Therapists in Alexandria, VA

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Photo of Emily Gibson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Emily Gibson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304  (Online Only)
I strive to support people in learning to managing difficult phases of life and tough emotions so they can be the best version of themselves. I have been trained in and feel comfortable with a wide array of therapy modalities in order to provide services that best fit my clients' individual needs. Though I recognize the uniqueness of my clients, I also work to view them holistically as individuals within cultures, communities, and systems that influence the person they are. I am especially passionate about helping those who have recently moved to the U.S. and are adjusting or re-adjusting to the culture here.
I strive to support people in learning to managing difficult phases of life and tough emotions so they can be the best version of themselves. I have been trained in and feel comfortable with a wide array of therapy modalities in order to provide services that best fit my clients' individual needs. Though I recognize the uniqueness of my clients, I also work to view them holistically as individuals within cultures, communities, and systems that influence the person they are. I am especially passionate about helping those who have recently moved to the U.S. and are adjusting or re-adjusting to the culture here.
(571) 200-3772 View (571) 200-3772
Photo of The Family Therapy Center of Old Town in Alexandria, VA
The Family Therapy Center of Old Town
RNMSNCS, LMFT, PMHCNS-
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22315
At the Family Therapy Center of Old Town we provide mental health services to Individuals and families of all ages. Like the family physician, we will be there as needed when mental health issues arise within families and individuals. Using an integrative bio-psycho-social approach, we provide a comprehensive assessment, evaluation and individualized treatment plan for each client. We work together with each client to implement a treatment plan using the tools that will be most affective in reaching their goals.Together, we help our clients get "unstuck" and move forward to a healthy life balance.
At the Family Therapy Center of Old Town we provide mental health services to Individuals and families of all ages. Like the family physician, we will be there as needed when mental health issues arise within families and individuals. Using an integrative bio-psycho-social approach, we provide a comprehensive assessment, evaluation and individualized treatment plan for each client. We work together with each client to implement a treatment plan using the tools that will be most affective in reaching their goals.Together, we help our clients get "unstuck" and move forward to a healthy life balance.
(703) 997-2610 View (703) 997-2610
Photo of Tina Logan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Tina Logan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Virginia and a graduate of Liberty University. I have been licensed for several years and have worked in residential treatment and in a community-based healthcare organization. The counseling profession, for me, was precipitated out of a necessity to have an impartial view of the events of life. I believe there is power in addressing one’s physical and emotional needs. My toolbox of life experiences has provided me with the ability to understand common patterns of beliefs that affect most people in life’s journey.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Virginia and a graduate of Liberty University. I have been licensed for several years and have worked in residential treatment and in a community-based healthcare organization. The counseling profession, for me, was precipitated out of a necessity to have an impartial view of the events of life. I believe there is power in addressing one’s physical and emotional needs. My toolbox of life experiences has provided me with the ability to understand common patterns of beliefs that affect most people in life’s journey.
(703) 936-2198 View (703) 936-2198
Photo of Francisco Castillo, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Francisco Castillo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
The time that I have been supporting individuals through psychotherapy has helped me understand that individuals can cope, change behaviors and manage their emotions and thoughts effectively. Life can be a challenge to navigate and realizing that change is possible and that recovery is a process is of great value to the individuals that are in need. I can help guide the individual through the recovery process with empathy and compassion, understanding that the power to changes belongs solely to the individual.
The time that I have been supporting individuals through psychotherapy has helped me understand that individuals can cope, change behaviors and manage their emotions and thoughts effectively. Life can be a challenge to navigate and realizing that change is possible and that recovery is a process is of great value to the individuals that are in need. I can help guide the individual through the recovery process with empathy and compassion, understanding that the power to changes belongs solely to the individual.
(703) 420-5186 View (703) 420-5186
Photo of Mary FitzGerald, MSW DC/Md/VA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Mary FitzGerald, MSW DC/Md/VA
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Emotional stress and difficulties can get in the way of reaching one's personal and professional goals, at any age. As a licensed clinical social worker, I provide individual psychotherapy to adolescents and adults. I practice from a psychoanalytic perspective because my professional experience has shown me that this way of working can result in deep and meaningful change that is lasting. I also incorporate other treatment techniques from the perspectives of developmental, interpersonal, CBT and stress management, and parent support and consultation, as indicated.
Emotional stress and difficulties can get in the way of reaching one's personal and professional goals, at any age. As a licensed clinical social worker, I provide individual psychotherapy to adolescents and adults. I practice from a psychoanalytic perspective because my professional experience has shown me that this way of working can result in deep and meaningful change that is lasting. I also incorporate other treatment techniques from the perspectives of developmental, interpersonal, CBT and stress management, and parent support and consultation, as indicated.
