Photo of Helena Andrejkova, MA, PACFA, Counsellor
Helena Andrejkova
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
I know it takes a lot of courage to be here. You have made the first step to find a professional who will listen to you and support you. My number one priority is establishing a trusting rapport so we can start exploring difficulties you are facing in your life whether it be relationship problems, anxiety, depression, lack of motivation, trauma that is still much alive or other concerns.
I know it takes a lot of courage to be here. You have made the first step to find a professional who will listen to you and support you. My number one priority is establishing a trusting rapport so we can start exploring difficulties you are facing in your life whether it be relationship problems, anxiety, depression, lack of motivation, trauma that is still much alive or other concerns.
(02) 8074 1571 View (02) 8074 1571
Photo of Fiona Ziebell, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Fiona Ziebell
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
When was the last time you invested in your most valuable asset – YOU? Offering you a safe & supportive space to explore your current experience of life, our session together will enhance your personal awareness, help clarify your values and assist you in aligning your reality with your preferred way of being for a more satisfying and meaningful existence.
When was the last time you invested in your most valuable asset – YOU? Offering you a safe & supportive space to explore your current experience of life, our session together will enhance your personal awareness, help clarify your values and assist you in aligning your reality with your preferred way of being for a more satisfying and meaningful existence.
(02) 9100 0838 View (02) 9100 0838
Photo of Dr Maria-Elena Lukeides, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Maria-Elena Lukeides
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
As a psychologist with 25 years of experience, I am deeply committed to helping you navigate the complexities of trauma, PTSD, attachment-related issues, low self-esteem, anxiety, panic attacks, OCD, and depression. I understand that each person's journey is unique, and I strive to provide a warm, compassionate, and safe space for healing and self-discovery. In my practice, I blend evidence-based clinical psychology with other evidence based wellness practices such as somatic therapy, breathwork and mindfulness to bring profound healing and change.
As a psychologist with 25 years of experience, I am deeply committed to helping you navigate the complexities of trauma, PTSD, attachment-related issues, low self-esteem, anxiety, panic attacks, OCD, and depression. I understand that each person's journey is unique, and I strive to provide a warm, compassionate, and safe space for healing and self-discovery. In my practice, I blend evidence-based clinical psychology with other evidence based wellness practices such as somatic therapy, breathwork and mindfulness to bring profound healing and change.
(02) 9100 0525 View (02) 9100 0525
Photo of Christy Jones, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Christy Jones
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
So, why do this now? Whether therapy is something you have tried before, something you never thought you would "need", or something you hone back towards at different junctions of your life, therapy is a challenging and rewarding process. I aim to treat our interactions with sensitivity, respect, skill and even humor, to support you to think differently, behave differently and feel differently, in order to feel more yourself. It is often our habitual patterns that lead us to become frustrated, despairing, or stuck enough to seek support, not necessarily the crises we may face.
So, why do this now? Whether therapy is something you have tried before, something you never thought you would "need", or something you hone back towards at different junctions of your life, therapy is a challenging and rewarding process. I aim to treat our interactions with sensitivity, respect, skill and even humor, to support you to think differently, behave differently and feel differently, in order to feel more yourself. It is often our habitual patterns that lead us to become frustrated, despairing, or stuck enough to seek support, not necessarily the crises we may face.
(02) 9100 0283 View (02) 9100 0283
Photo of Kate Evans, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Kate Evans
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021  (Online Only)
I am mindful of creating a safe, non-judgemental environment as a clinical psychologist who draws upon evidence based therapies to empower my clients to build self-awareness and improve their quality of life. I support clients in processing their emotions, developing a better understanding of who they are and how best to break free from negative life patterns that have exacerbated their psychological challenges. I also have extensive experience in parenting and child behaviour concerns. I work collaboratively with parents to identify and address child behaviour and emotional needs to help your child and manage your own wellbeing.
I am mindful of creating a safe, non-judgemental environment as a clinical psychologist who draws upon evidence based therapies to empower my clients to build self-awareness and improve their quality of life. I support clients in processing their emotions, developing a better understanding of who they are and how best to break free from negative life patterns that have exacerbated their psychological challenges. I also have extensive experience in parenting and child behaviour concerns. I work collaboratively with parents to identify and address child behaviour and emotional needs to help your child and manage your own wellbeing.
View
Photo of Jana Fielke, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Jana Fielke
