Therapists in Alexandria, VA

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Photo of Elia H Charles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Elia H Charles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW, BCD, MAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Waitlist for new clients
I have 17+ years of experience in the field of Social Work, treating individuals with childhood trauma and abuse, grief and loss, combat trauma, sexual assault, and domestic violence. I have successfully helped individuals and families build a strong foundation for the long-term management of their mental health needs. I am also a CSAT, and I treat individuals with sex and/or love addiction as well as sexual anorexia.
I have 17+ years of experience in the field of Social Work, treating individuals with childhood trauma and abuse, grief and loss, combat trauma, sexual assault, and domestic violence. I have successfully helped individuals and families build a strong foundation for the long-term management of their mental health needs. I am also a CSAT, and I treat individuals with sex and/or love addiction as well as sexual anorexia.
(703) 372-9682 View (703) 372-9682
Photo of Hela Baer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Hela Baer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, E-RYT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Welcome! I'm an integrative therapist and work with teens and adults experiencing challenges related to trauma, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, identity exploration, intercultural experiences, and complex family and/or relationship dynamics. It can feel really overwhelming to navigate these challenges alone. Working with a therapist can create a caring, compassionate space in your life to explore your inner and outer worlds, nurture your resilience, and cultivate joy and healing.
Welcome! I'm an integrative therapist and work with teens and adults experiencing challenges related to trauma, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, identity exploration, intercultural experiences, and complex family and/or relationship dynamics. It can feel really overwhelming to navigate these challenges alone. Working with a therapist can create a caring, compassionate space in your life to explore your inner and outer worlds, nurture your resilience, and cultivate joy and healing.
(703) 643-4730 View (703) 643-4730
Photo of Rachel S Young in Alexandria, VA
Rachel S Young
PA-C
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
As a Physician Assistant practicing in Psychiatry, my role includes knowing your whole life story, your current situation and diagnosis, and whether my prescribing medication makes sense for you. In my experience, I believe a patient and his or her provider need to have a two-way relationship. I want to make sure you are comfortable with our treatment plan and care. I will always discuss with you what medication options are available, their risks vs. benefits, and if there are alternatives such as psychotherapy that would also help. I strongly believe the combination of medication and psychotherapy is usually the most effective.
As a Physician Assistant practicing in Psychiatry, my role includes knowing your whole life story, your current situation and diagnosis, and whether my prescribing medication makes sense for you. In my experience, I believe a patient and his or her provider need to have a two-way relationship. I want to make sure you are comfortable with our treatment plan and care. I will always discuss with you what medication options are available, their risks vs. benefits, and if there are alternatives such as psychotherapy that would also help. I strongly believe the combination of medication and psychotherapy is usually the most effective.
(571) 380-7654 View (571) 380-7654
Photo of Gabrielle Oblena, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Gabrielle Oblena
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
Hello there! I'm Gabby Oblena, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. Should you choose to embark on this journey with me, my aim is to empower you with the ability to embrace vulnerability, discover your resilience, foster healthier relationships with both yourself and others, and untangle any complexities you may be facing. You are in control of your voyage, and I am here to serve as your navigator, meeting you at your current point and collaborating towards achieving your desired outcomes.
Hello there! I'm Gabby Oblena, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. Should you choose to embark on this journey with me, my aim is to empower you with the ability to embrace vulnerability, discover your resilience, foster healthier relationships with both yourself and others, and untangle any complexities you may be facing. You are in control of your voyage, and I am here to serve as your navigator, meeting you at your current point and collaborating towards achieving your desired outcomes.
(703) 454-5202 View (703) 454-5202
Photo of Antonio Kallungal, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Antonio Kallungal
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMHP-R
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with worrying about whether you fit in? Have you ever at times felt ashamed for being who you are? As a therapist who works heavily with individuals in BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities, I can help. Becoming a fully integrated person is a life long journey and I am so excited to walk alongside you in this. My goal as a therapist is to help you fully realize your self worth, gain self confidence, and truly love yourself for who you are. I firmly believe that every individual deserves to love and accept themselves, and this is where I hope I can assist.
Do you struggle with worrying about whether you fit in? Have you ever at times felt ashamed for being who you are? As a therapist who works heavily with individuals in BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities, I can help. Becoming a fully integrated person is a life long journey and I am so excited to walk alongside you in this. My goal as a therapist is to help you fully realize your self worth, gain self confidence, and truly love yourself for who you are. I firmly believe that every individual deserves to love and accept themselves, and this is where I hope I can assist.
