Therapists in Oakland County, MI

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Photo of Aj Bonner-Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Aj Bonner-Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
AJ is a Master Level Clinical Therapist who is passionately committed to empowering and encouraging clients to become better reflections of themselves. She obtained her B.A. in Psychology and MSW from West Virginia University, upon completion she returned home to Michigan to serve her local communities. A decade of experience supporting individuals and families experiencing life stressors, relational issues, self-discovery, and traumatic experiences. AJ believes in partnering and strategizing with her clients to promote resilience and growth.
AJ is a Master Level Clinical Therapist who is passionately committed to empowering and encouraging clients to become better reflections of themselves. She obtained her B.A. in Psychology and MSW from West Virginia University, upon completion she returned home to Michigan to serve her local communities. A decade of experience supporting individuals and families experiencing life stressors, relational issues, self-discovery, and traumatic experiences. AJ believes in partnering and strategizing with her clients to promote resilience and growth.
(248) 927-2544 View (248) 927-2544
Photo of Bette Glickfield, Psychologist, PhD
Bette Glickfield
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I am a clinical psychologist who has been in private practice for over 40 years meeting with individuals of all ages. Currently, I'm working with adults and seniors in a collaborative treatment approach focusing on personal understanding and personal growth. I have a special interest in working with individuals who are in transition and having difficulty adjusting to their life changes.
I am a clinical psychologist who has been in private practice for over 40 years meeting with individuals of all ages. Currently, I'm working with adults and seniors in a collaborative treatment approach focusing on personal understanding and personal growth. I have a special interest in working with individuals who are in transition and having difficulty adjusting to their life changes.
(248) 455-6384 View (248) 455-6384
Photo of Venus L. Works - Counseling Works, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Counseling Works, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48034
Are you a woman seeking professional counseling services tailored to your unique needs? We are here to help you and your loved ones with personal growth, self-empowerment and general life satisfaction through counseling. Whether you're sad, anxious, stressed or overwhelmed, our team is here to guide and support you in better understanding your issues and working through them.
Are you a woman seeking professional counseling services tailored to your unique needs? We are here to help you and your loved ones with personal growth, self-empowerment and general life satisfaction through counseling. Whether you're sad, anxious, stressed or overwhelmed, our team is here to guide and support you in better understanding your issues and working through them.
(313) 992-8207 View (313) 992-8207
Photo of Jason R Thompson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Jason R Thompson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling overwhelmed by conflicting emotions or stuck in patterns you can’t break? I specialize in Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy, a powerful approach to help you connect with and heal all parts of yourself. Whether it’s anxiety, trauma, or relationship struggles, IFS provides a safe space to explore your inner world and bring harmony to the parts that feel out of sync. Together, we can help you find clarity, self-compassion, and the peace you’re seeking on your healing journey.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by conflicting emotions or stuck in patterns you can’t break? I specialize in Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy, a powerful approach to help you connect with and heal all parts of yourself. Whether it’s anxiety, trauma, or relationship struggles, IFS provides a safe space to explore your inner world and bring harmony to the parts that feel out of sync. Together, we can help you find clarity, self-compassion, and the peace you’re seeking on your healing journey.
(248) 306-8612 View (248) 306-8612
Photo of Nina Goebel, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ATR
Nina Goebel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ATR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ferndale, MI 48220
Waitlist for new clients
Life has many challenges and sometimes they seem overwhelming. Whether you are going through a life transition, struggling with relationship issues, feeling stuck or experiencing other difficult emotions, you and I will work as a team to address your challenges. As a therapist, my goal is to listen to your needs and cultivate a constructive therapeutic relationship of equals. In a non-judgmental and supportive environment, we will develop tools that help you move forward and let you take action toward positive change. I hope to provide a safe space where you feel comfortable sharing your thoughts and feelings.
Life has many challenges and sometimes they seem overwhelming. Whether you are going through a life transition, struggling with relationship issues, feeling stuck or experiencing other difficult emotions, you and I will work as a team to address your challenges. As a therapist, my goal is to listen to your needs and cultivate a constructive therapeutic relationship of equals. In a non-judgmental and supportive environment, we will develop tools that help you move forward and let you take action toward positive change. I hope to provide a safe space where you feel comfortable sharing your thoughts and feelings.
(248) 290-8143 View (248) 290-8143
Photo of Toccara Bailey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Toccara Bailey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
Toccara Bailey is an established LCSW. Throughout her career she has been blessed to work with people of all ages from many different walks of life. Her philosophy is that people deserve to enjoy their lives no matter what their circumstances are. She assists individuals, couples and families in determining what their best life looks like and works with them to create goals and take action to live it. She earned her B.A. in Family Community Services with a specialization in Child and Youth Development from Michigan State University (Go Green! ) and her MSW from Wayne State University with a focus on Family Systems.