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Hello & welcome! It seems like you may be wondering if now is the right time to see a therapist. You may be feeling stressed, anxious, overwhelmed, sad or low in self-esteem. If you haven't tried therapy before, this may seem daunting right now but I assure you, it can be very rewarding! So, if you're feeling stuck, or are someone seeking personal growth & self-discovery strategies, I could be helpful :) I offer a nurturing, empathetic, and compassionate space, and am balanced, adaptable, and practical in my approach. It really brings me so much joy to be able to hold a safe and supportive space as you navigate challenges.
Hello & welcome! It seems like you may be wondering if now is the right time to see a therapist. You may be feeling stressed, anxious, overwhelmed, sad or low in self-esteem. If you haven't tried therapy before, this may seem daunting right now but I assure you, it can be very rewarding! So, if you're feeling stuck, or are someone seeking personal growth & self-discovery strategies, I could be helpful :) I offer a nurturing, empathetic, and compassionate space, and am balanced, adaptable, and practical in my approach. It really brings me so much joy to be able to hold a safe and supportive space as you navigate challenges.
(02) 9100 0486 View (02) 9100 0486
Photo of Samantha McDonnell, Psychotherapist
Samantha McDonnell
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
Are you affected by issues like anxiety, depression, addiction, abuse, loss, or relationships? My approach is compassionate and holistic, incorporating Sensorimotor Psyhotherapy, Internal Family Systems and Emotional Freedom Technique, to treat the somatic, emotional and psychological elements of unresolved trauma. Such symptoms may lie deep within the body, often at an unconscious level, and which traditional talking therapies may fail to address. I value our uniqueness as individuals and believe that we each have an innate capacity for healing and growth. I work with adults and offer both short-term and open-ended work.
Are you affected by issues like anxiety, depression, addiction, abuse, loss, or relationships? My approach is compassionate and holistic, incorporating Sensorimotor Psyhotherapy, Internal Family Systems and Emotional Freedom Technique, to treat the somatic, emotional and psychological elements of unresolved trauma. Such symptoms may lie deep within the body, often at an unconscious level, and which traditional talking therapies may fail to address. I value our uniqueness as individuals and believe that we each have an innate capacity for healing and growth. I work with adults and offer both short-term and open-ended work.
(02) 9100 0083 View (02) 9100 0083
Photo of Lesley Bainbridge, MA, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Lesley Bainbridge
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
Waitlist for new clients
I have been a Psychologist for 24 years . I see clients struggling with Depression; Anxiety ; Stress related issues; Emotional eating & eating disorders; , ADHD ; Crisis and Trauma .
I have been a Psychologist for 24 years . I see clients struggling with Depression; Anxiety ; Stress related issues; Emotional eating & eating disorders; , ADHD ; Crisis and Trauma .
(02) 9100 0741 View (02) 9100 0741
Photo of Steve Batchelor - Paddington Therapy Works, MC, ACA-L2, Psychotherapist
Paddington Therapy Works
Psychotherapist, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
We will clarify your direction in life or your situation, applying evidence-based wellbeing strategies, skills and resilience. Together, we will take effective action to achieve your goals - right from session one. It’s not about what you need to do. It’s about who you want to be. For Adults, I offer effective, action-based treatment for anxiety, depression, relationship issues, family conflicts, finding direction and navigating life transitions. For adolescents, I help them overcome anxiety, depression, and social issues, while supporting the development of self-esteem and positive academic strategies.
We will clarify your direction in life or your situation, applying evidence-based wellbeing strategies, skills and resilience. Together, we will take effective action to achieve your goals - right from session one. It’s not about what you need to do. It’s about who you want to be. For Adults, I offer effective, action-based treatment for anxiety, depression, relationship issues, family conflicts, finding direction and navigating life transitions. For adolescents, I help them overcome anxiety, depression, and social issues, while supporting the development of self-esteem and positive academic strategies.
(02) 8000 1026 View (02) 8000 1026
Photo of Angela Punch Mcgregor, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Angela Punch Mcgregor
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
Face to face (both Sydney and Perth) and online: including txt services.My sessions are $80.00 which is below the gap fee.For all issues surrounding relationships, anxiety and depression, isolation or grief. Helping you find your voice, your strength and a new autonomy on your distinctive journey.We all need to be witnessed and heard.
Face to face (both Sydney and Perth) and online: including txt services.My sessions are $80.00 which is below the gap fee.For all issues surrounding relationships, anxiety and depression, isolation or grief. Helping you find your voice, your strength and a new autonomy on your distinctive journey.We all need to be witnessed and heard.
(08) 9932 2336 View (08) 9932 2336
Photo of Jane O’Keeffe, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Jane O’Keeffe
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
I have a compassionate and holistic approach to my work. I help people look into and connect with themselves and understand where they have come from and where they can go to next. I help people deal with anxiety - it may be from the past, present or due to change. In times of change we can feel uncertain, have self doubt or have old fears arise. I put tools in people's pockets to empower them to make healthy changes.
I have a compassionate and holistic approach to my work. I help people look into and connect with themselves and understand where they have come from and where they can go to next. I help people deal with anxiety - it may be from the past, present or due to change. In times of change we can feel uncertain, have self doubt or have old fears arise. I put tools in people's pockets to empower them to make healthy changes.
