Photo of Vimal Doad, Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Vimal Doad
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
In her previous roles, Vimal has worked in Paediatric Outpatient settings, Community Mental Health teams (involving crisis response and intervention) and has done case manager work. She utilises theoretical frameworks including but not limited to: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT). Vimal has experience working with various presentations including anxiety, mood disorders, grief and adjustment related issues, personality disorders, interpersonal difficulties and neurodevelopmental disorders.
In her previous roles, Vimal has worked in Paediatric Outpatient settings, Community Mental Health teams (involving crisis response and intervention) and has done case manager work. She utilises theoretical frameworks including but not limited to: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT). Vimal has experience working with various presentations including anxiety, mood disorders, grief and adjustment related issues, personality disorders, interpersonal difficulties and neurodevelopmental disorders.
(03) 9088 7585 View (03) 9088 7585
Photo of Dr Robert Eres, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Robert Eres
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I am a gender affirming clinical psychologist with a primary interest in supporting members of the LGBTQIA+ community, as well as people in rural and remote areas of Australia. I help support people with a range of concerns, but ultimately I support children, adolescents, and adults to become the best versions of themselves. If you're a junior psychologist seeking supervision or an experienced psychologist looking for extra support around gender affirming assessment and care, please feel free to reach out. I am a PsyBA approved supervisor.
I am a gender affirming clinical psychologist with a primary interest in supporting members of the LGBTQIA+ community, as well as people in rural and remote areas of Australia. I help support people with a range of concerns, but ultimately I support children, adolescents, and adults to become the best versions of themselves. If you're a junior psychologist seeking supervision or an experienced psychologist looking for extra support around gender affirming assessment and care, please feel free to reach out. I am a PsyBA approved supervisor.
(03) 7003 2854 View (03) 7003 2854
Photo of Harshani Algiriya, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Harshani Algiriya
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Online Only
Welcome to a sanctuary of healing and growth, where transformation begins and resilience thrives. Our team is dedicated to providing trauma-informed therapy services that are tailored to your unique journey towards a healthier and happier life. Our commitment extends to those who bear the weight of complex trauma, wrestle with personality disorders, anxiety, depression, navigate the complexities of family and relationship issues, combat addiction, struggle with sleep disturbances, and burnout of daily life. We are here to support individuals of all generations. We provide culturally sensitive inclusive environment for our clients.
Welcome to a sanctuary of healing and growth, where transformation begins and resilience thrives. Our team is dedicated to providing trauma-informed therapy services that are tailored to your unique journey towards a healthier and happier life. Our commitment extends to those who bear the weight of complex trauma, wrestle with personality disorders, anxiety, depression, navigate the complexities of family and relationship issues, combat addiction, struggle with sleep disturbances, and burnout of daily life. We are here to support individuals of all generations. We provide culturally sensitive inclusive environment for our clients.
(03) 8595 5442 View (03) 8595 5442
Photo of Toya Ricci, Counsellor, MA
Toya Ricci
Counsellor, MA
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
Toya (she/her) is an inclusive and culturally sensitive counsellor, sex therapist and sexuality educator with experience in supporting people from diverse backgrounds. Both as a professional and a woman of colour, Toya recognises that therapy can be a vulnerable and challenging process and seeks to create a safe and supportive environment for her clients to explore their concerns and experiences so that they can achieve meaningful outcomes.
Toya (she/her) is an inclusive and culturally sensitive counsellor, sex therapist and sexuality educator with experience in supporting people from diverse backgrounds. Both as a professional and a woman of colour, Toya recognises that therapy can be a vulnerable and challenging process and seeks to create a safe and supportive environment for her clients to explore their concerns and experiences so that they can achieve meaningful outcomes.
(03) 8595 5264 View (03) 8595 5264
Photo of Dr Peter Eide, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Dr Peter Eide
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
Dr Peter Eide has extensive experience in psychological treatment mainly with adolescent and adult men that have depression, anxiety and addiction, though he also works with women. Unlike other psychologists who are just out of university Peter has been working in this field since 2002 and has been employed in youth mental health, alcohol and drug services, community health services and a university.
Dr Peter Eide has extensive experience in psychological treatment mainly with adolescent and adult men that have depression, anxiety and addiction, though he also works with women. Unlike other psychologists who are just out of university Peter has been working in this field since 2002 and has been employed in youth mental health, alcohol and drug services, community health services and a university.
(03) 9118 9026 View (03) 9118 9026
Photo of Tigist Kebede, MA
Tigist Kebede
Verified Verified
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
