Photo of Soren Ashley, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Soren Ashley
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
With over a decade of experience as a psychologist, I've worked in diverse settings, including non-profit organisations, public health institutions, and private practice. My journey has deepened a lifelong interest in yoga and meditation and inspired me to integrate principles of mindfulness, self-compassion and acceptance into my therapeutic work. By blending evidence-based Western psychological techniques with insights from Eastern philosophies, I offer a unique therapeutic approach. I create a space that is both relaxed and focused on holistic well-being, allowing for brief solution-oriented interventions and longer-term therapy.
With over a decade of experience as a psychologist, I've worked in diverse settings, including non-profit organisations, public health institutions, and private practice. My journey has deepened a lifelong interest in yoga and meditation and inspired me to integrate principles of mindfulness, self-compassion and acceptance into my therapeutic work. By blending evidence-based Western psychological techniques with insights from Eastern philosophies, I offer a unique therapeutic approach. I create a space that is both relaxed and focused on holistic well-being, allowing for brief solution-oriented interventions and longer-term therapy.
(02) 9100 0789 View (02) 9100 0789
Photo of Stacey McCraw, Psychologist, MPsych, MACPA
Stacey McCraw
Psychologist, MPsych, MACPA
Verified Verified
Darlinghurst, NSW 2010
I have special interests in providing therapy to adults experiencing anxiety (panic or social), often on a background of trauma or difficult childhood experiences, and sometimes with substance use. Finding direction and purpose, overcoming depressed mood, and reducing relationship and work pressures are also common challenges that I assist with. I offer strategies useful for managing overwhelming feelings so that you can have more choice in how to respond to stress.
I have special interests in providing therapy to adults experiencing anxiety (panic or social), often on a background of trauma or difficult childhood experiences, and sometimes with substance use. Finding direction and purpose, overcoming depressed mood, and reducing relationship and work pressures are also common challenges that I assist with. I offer strategies useful for managing overwhelming feelings so that you can have more choice in how to respond to stress.
(02) 9331 7546 View (02) 9331 7546
Photo of Sam Felicity Baran - Sam Baran - Inner Orbit Therapy, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Sam Baran - Inner Orbit Therapy
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
Hi! I'm Sam (they/them), a queer non-binary therapist. I offer a judgement-free and affirming space for curious and creative people, including those from the neurodivergent, transgender, and LGBTQIA+ communities. Together, we can look at hard stuff around relationships, identity, stress, anxiety, and existence with a view of boosting self-esteem and reducing distress. We’ll puzzle out the unique bits that sit at your core and use that understanding to create positive changes in your life and your relationships. My focus is always around making therapy a safe, supportive place where you can embrace and express your authentic self.
Hi! I'm Sam (they/them), a queer non-binary therapist. I offer a judgement-free and affirming space for curious and creative people, including those from the neurodivergent, transgender, and LGBTQIA+ communities. Together, we can look at hard stuff around relationships, identity, stress, anxiety, and existence with a view of boosting self-esteem and reducing distress. We’ll puzzle out the unique bits that sit at your core and use that understanding to create positive changes in your life and your relationships. My focus is always around making therapy a safe, supportive place where you can embrace and express your authentic self.
(02) 8000 1501 View (02) 8000 1501
Photo of Chris Theodoridis, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Chris Theodoridis
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I am a registered psychologist, board approved supervisor and SIRA registered. I have also had extensive experience with NDIS clients, workcover, career coaching and vocational assessments/ reports.
I am a registered psychologist, board approved supervisor and SIRA registered. I have also had extensive experience with NDIS clients, workcover, career coaching and vocational assessments/ reports.
(02) 9100 0069 View (02) 9100 0069
Photo of Jay Runds, Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Jay Runds
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I'm Jay (they/them), a transmasculine non-binary counselor with a focus on supporting people in the LGBTIQ+ community, neurodivergent folk, and others who feel like their identity or lifestyle is stigmatised or misunderstood. I work with issues of identity, meaning, and purpose and feelings of stuckness. Maybe your life doesn't feel quite right despite (or maybe especially) it looking good on paper, or old issues are starting to bubble up now. I believe that everyone deserves to have a safe, compassionate, and nonjudgmental space to work through the issues that have brought them into therapy - however long that may take.
I'm Jay (they/them), a transmasculine non-binary counselor with a focus on supporting people in the LGBTIQ+ community, neurodivergent folk, and others who feel like their identity or lifestyle is stigmatised or misunderstood. I work with issues of identity, meaning, and purpose and feelings of stuckness. Maybe your life doesn't feel quite right despite (or maybe especially) it looking good on paper, or old issues are starting to bubble up now. I believe that everyone deserves to have a safe, compassionate, and nonjudgmental space to work through the issues that have brought them into therapy - however long that may take.