(202) 670-4928 View (202) 670-4928
Photo of Alycia Burant, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Alycia Burant
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CMHIMP
Verified Verified
15 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
You are a high achieving individual in many ways, but seem to come up short when it comes to having meaningful, successful relationships with others and struggle with self confidence. You have been defined by others in your life as “successful” but are still left feeling unfilled and unhappy. Maybe negative thoughts swirl around your head when you are trying to get work done or fall asleep at night. Or maybe you experience difficulty concentrating because you are so worried if the person next to you is upset with you and constantly worry if you can make the people around you happy.
You are a high achieving individual in many ways, but seem to come up short when it comes to having meaningful, successful relationships with others and struggle with self confidence. You have been defined by others in your life as “successful” but are still left feeling unfilled and unhappy. Maybe negative thoughts swirl around your head when you are trying to get work done or fall asleep at night. Or maybe you experience difficulty concentrating because you are so worried if the person next to you is upset with you and constantly worry if you can make the people around you happy.
(703) 270-0386 View (703) 270-0386
Photo of Adrienne Jennings, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Adrienne Jennings
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
Hey there! I'm Adrienne, and I've been lucky to accumulate a wealth of knowledge and diverse experiences in the counseling and mental health realm. Drawing from my education at Virginia State University, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Walden University, I find joy in leveraging my blend of academic background and mental health expertise to offer a distinctive viewpoint in the field. Remember, life's journey doesn't have to be navigated solo. Support is readily accessible whenever you need it!
Hey there! I'm Adrienne, and I've been lucky to accumulate a wealth of knowledge and diverse experiences in the counseling and mental health realm. Drawing from my education at Virginia State University, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Walden University, I find joy in leveraging my blend of academic background and mental health expertise to offer a distinctive viewpoint in the field. Remember, life's journey doesn't have to be navigated solo. Support is readily accessible whenever you need it!
(703) 420-7211 View (703) 420-7211
Photo of Peter T. Luehring-Jones, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Peter T. Luehring-Jones
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
I work with adults who struggle with PTSD and the lasting effects of traumatic experiences and aim to provide affirming, nonjudgmental, and person-centered therapy to help you make positive and sustainable change in your life. Are you ready to step out of the past and live the life you deserve in the here and now? Together, we'll process traumatic memories, disarm triggers, and reduce avoidance so that you can lower your guard and be fully present for yourself and your loved ones. No matter how long you've suffered with PTSD, you can make changes to bring greater understanding, empowerment, and peace into your life.
I work with adults who struggle with PTSD and the lasting effects of traumatic experiences and aim to provide affirming, nonjudgmental, and person-centered therapy to help you make positive and sustainable change in your life. Are you ready to step out of the past and live the life you deserve in the here and now? Together, we'll process traumatic memories, disarm triggers, and reduce avoidance so that you can lower your guard and be fully present for yourself and your loved ones. No matter how long you've suffered with PTSD, you can make changes to bring greater understanding, empowerment, and peace into your life.
(571) 351-1669 View (571) 351-1669
Photo of Soyini A Richards in Alexandria, VA
Soyini A Richards
PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Are you stuck? Do you need help balancing your spiritual life, family and career? I utilize the tools I have acquired from: God, experience as a Christian psychotherapist, years practicing as a school psychologist, degrees in Counseling Psychology & Business Psychology, consulting practice, and the over 20 years as a professor to lead you on the path God created you to live. I coach you through life's ups, downs and turn arounds to live your best life.
Are you stuck? Do you need help balancing your spiritual life, family and career? I utilize the tools I have acquired from: God, experience as a Christian psychotherapist, years practicing as a school psychologist, degrees in Counseling Psychology & Business Psychology, consulting practice, and the over 20 years as a professor to lead you on the path God created you to live. I coach you through life's ups, downs and turn arounds to live your best life.
(703) 372-0527 View (703) 372-0527
Photo of Karen Perkins Curtis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Karen Perkins Curtis
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
My passion is helping families adjust to significant life changes. Whether you are entering into marriage, welcoming a child into your family or realizing that it is time to refocus on your marriage, my goal is to help you strengthen and grow your family bond. Services include: PreMarital counseling, Marital Enrichment coaching, Perinatal Mental Health Support for moms AND dads (aiming to prevent or combat Postpartum Depression & Anxiety), hands-on parenting support including my direct observation & modeling.
My passion is helping families adjust to significant life changes. Whether you are entering into marriage, welcoming a child into your family or realizing that it is time to refocus on your marriage, my goal is to help you strengthen and grow your family bond. Services include: PreMarital counseling, Marital Enrichment coaching, Perinatal Mental Health Support for moms AND dads (aiming to prevent or combat Postpartum Depression & Anxiety), hands-on parenting support including my direct observation & modeling.