(02) 9100 0016 View (02) 9100 0016
Photo of Joanne Manning - Illuminate Psychotherapy and Counselling, PhD, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Illuminate Psychotherapy and Counselling
Counsellor, PhD, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Paddington, NSW 2021
If you are feeling a sense of disconnect or struggling to manage the pressures of daily life, fluctuating moods, or persistent worry, it might be time to seek support. My clients range from those exploring their place in the world, to individuals determined to break habits and lead more fulfilling lives. I specialise in addressing loneliness, stress, anxiety, and self-esteem issues related to work, study, and relationships. Together, we can work towards finding clarity and creating a more rewarding and balanced life for you.
If you are feeling a sense of disconnect or struggling to manage the pressures of daily life, fluctuating moods, or persistent worry, it might be time to seek support. My clients range from those exploring their place in the world, to individuals determined to break habits and lead more fulfilling lives. I specialise in addressing loneliness, stress, anxiety, and self-esteem issues related to work, study, and relationships. Together, we can work towards finding clarity and creating a more rewarding and balanced life for you.
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Photo of Amanda Gordon, Hon FAPS, Psychologist
Amanda Gordon
Psychologist, Hon FAPS
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
I have worked with individuals and couples for over thirty years, helping them negotiate the struggles of life in this time of quick change, uncertainty and significant social pressure. Relationships are the first victims when people become anxious or challenged in their lives. Yet I believe relationships are the core to good mental health and personal development. These issues are relevant to people of all ages, and not specific to gender, race or religion. The presenting symptom could be grief, anxiety, depression, arguments, irritability or any form of dysfunctional behaviour - the underlying issue has to be addressed.
I have worked with individuals and couples for over thirty years, helping them negotiate the struggles of life in this time of quick change, uncertainty and significant social pressure. Relationships are the first victims when people become anxious or challenged in their lives. Yet I believe relationships are the core to good mental health and personal development. These issues are relevant to people of all ages, and not specific to gender, race or religion. The presenting symptom could be grief, anxiety, depression, arguments, irritability or any form of dysfunctional behaviour - the underlying issue has to be addressed.
(02) 9053 4575 View (02) 9053 4575
Photo of Jennifer Fay Derna Rosen, MA, MAPS, Psychologist
Jennifer Fay Derna Rosen
Psychologist, MA, MAPS
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
When a couple experince periods of conflict, anger, mistrust or a breakdown in communication they will benefit from relationship counselling.Counselling is also helpful when an Individual is struggling with anxiety, depression,difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, struggling with work life balance and low self -esteem.I am able to work with same sex couples as well as heterosexual couples. I believe each client needs a safe environment where they can sit and reflect with a therapist that is able to provide strategies of moving forward in a healthy away .
When a couple experince periods of conflict, anger, mistrust or a breakdown in communication they will benefit from relationship counselling.Counselling is also helpful when an Individual is struggling with anxiety, depression,difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, struggling with work life balance and low self -esteem.I am able to work with same sex couples as well as heterosexual couples. I believe each client needs a safe environment where they can sit and reflect with a therapist that is able to provide strategies of moving forward in a healthy away .
(02) 9053 4616 View (02) 9053 4616
Photo of Istvan Schreiner - Clinical Psychology & Counselling Centre, MPsych, MAPS, Psychologist
Clinical Psychology & Counselling Centre
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
We are a small group of psychologists, providing individual and couples counselling and psychological assessments. We treat depression, anxiety, alcohol and substance use issues, relationship difficulties and a wide range of emotional and psychological problems. We can arrange assessments and provide reports for legal and individual purposes. All our psychologists are Medicare approved and registered with private health insurers. Call us to find out more information.
We are a small group of psychologists, providing individual and couples counselling and psychological assessments. We treat depression, anxiety, alcohol and substance use issues, relationship difficulties and a wide range of emotional and psychological problems. We can arrange assessments and provide reports for legal and individual purposes. All our psychologists are Medicare approved and registered with private health insurers. Call us to find out more information.
(02) 8069 5406 View (02) 8069 5406
Photo of Jacinta Catherine Franich - Bondi Mind Counselling, PACFA, Counsellor
Bondi Mind Counselling
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
Sometimes making that first contact for counselling is the hardest part, but once you've made that step, you will realise that you can work at your own pace, and feel safe as you build trust in the relationship with a counsellor. Speaking with someone can help to alleviate the anxiety, and help by giving you tools, strategies, and a place to talk with someone who provides a safe, non-judgemental space. Whether you are going through relationship difficulties, struggling with anxiety, or dealing with the difficulties of living in a different country, I can be there to support you.