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Photo of Kurt Bayly, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Kurt Bayly
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Darlinghurst, NSW 2010
My goal in therapy is to create a safe, confidential space where you are able to talk openly about your life, without feeling judged. As your therapist, I will give you the time and care to really understand where you are coming from and give you constructive feedback that empowers you to set realistic goals, make appropriate changes and have strong, genuine relationships. In three words I am kind, honest, attuned.
My goal in therapy is to create a safe, confidential space where you are able to talk openly about your life, without feeling judged. As your therapist, I will give you the time and care to really understand where you are coming from and give you constructive feedback that empowers you to set realistic goals, make appropriate changes and have strong, genuine relationships. In three words I am kind, honest, attuned.
(02) 9100 0328 View (02) 9100 0328
Photo of Mary Gilbert, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Mary Gilbert
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I am a Clinical Psychologist who is passionate about helping adults navigate various psychological and emotional challenges through increasing personal insight and the capacity for change. I am trained in treating various issues, some of which include anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, parenting difficulties, low self-esteem, communication and emotion-regulation difficulties. I provide a warm and collaborative space where challenges can be safely explored and worked through. I believe that a trusting and authentic relationship is integral to therapeutic progress and I place great emphasis on listening deeply and connecting.
I am a Clinical Psychologist who is passionate about helping adults navigate various psychological and emotional challenges through increasing personal insight and the capacity for change. I am trained in treating various issues, some of which include anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, parenting difficulties, low self-esteem, communication and emotion-regulation difficulties. I provide a warm and collaborative space where challenges can be safely explored and worked through. I believe that a trusting and authentic relationship is integral to therapeutic progress and I place great emphasis on listening deeply and connecting.
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Photo of James Arico, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
James Arico
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
The core of my approach is to provide a warm, collaborative, and caring relationship. In doing so, I wish to provide a space in which people may reflect on their life and experiences to better understand themselves and the world around them. In my career thus far I worked with people who have brought a broad range of different concerns to therapy, including but not limited to difficulties with emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, stress, addiction, trauma, rumination and worry, low self-esteem, and burnout. I am passionate about working with older adults, adults and adolescents.
The core of my approach is to provide a warm, collaborative, and caring relationship. In doing so, I wish to provide a space in which people may reflect on their life and experiences to better understand themselves and the world around them. In my career thus far I worked with people who have brought a broad range of different concerns to therapy, including but not limited to difficulties with emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, stress, addiction, trauma, rumination and worry, low self-esteem, and burnout. I am passionate about working with older adults, adults and adolescents.
0410 866 148 View 0410 866 148
Photo of Rashida Dungarwalla, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Rashida Dungarwalla
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I would be honoured to support you on your journey towards mental well-being. My practice is centred around providing a safe and inclusive space for adult individuals, especially for people with diverse backgrounds. Whether it's navigating relationships, exploring your identity, fostering personal growth, or helping you to understand a difficult period in your life, I'm here to help you overcome those adversities and cultivate resilience together.
I would be honoured to support you on your journey towards mental well-being. My practice is centred around providing a safe and inclusive space for adult individuals, especially for people with diverse backgrounds. Whether it's navigating relationships, exploring your identity, fostering personal growth, or helping you to understand a difficult period in your life, I'm here to help you overcome those adversities and cultivate resilience together.
(02) 8000 1833 View (02) 8000 1833
Photo of Preeti Phartiyal, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Preeti Phartiyal
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Online Only
I'm a Clinical Psychologist specialising in working with individuals aged 18 and above. I completed my Master's degree in Clinical Psychology from the University of Queensland and since have worked in both private and public sectors treating diverse presentations including depression, anxiety, stress, burn out, interpersonal difficulties, and trauma. I aim to provide a compassionate and non-judgmental space where clients can explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist specialising in working with individuals aged 18 and above. I completed my Master's degree in Clinical Psychology from the University of Queensland and since have worked in both private and public sectors treating diverse presentations including depression, anxiety, stress, burn out, interpersonal difficulties, and trauma. I aim to provide a compassionate and non-judgmental space where clients can explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
(02) 9100 0564 View (02) 9100 0564
Photo of Hanna Janssen-Kallenberg, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Hanna Janssen-Kallenberg
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
In order to support you navigating your life's challenges, I use a holistic approach, aiming to understand your personal difficulties within the complexity of your life. I believe understanding the root cause of your emotional distress and unhealthy coping mechanisms is important to create lasting change. My work focuses on a trauma informed approach and I work with individuals experiencing (chronic) anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress (single event and complex trauma, attachment trauma), issues with relationships and self-esteem.