Toccara Bailey is an established LCSW. Throughout her career she has been blessed to work with people of all ages from many different walks of life. Her philosophy is that people deserve to enjoy their lives no matter what their circumstances are. She assists individuals, couples and families in determining what their best life looks like and works with them to create goals and take action to live it. She earned her B.A. in Family Community Services with a specialization in Child and Youth Development from Michigan State University (Go Green! ) and her MSW from Wayne State University with a focus on Family Systems.
(248) 800-3755 View (248) 800-3755
Photo of Joel Harms, Psychologist, PhD
Joel Harms
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bingham Farms, MI 48025
I have extensive experience working with individuals and couples. Couple's work is helpful for restoring intimacy, closeness, and communication. Couples work can also be useful for one's individual psychotherapy as partners often help to bring attention to areas of life which have been neglected. Long-term relationships have ups and downs, multiple stressors, as well as developmental phases, which can rupture relationships. Couples therapy is very dynamic. A well-trained couples' therapist can bring a marriage back from the brink of disaster allowing an entire family to avoid the trauma and financial devastation of divorce.
I have extensive experience working with individuals and couples. Couple's work is helpful for restoring intimacy, closeness, and communication. Couples work can also be useful for one's individual psychotherapy as partners often help to bring attention to areas of life which have been neglected. Long-term relationships have ups and downs, multiple stressors, as well as developmental phases, which can rupture relationships. Couples therapy is very dynamic. A well-trained couples' therapist can bring a marriage back from the brink of disaster allowing an entire family to avoid the trauma and financial devastation of divorce.
(248) 504-4992 View (248) 504-4992
Photo of Sarah Westcot, Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Sarah Westcot
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Clarkston, MI 48346
We all need help sometimes. As a young child, I was often labeled a "helper". I knew as I grew older that I wanted to help others in some capacity. I am passionate about psychology and mental health, which led me to this profession. We do not get to choose the people who raise us, the environments we are born into, nor the trauma that we may face. We do get to choose a life that brings us joy, purpose, and fulfillment. Depression and anxiety join us on our journey at times, along with many other mental health struggles and addictions. You are not alone in your journey. Our trauma does not have to define us.
We all need help sometimes. As a young child, I was often labeled a "helper". I knew as I grew older that I wanted to help others in some capacity. I am passionate about psychology and mental health, which led me to this profession. We do not get to choose the people who raise us, the environments we are born into, nor the trauma that we may face. We do get to choose a life that brings us joy, purpose, and fulfillment. Depression and anxiety join us on our journey at times, along with many other mental health struggles and addictions. You are not alone in your journey. Our trauma does not have to define us.
(248) 617-2154 View (248) 617-2154
Photo of Rico Drewery, Pre-Licensed Professional
Rico Drewery
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48075
I joined the counseling field because I wanted to help destigmatize mental health for men, specifically Black men. I work with teens as young as 16 and adults of all ages. I love working with couples and families to help build cohesiveness and understanding. An outdated version of masculinity has contributed to the decline of mental health for men for many years. It is okay to seek help and understand yourself better.
I joined the counseling field because I wanted to help destigmatize mental health for men, specifically Black men. I work with teens as young as 16 and adults of all ages. I love working with couples and families to help build cohesiveness and understanding. An outdated version of masculinity has contributed to the decline of mental health for men for many years. It is okay to seek help and understand yourself better.
(248) 389-6291 View (248) 389-6291
Photo of Kali Skodack, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, BC-DMT, APCC, LLPC, RYT-200
Kali Skodack
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, BC-DMT, APCC, LLPC, RYT-200
Verified Verified
Royal Oak, MI 48073
Navigating life’s challenges can be difficult, but it does not need to be done alone. My goal is to support and empower individuals while helping us connect back to our own bodies. Each person brings their unique life and experiences to session and I invite people of all identities and walks of life while uniquely tailoring services to you. I am passionate about creating a safe and nonjudgmental space for individuals to investigate challenges presented in life.
Navigating life’s challenges can be difficult, but it does not need to be done alone. My goal is to support and empower individuals while helping us connect back to our own bodies. Each person brings their unique life and experiences to session and I invite people of all identities and walks of life while uniquely tailoring services to you. I am passionate about creating a safe and nonjudgmental space for individuals to investigate challenges presented in life.