(202) 455-6987 View (202) 455-6987
Photo of Integrated Counseling Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Integrated Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22302  (Online Only)
Urban living has its unique challenges, which can lead to stress, depression, anxiety, feelings of emptiness, a sense of loneliness and other highly charged feelings and experiences. Are you in transition, a "transplant" to the area or maybe you have lived here all of your life? Are you having relationship problems? Going through a break-up, separation or divorce? Are you experiencing difficulty in connecting with others? Maybe you are experiencing a crisis in your career, feeling mismatched/unfulfilled? Or are you feeling unhappy but can't figure out the source, the "why" you are feeling this way?
Urban living has its unique challenges, which can lead to stress, depression, anxiety, feelings of emptiness, a sense of loneliness and other highly charged feelings and experiences. Are you in transition, a "transplant" to the area or maybe you have lived here all of your life? Are you having relationship problems? Going through a break-up, separation or divorce? Are you experiencing difficulty in connecting with others? Maybe you are experiencing a crisis in your career, feeling mismatched/unfulfilled? Or are you feeling unhappy but can't figure out the source, the "why" you are feeling this way?
(703) 596-2979 View (703) 596-2979
Photo of Kami Sidman, M.A.Ed., J.D., Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Kami Sidman, M.A.Ed., J.D.
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Whether you are feeling down, anxious, overwhelmed - or struggling with self-acceptance and self-esteem, perfectionism, grief, career, or relationship issues - I offer a warm and compassionate approach to therapy. I primarily utilize Person-Centered and Existential approaches to help clients explore meaning in their lives and promote self-compassion. My approach can help you to recognize your own strengths and resources, as well as your capacity to adapt, grow, and demonstrate resilience when faced with challenges.
Whether you are feeling down, anxious, overwhelmed - or struggling with self-acceptance and self-esteem, perfectionism, grief, career, or relationship issues - I offer a warm and compassionate approach to therapy. I primarily utilize Person-Centered and Existential approaches to help clients explore meaning in their lives and promote self-compassion. My approach can help you to recognize your own strengths and resources, as well as your capacity to adapt, grow, and demonstrate resilience when faced with challenges.
(703) 382-5008 View (703) 382-5008
Photo of Dr. Michele Cole, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Dr. Michele Cole
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
My practice specializes in helping children, adolescents, adults, couples and the family system collectively to work through and move forward past one's anxiety, depression, adjustment issues from separation/divorce or grief, social skill challenges, past trauma, addictions, obsessive compulsive issues, disruptive behaviors and attention issues.
My practice specializes in helping children, adolescents, adults, couples and the family system collectively to work through and move forward past one's anxiety, depression, adjustment issues from separation/divorce or grief, social skill challenges, past trauma, addictions, obsessive compulsive issues, disruptive behaviors and attention issues.
(571) 536-2527 View (571) 536-2527
Photo of Cherelle M. Washington, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Cherelle M. Washington
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22305  (Online Only)
As a clinical social worker, it is my mission to provide a supportive, nurturing, and therapeutic environment for all of my clients. My ultimate goal is to empower and equip the youth and adults I work with the tools they need as they navigate through life's challenges to meet the goals personal to them. If you are looking for a therapist that will empower you and equip you with what you need to reach your goals using a strengths based and solutions focused approach, look no further!
As a clinical social worker, it is my mission to provide a supportive, nurturing, and therapeutic environment for all of my clients. My ultimate goal is to empower and equip the youth and adults I work with the tools they need as they navigate through life's challenges to meet the goals personal to them. If you are looking for a therapist that will empower you and equip you with what you need to reach your goals using a strengths based and solutions focused approach, look no further!
(804) 589-5912 View (804) 589-5912
Photo of Violet Cerritelli, Resident in Counseling in Alexandria, VA
Violet Cerritelli
Resident in Counseling, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
You deserve to build the life you want and to experience enjoyment and satisfaction daily. Finding a purpose that brings you passion is within reach. I believe therapy can be that healing place where you are able to tackle all your problems, and feel supported in a safe space to express your emotions. I, as a therapist, enjoy using person-centered and mindfulness approaches in therapy to help clients with self-exploration and self-expression. Through this journey I hope to help you resolve core issues, foster growth, and instill hope in your life, while learning more about yourself.
You deserve to build the life you want and to experience enjoyment and satisfaction daily. Finding a purpose that brings you passion is within reach. I believe therapy can be that healing place where you are able to tackle all your problems, and feel supported in a safe space to express your emotions. I, as a therapist, enjoy using person-centered and mindfulness approaches in therapy to help clients with self-exploration and self-expression. Through this journey I hope to help you resolve core issues, foster growth, and instill hope in your life, while learning more about yourself.
