Therapists in Garner, NC

Photo of Susann Navarra, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susann Navarra
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Garner, NC 27529
I take a holistic, integrative, and integrated approach to therapy. I aim to treat the whole person, and sometimes even the whole family within my group practice. My objective is to partner with each client to support in accessing the resources, both internal and external, needed to achieve their individual goals. This drive is what led me to create Mind & Body Therapeutic Connections. We offer an interdisciplinary treatment team to provide: individual, family, and couples counseling, psychiatric medication management, nutrition counseling, acupuncture, yoga therapy, massage therapy, Reiki, personal training, group fitness & yoga.
I take a holistic, integrative, and integrated approach to therapy. I aim to treat the whole person, and sometimes even the whole family within my group practice. My objective is to partner with each client to support in accessing the resources, both internal and external, needed to achieve their individual goals. This drive is what led me to create Mind & Body Therapeutic Connections. We offer an interdisciplinary treatment team to provide: individual, family, and couples counseling, psychiatric medication management, nutrition counseling, acupuncture, yoga therapy, massage therapy, Reiki, personal training, group fitness & yoga.
(984) 464-7943 x1 View (984) 464-7943 x1
Photo of Damen Raheem Cromwell, Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC-S, NCC
Damen Raheem Cromwell
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC-S, NCC
Garner, NC 27529
Dr. Cromwell is committed to "helping people see color when they only see black & white". With over seven years of professional counseling services, I have come to believe that people can overcome life difficulties with professional guidance and a willing attitude to change.
Dr. Cromwell is committed to "helping people see color when they only see black & white". With over seven years of professional counseling services, I have come to believe that people can overcome life difficulties with professional guidance and a willing attitude to change.
(919) 666-6313 View (919) 666-6313
Photo of Alex Riddick Rowe - Clarity Clinical Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS
Clarity Clinical Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS
Online Only
Whether you are feeling helpless and hopeless, overcome by anxiety, haunted by trauma, battling addiction, or just seeking personal development I can support you through this challenging but rewarding journey!
Whether you are feeling helpless and hopeless, overcome by anxiety, haunted by trauma, battling addiction, or just seeking personal development I can support you through this challenging but rewarding journey!
(919) 642-4550 View (919) 642-4550
Photo of Natalie Chigozie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Natalie Chigozie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Garner, NC 27529
Are you feeling hopeless, helpless or overwhelmed? As a therapist with many years of experience my goal is to help guide you to recovery. Helping you creating coping skills for depression, anxiety, or trauma are ways I can aid people in their journey. When people find themselves in a dark emotional place, I want to help them find their way to light and again.
Are you feeling hopeless, helpless or overwhelmed? As a therapist with many years of experience my goal is to help guide you to recovery. Helping you creating coping skills for depression, anxiety, or trauma are ways I can aid people in their journey. When people find themselves in a dark emotional place, I want to help them find their way to light and again.
(984) 384-6296 View (984) 384-6296
Photo of Melissa Kepley Stine - Calm and Focused Therapy, MSW, LCSW
Calm and Focused Therapy
Verified Verified
Garner, NC 27529
At Calm and Focused Therapy, we believe every individual deserves personalized care tailored to their unique journey to find peace. Our approach ensures every client is matched with a clinician who truly understands their needs, providing a supportive partnership as they work toward discovering their own sense of calm and focus. ​We are committed to helping our clients eliminate unhealthy fear, anxiety, and distractions, creating space for clarity and direction. By cultivating calm and focus, we can unlock the ability to find peace in our decisions — no matter the outcome.
At Calm and Focused Therapy, we believe every individual deserves personalized care tailored to their unique journey to find peace. Our approach ensures every client is matched with a clinician who truly understands their needs, providing a supportive partnership as they work toward discovering their own sense of calm and focus. ​We are committed to helping our clients eliminate unhealthy fear, anxiety, and distractions, creating space for clarity and direction. By cultivating calm and focus, we can unlock the ability to find peace in our decisions — no matter the outcome.