Tigist Kebede is Naarm (Melbourne) based Black Counsellor, who employs trauma informed, decolonizing and intersectional frameworks into her practice and advocacy. She specificalised in working with adults with particular interest in culturally responsive clinical practice. Tigist has experience working forensic, non-profit and health sector. She has a history with working with racial trauma, sexual assault, family violence and refugee trauma.
Tigist Kebede is Naarm (Melbourne) based Black Counsellor, who employs trauma informed, decolonizing and intersectional frameworks into her practice and advocacy. She specificalised in working with adults with particular interest in culturally responsive clinical practice. Tigist has experience working forensic, non-profit and health sector. She has a history with working with racial trauma, sexual assault, family violence and refugee trauma.
(03) 9001 5665 View (03) 9001 5665
Photo of Kelly Breen, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Kelly Breen
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Online Only
I have extensive experience working with those impacted by trauma (c/PTSD), addiction, self-harm, and eating disorders. I also help people navigate the challenges associated with relationship issues, life transitions, depression, and anxiety. My integrative therapy style incorporates evidence-based modalities like EMDR, Schema, IFS, psychodynamic approaches, Mindfulness, and ACT. As a trained yoga teacher, I integrate these practices and somatic work. I am trained to provide psychedelic integration & preparation support and the Safe and Sound protocol for nervous system regulation.
I have extensive experience working with those impacted by trauma (c/PTSD), addiction, self-harm, and eating disorders. I also help people navigate the challenges associated with relationship issues, life transitions, depression, and anxiety. My integrative therapy style incorporates evidence-based modalities like EMDR, Schema, IFS, psychodynamic approaches, Mindfulness, and ACT. As a trained yoga teacher, I integrate these practices and somatic work. I am trained to provide psychedelic integration & preparation support and the Safe and Sound protocol for nervous system regulation.
(03) 9007 2718 View (03) 9007 2718
Photo of Clarissa Wijaya, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Clarissa Wijaya
Counsellor, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Maribyrnong, VIC 3032
As someone who had a lived experience of anxiety and depression, I understand that little things can easily overwhelm you. Simple things can feel difficult to do and expend massive nervous energy and effort. Which in turn, makes you feel drained and exhausted. Sometimes to feel better and in control, or even to overcome, you need a listening ear, someone to guide and empower you to make decisions, or encouragement to push through. Other times, you might need interventions for your mental health issues, I can certainly help you with that.
As someone who had a lived experience of anxiety and depression, I understand that little things can easily overwhelm you. Simple things can feel difficult to do and expend massive nervous energy and effort. Which in turn, makes you feel drained and exhausted. Sometimes to feel better and in control, or even to overcome, you need a listening ear, someone to guide and empower you to make decisions, or encouragement to push through. Other times, you might need interventions for your mental health issues, I can certainly help you with that.
(03) 8592 7055 View (03) 8592 7055
Photo of Isaac Lee, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Isaac Lee
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
The team at Functional Minds Psychology is led by principal psychologist, Isaac Lee. Isaac is a generally registered psychologist with the Psychology Board of Australia (PsyBA). He has also previously been a committee member for the Melbourne branch of the Australian Psychological Society (APS). Isaac’s passion for the field of psychology comes from wanting to help people, to have a positive impact on those he interacts with, and to always be learning more about people, the brain, and the world.
The team at Functional Minds Psychology is led by principal psychologist, Isaac Lee. Isaac is a generally registered psychologist with the Psychology Board of Australia (PsyBA). He has also previously been a committee member for the Melbourne branch of the Australian Psychological Society (APS). Isaac’s passion for the field of psychology comes from wanting to help people, to have a positive impact on those he interacts with, and to always be learning more about people, the brain, and the world.
(03) 6144 6136 View (03) 6144 6136
Photo of Vanessa Del Valle - Vanessa Del Valle from Wellness & Co., Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Vanessa Del Valle from Wellness & Co.
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
3 Endorsed
Maribyrnong, VIC 3032
Imagine feeling overwhelmed, lonely, unsupported, burdened by grief or mental health issues. These challenges can leave you feeling lost and stuck in your current circumstances. The goal is to find hope, purpose, and a healthier life. Vanessa Del Valle at Wellness & Co. understands these struggles and provides the support and guidance needed to navigate these challenges and emerge stronger.
Imagine feeling overwhelmed, lonely, unsupported, burdened by grief or mental health issues. These challenges can leave you feeling lost and stuck in your current circumstances. The goal is to find hope, purpose, and a healthier life. Vanessa Del Valle at Wellness & Co. understands these struggles and provides the support and guidance needed to navigate these challenges and emerge stronger.
(03) 7003 2935 View (03) 7003 2935
Photo of Jessica Jepson - Women's Relationship Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Women's Relationship Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
4 Endorsed
Online Only