Sometimes making that first contact for counselling is the hardest part, but once you've made that step, you will realise that you can work at your own pace, and feel safe as you build trust in the relationship with a counsellor. Speaking with someone can help to alleviate the anxiety, and help by giving you tools, strategies, and a place to talk with someone who provides a safe, non-judgemental space. Whether you are going through relationship difficulties, struggling with anxiety, or dealing with the difficulties of living in a different country, I can be there to support you.
(02) 9100 0628 View (02) 9100 0628
Photo of Catherine Hickson - Catherine Hickson Counselling, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Catherine Hickson Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
Do you want to change something about yourself? Are you sick of behaviour, habits, moods, relationships, or thought patterns. I am skilled in locating the source of your problem and working with it directly to restore your sense of balance and well being. I will work with you at your own pace and I respect your need to feel safe and secure. My preferred methods of treatment are Resource Therapy, EMDR, CBT and Breath work.
Do you want to change something about yourself? Are you sick of behaviour, habits, moods, relationships, or thought patterns. I am skilled in locating the source of your problem and working with it directly to restore your sense of balance and well being. I will work with you at your own pace and I respect your need to feel safe and secure. My preferred methods of treatment are Resource Therapy, EMDR, CBT and Breath work.
0407 940 535 View 0407 940 535
Photo of Christie Wilson, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Christie Wilson
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
The climate and ecological crisis can cause a range of mental health issues including, grief, anxiety, trauma, and feelings of anger and despair. However, it can also prompt people to re-evaluate their lives, vision meaningful change, and turn sadness into positive life-affirming action. I acknowledge the legitimacy and complicated nature of the human response to the climate crisis; I don't presume the presence or absence of climate-related distress in my client but understand how relationships to nature, living systems, scientific evidence, and media coverage of climate change can help integrate and resolve psychological stressors.
The climate and ecological crisis can cause a range of mental health issues including, grief, anxiety, trauma, and feelings of anger and despair. However, it can also prompt people to re-evaluate their lives, vision meaningful change, and turn sadness into positive life-affirming action. I acknowledge the legitimacy and complicated nature of the human response to the climate crisis; I don't presume the presence or absence of climate-related distress in my client but understand how relationships to nature, living systems, scientific evidence, and media coverage of climate change can help integrate and resolve psychological stressors.
(02) 8188 4583 View (02) 8188 4583
Photo of Mary Gilbert, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Mary Gilbert
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Paddington, NSW 2021
I am a Clinical Psychologist who is passionate about helping adults navigate various psychological and emotional challenges through increasing personal insight and the capacity for change. I am trained in treating various issues, some of which include anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, parenting difficulties, low self-esteem, communication and emotion-regulation difficulties. I provide a warm and collaborative space where challenges can be safely explored and worked through. I believe that a trusting and authentic relationship is integral to therapeutic progress and I place great emphasis on listening deeply and connecting.
I am a Clinical Psychologist who is passionate about helping adults navigate various psychological and emotional challenges through increasing personal insight and the capacity for change. I am trained in treating various issues, some of which include anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, parenting difficulties, low self-esteem, communication and emotion-regulation difficulties. I provide a warm and collaborative space where challenges can be safely explored and worked through. I believe that a trusting and authentic relationship is integral to therapeutic progress and I place great emphasis on listening deeply and connecting.
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Photo of Edwina Reid, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Edwina Reid
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Paddington, NSW 2021
I am a clinical psychologist with experience working across private practice, individual therapy, parenting programs and hospital inpatient/outpatient programs for mood and addiction. I aim to create a safe, grounding and emotionally responsive space to explore the internal parts, histories, and stories that shape each individual's experience. My approach places a strong focus on therapeutic alliance and is centred on guiding you back to your true and most authentic self.
I am a clinical psychologist with experience working across private practice, individual therapy, parenting programs and hospital inpatient/outpatient programs for mood and addiction. I aim to create a safe, grounding and emotionally responsive space to explore the internal parts, histories, and stories that shape each individual's experience. My approach places a strong focus on therapeutic alliance and is centred on guiding you back to your true and most authentic self.
(02) 8000 1679 View (02) 8000 1679
1

See more therapy options for 2021

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 2021

100+

Average cost per session

$197

Counsellors in 2021 who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
80% Self Esteem
80% Stress
79% Relationship Issues
78% Depression
59% Life Transitions
58% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Medicare Rebates
56% Bupa
48% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in 2021 see their clients

91% In Person and Online
9% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 2021?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.