(313) 351-4239 View (313) 351-4239
Photo of Mackenzie Crandall, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Mackenzie Crandall
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Clarkston, MI 48346
Counseling is conducted in a professional manner by a trained therapist who aims to ameliorate the mental, emotional, and spiritual health of a person, couple, family, or group. A therapist works to address, alleviate, and assist their client in managing and overcoming (if possible) the psychopathological symptoms manifesting in the client’s relational, social, and cognitive life. A client who shows up and is willing to put the work in, to effectuate the therapeutic change in their lives, will be better off than when they started therapy with me.
Counseling is conducted in a professional manner by a trained therapist who aims to ameliorate the mental, emotional, and spiritual health of a person, couple, family, or group. A therapist works to address, alleviate, and assist their client in managing and overcoming (if possible) the psychopathological symptoms manifesting in the client’s relational, social, and cognitive life. A client who shows up and is willing to put the work in, to effectuate the therapeutic change in their lives, will be better off than when they started therapy with me.
(248) 988-0567 View (248) 988-0567
Photo of Sharon Rutledge, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW , CAADC
Sharon Rutledge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW , CAADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48075
With more than 20 years of experience and expertise, I am a licensed Master’s prepared Clinical Therapist and Certified Advanced Alcohol & Drug Counselor with a passion for healing the whole person. I work with individuals seeking to manage life’s challenges, depression, anxiety and substance use disorders.
With more than 20 years of experience and expertise, I am a licensed Master’s prepared Clinical Therapist and Certified Advanced Alcohol & Drug Counselor with a passion for healing the whole person. I work with individuals seeking to manage life’s challenges, depression, anxiety and substance use disorders.
(888) 492-9386 View (888) 492-9386
Photo of Marah Mischakoff - LifeStance Health, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
LifeStance Health
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
(947) 226-2407 View (947) 226-2407
Photo of Jason Beers - Crescent Roots Psychological Services, PLLC, Psychologist
Crescent Roots Psychological Services, PLLC
Psychologist
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Crescent Roots is evolved psychology that fuses modern research with timeless wisdom, lending toward healing, relief, and inspiration. Each therapist is thoughtfully selected with consideration to their approachability, maturity, and demonstration of effectiveness as a clinician. Crescent Roots is a diverse set of clinicians, each from a unique background, culture and set of experiences in their personal and professional lives. All clients who engage are hoped to feel welcomed, appreciated, and encouraged to be their true self. We believe in a holistic approach that aims to satisfy each client and their deeper needs.
Crescent Roots is evolved psychology that fuses modern research with timeless wisdom, lending toward healing, relief, and inspiration. Each therapist is thoughtfully selected with consideration to their approachability, maturity, and demonstration of effectiveness as a clinician. Crescent Roots is a diverse set of clinicians, each from a unique background, culture and set of experiences in their personal and professional lives. All clients who engage are hoped to feel welcomed, appreciated, and encouraged to be their true self. We believe in a holistic approach that aims to satisfy each client and their deeper needs.
(248) 826-2302 View (248) 826-2302
Photo of Danielle Deveson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Danielle Deveson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304
I have experience working individually with children, adolescents, and adults as well as families. I strive to connect with all of my clients on a deep authentic level while fostering a safe and supportive environment. People develop conscious and subconscious strategies of getting through difficult periods of their lives. Frequently, these strategies result in maladaptive behaviors, thought patterns, and interpersonal struggles. Through empathetic connections, nonjudgmental acceptance, and evidence based modalities, we can unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from your goals.
I have experience working individually with children, adolescents, and adults as well as families. I strive to connect with all of my clients on a deep authentic level while fostering a safe and supportive environment. People develop conscious and subconscious strategies of getting through difficult periods of their lives. Frequently, these strategies result in maladaptive behaviors, thought patterns, and interpersonal struggles. Through empathetic connections, nonjudgmental acceptance, and evidence based modalities, we can unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from your goals.
(248) 744-6917 View (248) 744-6917
Photo of Marsha Mitnick, Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Marsha Mitnick
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Understanding what is motivating a child’s behavior often takes a trained eye. The therapeutic relationship will help foster an understanding, work towards preventing and managing psychological based distress for both parents and children. Children often do not have the words to let parents know why they are acting the way they do. Parents wonder is this just a phase my child is going through? As a therapist my role is to gain an understanding of what makes your child do what he or she is doing. Working together with parents is a critical part of the therapeutic process to foster your child's success.
Understanding what is motivating a child’s behavior often takes a trained eye. The therapeutic relationship will help foster an understanding, work towards preventing and managing psychological based distress for both parents and children. Children often do not have the words to let parents know why they are acting the way they do. Parents wonder is this just a phase my child is going through? As a therapist my role is to gain an understanding of what makes your child do what he or she is doing. Working together with parents is a critical part of the therapeutic process to foster your child's success.