In order to support you navigating your life's challenges, I use a holistic approach, aiming to understand your personal difficulties within the complexity of your life. I believe understanding the root cause of your emotional distress and unhealthy coping mechanisms is important to create lasting change. My work focuses on a trauma informed approach and I work with individuals experiencing (chronic) anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress (single event and complex trauma, attachment trauma), issues with relationships and self-esteem.
(03) 8400 0924 View (03) 8400 0924
Photo of Elvis Caus - Awake Counselling (Elvis Caus), Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Awake Counselling (Elvis Caus)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
My mission is to help folks that are ready to use counselling as one of the tools to help them understand their trauma, issues, challenges and ways to get ahead in their life & wellbeing. I offer individual counselling in-person in Surry Hills (near Central Station) and telehealth (online/telephone). Counselling is not a sliver bullet that stops trauma in it’s tracks, healing is a journey with awakening that we can take together. Our logo is the rooster which has a number of meanings including the rooster crowing to signal the start of a new day, new beginnings and new change.
My mission is to help folks that are ready to use counselling as one of the tools to help them understand their trauma, issues, challenges and ways to get ahead in their life & wellbeing. I offer individual counselling in-person in Surry Hills (near Central Station) and telehealth (online/telephone). Counselling is not a sliver bullet that stops trauma in it’s tracks, healing is a journey with awakening that we can take together. Our logo is the rooster which has a number of meanings including the rooster crowing to signal the start of a new day, new beginnings and new change.
(02) 9167 9396 View (02) 9167 9396
Photo of Rochelle Whatman, Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L4
Rochelle Whatman
Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
Psychological well-being is more than just an absence of mental illness. It underpins many elements of our emotional and physical health and can determine whether we move through life thriving, or just surviving. Whether you are in need of support during a period of instability or crisis, seeking to improve your interpersonal relationships, or need an impartial space to navigate a difficult decision, counselling and psychotherapy can equip you with insight and strategies to improve the quality of your life.
Psychological well-being is more than just an absence of mental illness. It underpins many elements of our emotional and physical health and can determine whether we move through life thriving, or just surviving. Whether you are in need of support during a period of instability or crisis, seeking to improve your interpersonal relationships, or need an impartial space to navigate a difficult decision, counselling and psychotherapy can equip you with insight and strategies to improve the quality of your life.
(02) 8806 0381 View (02) 8806 0381
Photo of Hugh Churchward, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Hugh Churchward
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
Are you struggling with feeling of shame, not being good enough, feel anxious or are uncomfortable around intimacy? Do you feel as though people just don't get you or that no-one is listening to what you are REALLY saying? Are you struggling with the impact of childhood experiences that - no matter what you do - just don't seem to go away? Then psychotherapy can help. With the right person and the right guidance it is possible to navigate through these issues and start to feel as though you are able to engage with life in a meaningful way again. I work together with you to discover that meaning and find a better place in the world.
Are you struggling with feeling of shame, not being good enough, feel anxious or are uncomfortable around intimacy? Do you feel as though people just don't get you or that no-one is listening to what you are REALLY saying? Are you struggling with the impact of childhood experiences that - no matter what you do - just don't seem to go away? Then psychotherapy can help. With the right person and the right guidance it is possible to navigate through these issues and start to feel as though you are able to engage with life in a meaningful way again. I work together with you to discover that meaning and find a better place in the world.
(02) 9158 6795 View (02) 9158 6795
Photo of Jonny Ka Chun Chan, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Jonny Ka Chun Chan
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I provide short-term and long-term treatment to address issues related to mood concerns, anxiety, stress, trauma, gender, sexuality and more. I don’t believe in a one-size-fits-all approach and tailor my interventions to meet the unique needs of each client.
I provide short-term and long-term treatment to address issues related to mood concerns, anxiety, stress, trauma, gender, sexuality and more. I don’t believe in a one-size-fits-all approach and tailor my interventions to meet the unique needs of each client.
0477 826 691 View 0477 826 691
Photo of Christopher Tran, Psychologist, MAPS
Christopher Tran
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I focus on supporting people who come from immigrant families who want to be in more control of their own lives and be more self-efficient. This includes if you: 1) want to improve how you feel and think; 2) want more out of life; 3) want to be better equipped with dealing with family, partners, friends, colleagues or new people. So if you want to enhance your ability to manage emotions or your internal voice that’s critical of you, if you want to get motivated, enhance your effectiveness in an area of life or if you just want more balance, if you want to be more self-assured or if you want support with dealing with discrimination.