(984) 464-7940 View (984) 464-7940
Photo of Kathryn M Bowden, MA, LCMHC
Kathryn M Bowden
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Garner, NC 27529
Our lives are made up of stories, stories we tell ourselves, believe about ourselves, and stories others tell us about who we are. But maybe your story is not the one you expected, wanted, or worked towards, and you find yourself stuck. It may be pain from the past or difficult situations in the present that are keeping you from moving forward in life. That’s where I can help.
Our lives are made up of stories, stories we tell ourselves, believe about ourselves, and stories others tell us about who we are. But maybe your story is not the one you expected, wanted, or worked towards, and you find yourself stuck. It may be pain from the past or difficult situations in the present that are keeping you from moving forward in life. That’s where I can help.
(984) 208-2534 View (984) 208-2534
Photo of Ronnie Ibrahim Rizek, Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Ronnie Ibrahim Rizek
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
3 Endorsed
Garner, NC 27529
Do you and your partner find yourselves constantly arguing, unable to get on the same page? Have you found yourselves in a loveless marriage or relationship lacking an emotional and physical connection? For couple's suffering from relationship conflict, poor communication, broken trust, and a non-existent sex life. I am here to provide Gottman inspired couple's therapy. In addition, I do provide individual services for those suffering from anxiety, depression, PTSD, OCD, and Bipolar Disorder.
Do you and your partner find yourselves constantly arguing, unable to get on the same page? Have you found yourselves in a loveless marriage or relationship lacking an emotional and physical connection? For couple's suffering from relationship conflict, poor communication, broken trust, and a non-existent sex life. I am here to provide Gottman inspired couple's therapy. In addition, I do provide individual services for those suffering from anxiety, depression, PTSD, OCD, and Bipolar Disorder.
(919) 276-8683 View (919) 276-8683
Photo of Stephen E Woods, Counselor, MDiv, LCMHCS, LCAS
Stephen E Woods
Counselor, MDiv, LCMHCS, LCAS
Garner, NC 27529
I am passionate about serving others by integrating the best mental health practices and spiritual care if requested. As a Licensed Counselor supervisor, Licensed Substance Abuse Counselor and a Minister. I provide care to individuals, couples, and families in person and through HIPPA-secure tele-therapy. I address a range of mental health concerns, life transitions, relationship issues, and trauma. I also integrate clinical counseling and theology. I combine research-based psychology with a Christian perspective of suffering, hope, and redemptive love on request. EMDR, Gottman, EFT, ACT and narrative therapy are methods I practice
I am passionate about serving others by integrating the best mental health practices and spiritual care if requested. As a Licensed Counselor supervisor, Licensed Substance Abuse Counselor and a Minister. I provide care to individuals, couples, and families in person and through HIPPA-secure tele-therapy. I address a range of mental health concerns, life transitions, relationship issues, and trauma. I also integrate clinical counseling and theology. I combine research-based psychology with a Christian perspective of suffering, hope, and redemptive love on request. EMDR, Gottman, EFT, ACT and narrative therapy are methods I practice
(984) 266-2971 View (984) 266-2971
Photo of Christina Cooper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, ACS
Christina Cooper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, ACS
2 Endorsed
Garner, NC 27529
Are you a professional woman who's tired of facing the same mental and emotional roadblocks in your life, work, and relationships? Do you yearn for a life of greater purpose, peace, fulfillment, and connection? I'm here to help! I specialize in helping high-performing professional women recover from childhood trauma, codependent and emotionally destructive relationships, perfectionism, depression, anxiety, and other life-controlling challenges.
Are you a professional woman who's tired of facing the same mental and emotional roadblocks in your life, work, and relationships? Do you yearn for a life of greater purpose, peace, fulfillment, and connection? I'm here to help! I specialize in helping high-performing professional women recover from childhood trauma, codependent and emotionally destructive relationships, perfectionism, depression, anxiety, and other life-controlling challenges.