(248) 406-6621 View (248) 406-6621
Photo of Kenneth E Gardner, Limited Licensed Psychologist, MSCP, LLP
Kenneth E Gardner
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MSCP, LLP
Verified Verified
Farmington Hills, MI 48334
I specialize in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and in solving painful, heartbreaking, devastating cases. Living through traumatic events may result in expectations of danger, betrayal, or potential harm within new or old relationships. Survivors may feel vulnerable and need clarification about what is safe. Therefore, trusting others, even those you previously trusted, may be challenging. It may feel frightening to get close to people for fear of being hurt in an unsafe world. When we conclude, you will see that building trust in old and new relationships is essential to healthy relationships after trauma.
I specialize in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and in solving painful, heartbreaking, devastating cases. Living through traumatic events may result in expectations of danger, betrayal, or potential harm within new or old relationships. Survivors may feel vulnerable and need clarification about what is safe. Therefore, trusting others, even those you previously trusted, may be challenging. It may feel frightening to get close to people for fear of being hurt in an unsafe world. When we conclude, you will see that building trust in old and new relationships is essential to healthy relationships after trauma.
(947) 888-7994 View (947) 888-7994
Photo of Samantha Kozuchowski, Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Samantha Kozuchowski
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bingham Farms, MI 48025
I am passionate about providing a nurturing and safe environment for women and families on their journey to parenthood. Whether you’re trying to conceive, pregnant, or postpartum, I understand the complex emotions that can accompany these seasons of life. As a wife and a mom to a six-year-old and a three-year-old, I bring my own lived experience to this work. After navigating my own postpartum struggles and talking with many parents, I felt a calling to enter the field of mental health. My goal is to offer a comfortable, compassionate space where you can explore your feelings, process your challenges, and find strength and balance.
I am passionate about providing a nurturing and safe environment for women and families on their journey to parenthood. Whether you’re trying to conceive, pregnant, or postpartum, I understand the complex emotions that can accompany these seasons of life. As a wife and a mom to a six-year-old and a three-year-old, I bring my own lived experience to this work. After navigating my own postpartum struggles and talking with many parents, I felt a calling to enter the field of mental health. My goal is to offer a comfortable, compassionate space where you can explore your feelings, process your challenges, and find strength and balance.
(947) 900-8435 View (947) 900-8435
Photo of Jill Hudak, Counselor, MA, LPC, ATR
Jill Hudak
Counselor, MA, LPC, ATR
Verified Verified
Waterford, MI 48329
Life can feel really confusing sometimes—like you're supposed to have it all figured out, but you don’t even know where to start. Maybe you're feeling stuck, unsure of who you are, or feeling like you're "not good enough." You're not alone in this, and you don’t have to go through it by yourself. Reaching out for support takes courage, and I’m here to help you make sense of things and find your own way forward.
Life can feel really confusing sometimes—like you're supposed to have it all figured out, but you don’t even know where to start. Maybe you're feeling stuck, unsure of who you are, or feeling like you're "not good enough." You're not alone in this, and you don’t have to go through it by yourself. Reaching out for support takes courage, and I’m here to help you make sense of things and find your own way forward.
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Photo of Kimberly Alabi - Ch.A.T.S Child Therapists, Limited Licensed Psychologist, PsyS, LLP, LLPC, CAADC-D, QMHP
Ch.A.T.S Child Therapists
Limited Licensed Psychologist, PsyS, LLP, LLPC, CAADC-D, QMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Farmington Hills, MI 48336
Hello, here at Children Assessment and Therapy Services LLC , we specialize in Children therapies. Does your child or teen suffer from anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, self-esteem, irregulated emotions, or even poor grades ? Your child can learn skills that will help with confidence, affect regulation, and coping strategies. Has your child learned how to do "StarFish" breathing or utilize "Dear Man"? We also encourage and teach Kids Yoga and many other Mindfulness techniques. These are some skills that are practiced daily and are proven helpful in improving grades, social and emotional well being.
Hello, here at Children Assessment and Therapy Services LLC , we specialize in Children therapies. Does your child or teen suffer from anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, self-esteem, irregulated emotions, or even poor grades ? Your child can learn skills that will help with confidence, affect regulation, and coping strategies. Has your child learned how to do "StarFish" breathing or utilize "Dear Man"? We also encourage and teach Kids Yoga and many other Mindfulness techniques. These are some skills that are practiced daily and are proven helpful in improving grades, social and emotional well being.
(248) 290-6823 View (248) 290-6823
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See more therapy options for Oakland County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland County, MI

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Oakland County, MI who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
68% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% Aetna
58% Blue Care Network

How Therapists in Oakland County, MI see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.