I focus on supporting people who come from immigrant families who want to be in more control of their own lives and be more self-efficient. This includes if you: 1) want to improve how you feel and think; 2) want more out of life; 3) want to be better equipped with dealing with family, partners, friends, colleagues or new people. So if you want to enhance your ability to manage emotions or your internal voice that’s critical of you, if you want to get motivated, enhance your effectiveness in an area of life or if you just want more balance, if you want to be more self-assured or if you want support with dealing with discrimination.
(02) 8105 5125 View (02) 8105 5125
Photo of Samantha Joplin - Joplin Clinic, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Joplin Clinic
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
Our experienced psychologists can help you overcome stress, anxiety, depression, cognitive difficulties, and other issues. We can also provide guidance to help you prioritise your mental health, achieve meaningful changes, build self-awareness, and gain insight into your unique difficulties. Through therapy, you can learn new strategies to better manage your thoughts, behaviours and emotions throughout challenging times. Establishing functional psychological skills and habits can bring about lasting change that extends beyond your time in therapy. Our psychologist also offer assessments for ADHD, ASD and learning disorders.
Our experienced psychologists can help you overcome stress, anxiety, depression, cognitive difficulties, and other issues. We can also provide guidance to help you prioritise your mental health, achieve meaningful changes, build self-awareness, and gain insight into your unique difficulties. Through therapy, you can learn new strategies to better manage your thoughts, behaviours and emotions throughout challenging times. Establishing functional psychological skills and habits can bring about lasting change that extends beyond your time in therapy. Our psychologist also offer assessments for ADHD, ASD and learning disorders.
(02) 9100 0737 View (02) 9100 0737
Photo of Matthew Slarke, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Matthew Slarke
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
My goal is to help you gain insight and clarity whilst navigating your mental health recovery, and doing so with care and compassion. Taking the first step towards therapy can be daunting, but I strive to provide a warm and welcoming environment to help you you to feel comfortable to work through anything you need to.
My goal is to help you gain insight and clarity whilst navigating your mental health recovery, and doing so with care and compassion. Taking the first step towards therapy can be daunting, but I strive to provide a warm and welcoming environment to help you you to feel comfortable to work through anything you need to.
(02) 9100 0754 View (02) 9100 0754
Photo of Brandon Scherrer, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Brandon Scherrer
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
Psychologist in Sydney experienced with children, teenagers and adults: ADHD, trauma/PTSD, anxiety, depression, stress, relationships, OCD, BPD, addictions, tics, personality and eating disorders. Whether you have specific goals and require coping strategies or needing a space to reflect and build a deeper relationship with yourself, I draw on a range of therapeutic techniques that are tailored to your psychological needs.
Psychologist in Sydney experienced with children, teenagers and adults: ADHD, trauma/PTSD, anxiety, depression, stress, relationships, OCD, BPD, addictions, tics, personality and eating disorders. Whether you have specific goals and require coping strategies or needing a space to reflect and build a deeper relationship with yourself, I draw on a range of therapeutic techniques that are tailored to your psychological needs.
(02) 9100 0658 View (02) 9100 0658
Photo of Nikita Samiotis, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Nikita Samiotis
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
Nikita enjoys working with adolescents and adults who present with one or more concerns in areas of relationship/interpersonal distress (e.g. family, romantic, friendships), anxiety and mood disorders, psychosocial disabilities, self-esteem, self-worth, and confidence issues, skills enhancement: communication, assertiveness, emotion regulation, childhood trauma, autism (level 1) and ADHD, including ADHD assessment and coaching, intellectual disabilities (mild to moderate), stress, grief and loss
Nikita enjoys working with adolescents and adults who present with one or more concerns in areas of relationship/interpersonal distress (e.g. family, romantic, friendships), anxiety and mood disorders, psychosocial disabilities, self-esteem, self-worth, and confidence issues, skills enhancement: communication, assertiveness, emotion regulation, childhood trauma, autism (level 1) and ADHD, including ADHD assessment and coaching, intellectual disabilities (mild to moderate), stress, grief and loss
(02) 9100 0701 View (02) 9100 0701
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See more therapy options for 2010

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 2010

200+

Average cost per session

$195

Counsellors in 2010 who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Self Esteem
78% Stress
77% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Medicare Rebates
56% Bupa
48% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in 2010 see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

62% Female
37% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 2010?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.