(919) 251-6639 View (919) 251-6639
Photo of Hannah Blacutt, Counselor, MA, LCMHCA, NCC
Hannah Blacutt
Counselor, MA, LCMHCA, NCC
Garner, NC 27529
Most days feel heavy. You wake up already exhausted, your mind racing with worry, stress, or self-doubt. Work, relationships, health concerns, or burnout leave you feeling overwhelmed and alone. You may be neurodivergent, navigating chronic illness, or LGBTQIA+, and tired of feeling misunderstood. As someone with personal experience in these areas, I understand how isolating this can feel. You’re looking for therapy that feels safe and supportive without judgment, pressure, or expectations to “have it all figured out.” You want to feel more like yourself again, but aren’t sure where to start.
Most days feel heavy. You wake up already exhausted, your mind racing with worry, stress, or self-doubt. Work, relationships, health concerns, or burnout leave you feeling overwhelmed and alone. You may be neurodivergent, navigating chronic illness, or LGBTQIA+, and tired of feeling misunderstood. As someone with personal experience in these areas, I understand how isolating this can feel. You’re looking for therapy that feels safe and supportive without judgment, pressure, or expectations to “have it all figured out.” You want to feel more like yourself again, but aren’t sure where to start.
(919) 759-6540 View (919) 759-6540
Photo of Heather Lockey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS
Heather Lockey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS
Online Only
Life can be overwhelming, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. Whether you're experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, family or relationship conflicts, work stress, self-worth issues, substance misuse, identity concerns, or life transitions, I’m here to support you. Together, we’ll identify your strengths and develop strategies to help you create meaningful change. My goal is to provide a safe, affirming space where you can heal, grow, and move toward the life you envision.
Life can be overwhelming, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. Whether you're experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, family or relationship conflicts, work stress, self-worth issues, substance misuse, identity concerns, or life transitions, I’m here to support you. Together, we’ll identify your strengths and develop strategies to help you create meaningful change. My goal is to provide a safe, affirming space where you can heal, grow, and move toward the life you envision.
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Photo of Edward E. Coffey - Coffey Counseling Services PLLC., Counselor, MA, MS, MBA, PhD, LCMHC
Coffey Counseling Services PLLC.
Counselor, MA, MS, MBA, PhD, LCMHC
Garner, NC 27529
Note - Open availability mornings, midday and limited evening availability. Hello, my name is Dr. Edward Coffey and I am a licensed Clinical Mental Health Therapist. I am accepting new clients and I utilizing many traditional methods of counseling including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Person-Center therapy. Building a positive rapport and trusting relationship while maintaining ethics & confidentiality. Transparency is key and trusting the process. I look forward to working with you. I am more concerned with IMPACT rather than INCOME! I care about the clients I work with and have their best interest in mind at all times.
Note - Open availability mornings, midday and limited evening availability. Hello, my name is Dr. Edward Coffey and I am a licensed Clinical Mental Health Therapist. I am accepting new clients and I utilizing many traditional methods of counseling including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Person-Center therapy. Building a positive rapport and trusting relationship while maintaining ethics & confidentiality. Transparency is key and trusting the process. I look forward to working with you. I am more concerned with IMPACT rather than INCOME! I care about the clients I work with and have their best interest in mind at all times.
(919) 737-2622 View (919) 737-2622
Photo of George A Tabb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, EMDR
George A Tabb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, EMDR
Garner, NC 27529
I am accepting new clients that are looking for Intensive EMDR. Why choose intensive work? The traditional model of weekly psychotherapy is shifting to meet your needs. Now more than ever, we need flexibility in how we get support. EMDR intensives are personalized treatment plans that allow you to skip the waitlist by giving you faster access to select spots, and are designed to support your preferred schedule and timeline for your treatment goals. Perhaps, you need more efficient support as the busy parent with kids doing virtual learning and/or the working professional who has even more on their plate since the pandemic.