If you are experiencing relationship anxiety or challenges in forming secure connections with others, I am here to assist you. Together, we can delve into the root causes of these issues, explore your options, and develop effective strategies to improve your communication in relationships. I will help you understand your attachments, build healthy boundaries, and enhance your self-worth, enabling you to regulate your emotions and build deeper connections. My primary aim is to provide you with the necessary support, tools, and resources to heal, improve your self-worth, feel confident, and connect with others so that you can thrive.
If you are experiencing relationship anxiety or challenges in forming secure connections with others, I am here to assist you. Together, we can delve into the root causes of these issues, explore your options, and develop effective strategies to improve your communication in relationships. I will help you understand your attachments, build healthy boundaries, and enhance your self-worth, enabling you to regulate your emotions and build deeper connections. My primary aim is to provide you with the necessary support, tools, and resources to heal, improve your self-worth, feel confident, and connect with others so that you can thrive.
(03) 8338 1069 View (03) 8338 1069
Photo of Emma Sestan, Psychologist, MA, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Emma Sestan
Psychologist, MA, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
1 Endorsed
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
My name is Emma and I have a passion for providing respectful and non-judgmental therapy for all my clients. My aim is to ensure that you have a safe and respectful space where we can promote personal growth, self-compassion and work through challenging times together.
My name is Emma and I have a passion for providing respectful and non-judgmental therapy for all my clients. My aim is to ensure that you have a safe and respectful space where we can promote personal growth, self-compassion and work through challenging times together.
View
Photo of Emma Austin, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Emma Austin
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
Emma is a clinical psychologist who specialises in working with children, adolescents and adults. She is a warm therapist who treats each client as an individual. Emma is passionate about working with clients who experience anxiety, OCD, anger, depression, trauma, self harm, relationship difficulties, unhealthy coping mechanisms and low self esteem. She is known for building strong, trusting relationships with her clients.
Emma is a clinical psychologist who specialises in working with children, adolescents and adults. She is a warm therapist who treats each client as an individual. Emma is passionate about working with clients who experience anxiety, OCD, anger, depression, trauma, self harm, relationship difficulties, unhealthy coping mechanisms and low self esteem. She is known for building strong, trusting relationships with her clients.
(03) 8338 1078 View (03) 8338 1078
Photo of Avrille Burrows, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Avrille Burrows
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
1 Endorsed
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
Avrille Burrows is a Naarm (Melbourne) based Mental Health Clinician and Arts Therapist who utilises a visual and culturally responsive approach to her therapy. She has worked for over 13 years with individuals and families who have experienced trauma, family violence, abuse and those who are still navigating difficult family dynamics. Avrille supports building a stronger understanding of your mental health, your needs and your identity to help decision making easier, boundary setting adaptive and communication clearer. Avrille works in a collaborative manner, drawing in a trauma-informed, intersectional and systemic lens.
Avrille Burrows is a Naarm (Melbourne) based Mental Health Clinician and Arts Therapist who utilises a visual and culturally responsive approach to her therapy. She has worked for over 13 years with individuals and families who have experienced trauma, family violence, abuse and those who are still navigating difficult family dynamics. Avrille supports building a stronger understanding of your mental health, your needs and your identity to help decision making easier, boundary setting adaptive and communication clearer. Avrille works in a collaborative manner, drawing in a trauma-informed, intersectional and systemic lens.
(03) 7003 2742 View (03) 7003 2742
Photo of Qi (Betty) Feng - Balanced Mind Counselling, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Balanced Mind Counselling
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Online Only
I am a bilingual (English and Chinese 普通话) counsellor specialise in helping adults and adolescent clients that experience depression, anxiety, grief and loss, culture differences, and relationship difficulties.
I am a bilingual (English and Chinese 普通话) counsellor specialise in helping adults and adolescent clients that experience depression, anxiety, grief and loss, culture differences, and relationship difficulties.
(03) 7003 2928 View (03) 7003 2928
Photo of Dr Zahra Noori, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Dr Zahra Noori
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Maribyrnong, VIC 3032
Dr Zahra is a psychologist working in both the private and public sector in Victoria. She works with a variety of concerns including depression, anxiety in its many forms (e.g., generalised anxiety, social anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder), marriage and relationship issues, stress, anger, life transitions, loss and adjustment, just to name a few.
Dr Zahra is a psychologist working in both the private and public sector in Victoria. She works with a variety of concerns including depression, anxiety in its many forms (e.g., generalised anxiety, social anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder), marriage and relationship issues, stress, anger, life transitions, loss and adjustment, just to name a few.
(03) 9068 6205 View (03) 9068 6205
Photo of Ruby K Swaid, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Ruby K Swaid
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