(571) 497-4347 View (571) 497-4347
Photo of Gabrielle Jocelyn Foladare, Resident in Counseling in Alexandria, VA
Gabrielle Jocelyn Foladare
Resident in Counseling, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22302  (Online Only)
My clients are young people experiencing depression, anxiety and difficulty coping with daily stressors. Many of them are navigating life transitions like graduating school, starting careers, or moving somewhere new – none of which come with a clear roadmap to success.
My clients are young people experiencing depression, anxiety and difficulty coping with daily stressors. Many of them are navigating life transitions like graduating school, starting careers, or moving somewhere new – none of which come with a clear roadmap to success.
(571) 701-1044 View (571) 701-1044
Photo of Cecilia Thurman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Cecilia Thurman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I am board-certified Licensed Professional Counselor with over 10 years experience. I have substantial experience working with adults with a diverse range of demographic backgrounds and mental health needs. My goal is to help clients overcome difficult circumstances impacting their health and wellness. I work to help my clients uncover their strengths, develop resiliency and become an agent of change in their life. In my practice, I honor diversity and inclusion; I do this by offering supportive and affirming services to every individual I work with.
I am board-certified Licensed Professional Counselor with over 10 years experience. I have substantial experience working with adults with a diverse range of demographic backgrounds and mental health needs. My goal is to help clients overcome difficult circumstances impacting their health and wellness. I work to help my clients uncover their strengths, develop resiliency and become an agent of change in their life. In my practice, I honor diversity and inclusion; I do this by offering supportive and affirming services to every individual I work with.
(571) 253-7190 View (571) 253-7190
Photo of Cheryl Schenck, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Cheryl Schenck
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAT
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Dealing with anxiety, depression, overwhelm, or pain can be difficult. Current and past traumas can impact your ability to feel peace of mind and live freely, Out of control sexual behavior may feel hopeless. If you are the partner of someone struggling with sexual addiction, the pain, confusion and anger can create internal chaos and feel unbearable. As a licensed professional counselor, I have the training and experience to help you find resolution to these needs. I treat those who struggle from childhood trauma, betrayal trauma, sexual abuse, anxiety, and depression, as well as sexual addiction and their partners.
Dealing with anxiety, depression, overwhelm, or pain can be difficult. Current and past traumas can impact your ability to feel peace of mind and live freely, Out of control sexual behavior may feel hopeless. If you are the partner of someone struggling with sexual addiction, the pain, confusion and anger can create internal chaos and feel unbearable. As a licensed professional counselor, I have the training and experience to help you find resolution to these needs. I treat those who struggle from childhood trauma, betrayal trauma, sexual abuse, anxiety, and depression, as well as sexual addiction and their partners.
(571) 200-6024 View (571) 200-6024
Photo of Gordon Meredith, Marriage & Family Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Gordon Meredith
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MSS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
People often enter therapy during times of emotional pain, uncertainty or at a time when they are seeking more meaning in their lives. Each person has within them a powerful impulse toward growth and healing. I trust that impulse and trust the therapeutic relationship to reveal your strengths, wisdom, and the next steps to your growth and healing. There is something of value in even the most difficult circumstances. When these circumstances are approached with an openness to learning, major transformations can take place. I find that the willingness to look inside yourself is a key factor in your healing.
People often enter therapy during times of emotional pain, uncertainty or at a time when they are seeking more meaning in their lives. Each person has within them a powerful impulse toward growth and healing. I trust that impulse and trust the therapeutic relationship to reveal your strengths, wisdom, and the next steps to your growth and healing. There is something of value in even the most difficult circumstances. When these circumstances are approached with an openness to learning, major transformations can take place. I find that the willingness to look inside yourself is a key factor in your healing.
(571) 998-1460 View (571) 998-1460
Photo of Zainab Kamara, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Zainab Kamara
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22302
I am a firm believer in the philosophy that everyone’s journey is unique, and despite the ups and downs of life, each individual is the experts in their life. Together on our journey we can help navigate and cope with the challenges of life. I have experience using modalities such as Person-Centered approach with the collaborative work from Cognitive-Behavioral therapy, Solution-Focused therapy and Motivational Interviewing, with the hope of supporting individuals in identifying their desires and empowering them to make positive changes.
I am a firm believer in the philosophy that everyone’s journey is unique, and despite the ups and downs of life, each individual is the experts in their life. Together on our journey we can help navigate and cope with the challenges of life. I have experience using modalities such as Person-Centered approach with the collaborative work from Cognitive-Behavioral therapy, Solution-Focused therapy and Motivational Interviewing, with the hope of supporting individuals in identifying their desires and empowering them to make positive changes.
(571) 556-9733 View (571) 556-9733

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Alexandria, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Alexandria, VA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
80% Self Esteem
76% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% BlueCross and BlueShield
66% Cigna and Evernorth
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Alexandria, VA see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Alexandria?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.