I am accepting new clients that are looking for Intensive EMDR. Why choose intensive work? The traditional model of weekly psychotherapy is shifting to meet your needs. Now more than ever, we need flexibility in how we get support. EMDR intensives are personalized treatment plans that allow you to skip the waitlist by giving you faster access to select spots, and are designed to support your preferred schedule and timeline for your treatment goals. Perhaps, you need more efficient support as the busy parent with kids doing virtual learning and/or the working professional who has even more on their plate since the pandemic.
(984) 237-2974 View (984) 237-2974
Photo of D William Anderson, LCSW Associate , LCSWA
D William Anderson
LCSW Associate , LCSWA
Online Only
If you’re new to therapy, I make the process simple, supportive, and real. Together, we’ll cut through the mental fog so you can see your challenges more clearly and feel more confident. Through open conversation and practical, solution-focused tools, you’ll learn to recognize your strengths and take meaningful steps forward. I work best with people who seem “put together” on the outside but feel anxious, overwhelmed, or stuck inside. If that sounds like you, visit my website to take the “What’s Your Life G.P.A.” assessment and see if this is the right next step for you.
If you’re new to therapy, I make the process simple, supportive, and real. Together, we’ll cut through the mental fog so you can see your challenges more clearly and feel more confident. Through open conversation and practical, solution-focused tools, you’ll learn to recognize your strengths and take meaningful steps forward. I work best with people who seem “put together” on the outside but feel anxious, overwhelmed, or stuck inside. If that sounds like you, visit my website to take the “What’s Your Life G.P.A.” assessment and see if this is the right next step for you.
(919) 980-9415 View (919) 980-9415
Photo of Lastenia Francis, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Lastenia Francis
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Online Only
You may be feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or disconnected—struggling with self-doubt, relationship challenges, or the weight of past experiences. Maybe you’re navigating the complexities of being a high-achieving Black professional, a couple working through conflict, or someone seeking clarity in your identity and purpose. At Meaningful Emotion Therapy, we understand the intersection of race, culture, and mental health. Our therapists are here to help you break free from unhelpful patterns, strengthen your relationships, and cultivate self-compassion so you can heal, grow, and thrive.
You may be feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or disconnected—struggling with self-doubt, relationship challenges, or the weight of past experiences. Maybe you’re navigating the complexities of being a high-achieving Black professional, a couple working through conflict, or someone seeking clarity in your identity and purpose. At Meaningful Emotion Therapy, we understand the intersection of race, culture, and mental health. Our therapists are here to help you break free from unhelpful patterns, strengthen your relationships, and cultivate self-compassion so you can heal, grow, and thrive.
(919) 246-8771 View (919) 246-8771
Photo of Emily Chambliss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Emily Chambliss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Garner, NC 27529
I enjoy working with adolescents and adults. My experience is primarily with depression, anxiety, and severe and persistent mental illness diagnoses, along with working with folks who are LGBTQIA+ identified. I believe that therapy should be individualized, and encourage clients to be open about what they hope to get out of their experience. I utilizes components of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Mindfulness, while also incorporating a strengths-based lens.
I enjoy working with adolescents and adults. My experience is primarily with depression, anxiety, and severe and persistent mental illness diagnoses, along with working with folks who are LGBTQIA+ identified. I believe that therapy should be individualized, and encourage clients to be open about what they hope to get out of their experience. I utilizes components of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Mindfulness, while also incorporating a strengths-based lens.
(984) 206-3678 View (984) 206-3678
Photo of Aarolyn Yazmin Slates - Interactive Interventions , Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC, LPC
Interactive Interventions
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC, LPC
Garner, NC 27529
My goal is to form a relationship with each person I work with. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is a catalyst for change. I am a licensed counselor in GA and NC, with over 8 years experience. I am passionate about supporting individuals in their journey toward personal growth and well being. I believe in creating a safe, non-judgmental space for clients to explore their thoughts and feelings. I work with teens, couples, and adults. My goal is to help empower clients to develop coping strategies, enhance awareness and achieve their personal goals.
