individuals.
0401 649 365 View 0401 649 365
Photo of Ryan McKenzie, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Ryan McKenzie
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Ryan is a registered psychologist with a gentle, empathetic therapy style. Ryan has a calm, reflective personality and a focus on promoting client self-efficacy. Ryan draws from several therapeutic frameworks to support his clients, including ACT, EMDR and psychodynamic perspectives. Ryan aims to work together with his clients to build a collaborative understanding of presenting concerns at their most fundamental levels.
Ryan is a registered psychologist with a gentle, empathetic therapy style. Ryan has a calm, reflective personality and a focus on promoting client self-efficacy. Ryan draws from several therapeutic frameworks to support his clients, including ACT, EMDR and psychodynamic perspectives. Ryan aims to work together with his clients to build a collaborative understanding of presenting concerns at their most fundamental levels.
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Photo of Brittaney Evans, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Brittaney Evans
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Moonee Ponds, VIC 3039
Brittaney has a keen interest in adolescent (13 and older) and adult psychology, with a special focus on social-emotional development, autism, ADHD, trauma, learning differences, and anxiety. She values client input and feedback, understanding that therapy approaches should be tailored to each person's unique experiences and needs. By working collaboratively with clients, Brittaney aims to support individuals in achieving positive life changes and improving their mental health outcomes.
Brittaney has a keen interest in adolescent (13 and older) and adult psychology, with a special focus on social-emotional development, autism, ADHD, trauma, learning differences, and anxiety. She values client input and feedback, understanding that therapy approaches should be tailored to each person's unique experiences and needs. By working collaboratively with clients, Brittaney aims to support individuals in achieving positive life changes and improving their mental health outcomes.
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See more therapy options for 3039

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 3039

90+

Average cost per session

$210

Therapists in 3039 who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
80% Stress
76% Trauma and PTSD
76% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
49% ADHD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Medicare Rebates
60% NDIS
31% Bupa

How Therapists in 3039 see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only

Gender breakdown

72% Female
27% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3039?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.