In my practice I work with individuals above the age of 17 years, in person or over Telehealth. I have extensive experience working with individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, one of my key strengths is the provision of culturally-sensitive therapy. I am an LGBTQI+ aware and affirmative clinician, a multi-lingual therapist, I am fluent and can provide therapy in English and Arabic. I support people who present with the following: Trauma (PTSD and cPTSD), Anxiety and Depression, Borderline Personality Disorder, Self-Esteem issues, Stress and Burnout, Adjustment to major life transitions, Grief and Loss
In my practice I work with individuals above the age of 17 years, in person or over Telehealth. I have extensive experience working with individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, one of my key strengths is the provision of culturally-sensitive therapy. I am an LGBTQI+ aware and affirmative clinician, a multi-lingual therapist, I am fluent and can provide therapy in English and Arabic. I support people who present with the following: Trauma (PTSD and cPTSD), Anxiety and Depression, Borderline Personality Disorder, Self-Esteem issues, Stress and Burnout, Adjustment to major life transitions, Grief and Loss
(03) 7037 6932 View (03) 7037 6932
Photo of Joshua Cameron, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Joshua Cameron
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Maribyrnong, VIC 3032
Josh is a passionate about helping individuals identify and achieve their personal and professional goals. Whether guiding clients toward better health, career advancement, or personal growth, Josh takes a collaborative approach, empowering people to develop the mindset and strategies needed for success. With a background in psychological science and a strong interest in motivation and behaviour change, Josh uses evidence-based techniques to support clients in overcoming obstacles and making meaningful progress. Dedicated to lifelong learning and growth, Josh is committed to making a positive impact in the
Josh is a passionate about helping individuals identify and achieve their personal and professional goals. Whether guiding clients toward better health, career advancement, or personal growth, Josh takes a collaborative approach, empowering people to develop the mindset and strategies needed for success. With a background in psychological science and a strong interest in motivation and behaviour change, Josh uses evidence-based techniques to support clients in overcoming obstacles and making meaningful progress. Dedicated to lifelong learning and growth, Josh is committed to making a positive impact in the
(03) 9118 9066 View (03) 9118 9066
Photo of Jordan Rainone, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Jordan Rainone
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Maribyrnong, VIC 3032
Jordan is a registered psychologist dedicated to supporting individuals from all backgrounds by fostering an authentic and supportive therapeutic relationship. He is committed to working alongside his clients, empowering them to navigate challenges and achieve their personal goals. Understanding the vulnerability that often accompanies seeking mental health support. Jordan ensures that his practice is a safe, welcoming space where clients can progress at their own pace. With experience working with a diverse range of individuals, he recognises that therapy is not a one-size-fits-all process.
Jordan is a registered psychologist dedicated to supporting individuals from all backgrounds by fostering an authentic and supportive therapeutic relationship. He is committed to working alongside his clients, empowering them to navigate challenges and achieve their personal goals. Understanding the vulnerability that often accompanies seeking mental health support. Jordan ensures that his practice is a safe, welcoming space where clients can progress at their own pace. With experience working with a diverse range of individuals, he recognises that therapy is not a one-size-fits-all process.
(03) 9007 2183 View (03) 9007 2183
Photo of Amber Blackwell-MacGilp, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Amber Blackwell-MacGilp
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Ascot Vale, VIC 3032
Amber has extensive experience working with individuals aged 4 to 65, supporting a wide range of mental health concerns, including: Anxiety disorders (generalised anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, phobias); Depression and mood disorders, Trauma, PTSD, ADHD, Autism, Self-esteem and identity concerns, Relationship and interpersonal difficulties. Amber is passionate about helping clients build confidence and resilience. Amber has comprehensive psychological assessments for Autism, ADHD, and Intellectual Disability to assist in diagnosis and support planning.
Amber has extensive experience working with individuals aged 4 to 65, supporting a wide range of mental health concerns, including: Anxiety disorders (generalised anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, phobias); Depression and mood disorders, Trauma, PTSD, ADHD, Autism, Self-esteem and identity concerns, Relationship and interpersonal difficulties. Amber is passionate about helping clients build confidence and resilience. Amber has comprehensive psychological assessments for Autism, ADHD, and Intellectual Disability to assist in diagnosis and support planning.
(03) 7303 3425 View (03) 7303 3425
1

See more therapy options for 3032

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 3032

70+

Average cost per session

$200

Counsellors in 3032 who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
84% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
78% Trauma and PTSD
77% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Medicare Rebates
48% NDIS
38% Bupa

How Counsellors in 3032 see their clients

90% In Person and Online
10% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
24% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3032?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.