My goal is to form a relationship with each person I work with. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is a catalyst for change. I am a licensed counselor in GA and NC, with over 8 years experience. I am passionate about supporting individuals in their journey toward personal growth and well being. I believe in creating a safe, non-judgmental space for clients to explore their thoughts and feelings. I work with teens, couples, and adults. My goal is to help empower clients to develop coping strategies, enhance awareness and achieve their personal goals.
(984) 315-6405 View (984) 315-6405
Photo of R. Clarke Heyes, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
R. Clarke Heyes
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you ever feel at a crossroads—unsure what you want to do, who you want to be, or how you want to be seen? Sometimes it feels like there are no options—or far too many. These questions can weigh heavily on your thoughts, health, and wellbeing. I help individuals, couples, and families explore these moments, uncover strengths, and navigate obstacles. My work includes supporting people with anxiety, depression, and trauma, and I’m especially passionate about helping youth and adults explore their interests, motivations, and identities.
Do you ever feel at a crossroads—unsure what you want to do, who you want to be, or how you want to be seen? Sometimes it feels like there are no options—or far too many. These questions can weigh heavily on your thoughts, health, and wellbeing. I help individuals, couples, and families explore these moments, uncover strengths, and navigate obstacles. My work includes supporting people with anxiety, depression, and trauma, and I’m especially passionate about helping youth and adults explore their interests, motivations, and identities.
(984) 305-2847 View (984) 305-2847
Photo of Irena Dubiel, Counselor, MA, NCC, LCPC
Irena Dubiel
Counselor, MA, NCC, LCPC
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Specializing in the treatment of compulsive behaviors, drug and alcohol abuse, sexual abuse, sex addiction, rape, adults abused as children, physical and/or emotional abuse, depression, anxiety, mood swings, anger, relationship issues, parent-child conflict. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (including military), secondary trauma, and self-harming behaviors. I am trained in the use of EMDR, which is an essential tool in treating the symptoms of trauma.
Specializing in the treatment of compulsive behaviors, drug and alcohol abuse, sexual abuse, sex addiction, rape, adults abused as children, physical and/or emotional abuse, depression, anxiety, mood swings, anger, relationship issues, parent-child conflict. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (including military), secondary trauma, and self-harming behaviors. I am trained in the use of EMDR, which is an essential tool in treating the symptoms of trauma.
(847) 868-3311 View (847) 868-3311
Photo of Lora Williams - Hope & Restoration Pathways Christian Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hope & Restoration Pathways Christian Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Garner, NC 27529
All of us need help at times in our lives. Sometimes challenges just become too heavy to carry alone. HARP clinicians are here to help. HARP Christian Counseling is dedicated to the provision of quality counseling services provided from the Christian perspective. HARP clinicians are passionate about assisting you as you move beyond painful struggles that hinder joy and peace in your life. It would be our privilege to partner with you to help you find hope and restoration. If you appreciate intercessory prayer, we are humbled by an opportunity to prayer for your needs during the counseling session.
All of us need help at times in our lives. Sometimes challenges just become too heavy to carry alone. HARP clinicians are here to help. HARP Christian Counseling is dedicated to the provision of quality counseling services provided from the Christian perspective. HARP clinicians are passionate about assisting you as you move beyond painful struggles that hinder joy and peace in your life. It would be our privilege to partner with you to help you find hope and restoration. If you appreciate intercessory prayer, we are humbled by an opportunity to prayer for your needs during the counseling session.
(919) 803-8122 View (919) 803-8122

See more therapy options for Garner

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Garner, NC

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Garner, NC who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
92% Depression
76% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
70% Relationship Issues
69% Stress
67% Grief

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% Aetna
89% BlueCross and BlueShield
64% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Garner, NC see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Garner?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.