(703) 952-7034 View (703) 952-7034
Photo of Sarah Tovcimak, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Sarah Tovcimak
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
While expressing yourself and sharing vulnerable moments can be challenging, sometimes finding new methods of expression can help. My name is Sarah Tovcimak (She/Her), and I am a graduate art therapy student and intern at Cloud Break Therapy. While I may be newer to the field, I nonetheless aim to create a safe and understanding environment where together we can explore the art of creative expression and art therapy. I recognize that art therapy is new to many, and I would love to share some more about it.
While expressing yourself and sharing vulnerable moments can be challenging, sometimes finding new methods of expression can help. My name is Sarah Tovcimak (She/Her), and I am a graduate art therapy student and intern at Cloud Break Therapy. While I may be newer to the field, I nonetheless aim to create a safe and understanding environment where together we can explore the art of creative expression and art therapy. I recognize that art therapy is new to many, and I would love to share some more about it.
(571) 496-9016 View (571) 496-9016
Photo of Natasha Kollaros, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Natasha Kollaros
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Change is hard. Transition is hard. Life is hard. It can take unexpected turns. Nonjudgmental support and guidance can make a difference. Does having the right support to help you navigate your stressors sound like a relief? Gaining tools and setting goals to move through this season can help lift your outlook and your mood. We can get stuck. We subscribe to others expectations. We can operate with a negative filter. We can compare ourselves to others. We deserve more, we are more and together we can obtain more. I look forward to helping you shine through this tough season.
Change is hard. Transition is hard. Life is hard. It can take unexpected turns. Nonjudgmental support and guidance can make a difference. Does having the right support to help you navigate your stressors sound like a relief? Gaining tools and setting goals to move through this season can help lift your outlook and your mood. We can get stuck. We subscribe to others expectations. We can operate with a negative filter. We can compare ourselves to others. We deserve more, we are more and together we can obtain more. I look forward to helping you shine through this tough season.
(571) 999-7062 View (571) 999-7062
Photo of Christal Platt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Christal Platt
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22311  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My holistic and spiritual approach involve encouraging clients to explore their values, beliefs, and connections to the world around them. By fostering a sense of interconnectedness and harmony within themselves and with the universe, individuals may experience profound personal growth and transformation. Ultimately, by honoring the spiritual dimension of human existence alongside the psychological and physical Overall, my practice reflects a compassionate, inclusive, and empowering approach to mental health therapy, aiming to support clients in achieving greater healing, self-discovery, and personal growth.
My holistic and spiritual approach involve encouraging clients to explore their values, beliefs, and connections to the world around them. By fostering a sense of interconnectedness and harmony within themselves and with the universe, individuals may experience profound personal growth and transformation. Ultimately, by honoring the spiritual dimension of human existence alongside the psychological and physical Overall, my practice reflects a compassionate, inclusive, and empowering approach to mental health therapy, aiming to support clients in achieving greater healing, self-discovery, and personal growth.
(571) 526-0602 View (571) 526-0602
Photo of Katie Schumaker, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Katie Schumaker
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC-R
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
I am Katie, a dedicated therapist who believes in the power of building trust and meaningful connections with my clients. My approach revolves around recognizing and nurturing the strengths of individuals, fostering collaboration, and practicing inclusion-based therapy to create a safe and supportive environment for all. In my practice, I prioritize establishing trust with my clients by creating a space where they feel heard, respected, and valued. By focusing on strengths and empowering individuals to recognize their capabilities, I aim to guide them towards personal growth and resilience.
I am Katie, a dedicated therapist who believes in the power of building trust and meaningful connections with my clients. My approach revolves around recognizing and nurturing the strengths of individuals, fostering collaboration, and practicing inclusion-based therapy to create a safe and supportive environment for all. In my practice, I prioritize establishing trust with my clients by creating a space where they feel heard, respected, and valued. By focusing on strengths and empowering individuals to recognize their capabilities, I aim to guide them towards personal growth and resilience.
(703) 783-3970 x1 View (703) 783-3970 x1
Photo of Heather Hayden, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Heather Hayden
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Hi Everyone, I am a Resident in Counseling providing counseling services via telehealth and in person at the Healthy Minds Therapy Alexandria location. I have experience working with teens and adults in residential and outpatient settings in crisis. I currently specialize in domestic violence & emotional abuse, self esteem, depression/anxiety and disordered eating.
Hi Everyone, I am a Resident in Counseling providing counseling services via telehealth and in person at the Healthy Minds Therapy Alexandria location. I have experience working with teens and adults in residential and outpatient settings in crisis. I currently specialize in domestic violence & emotional abuse, self esteem, depression/anxiety and disordered eating.
(540) 845-6940 x1 View (540) 845-6940 x1
Photo of Jennifer Crittenden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Jennifer Crittenden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22305
Are you feeling a bit stuck? Want change, but don’t know how to get there? Let's explore how better to communicate our wants and needs. Let's understand our coping mechanisms. Let's ask ourselves why we struggle to care for ourselves, the way we care for others. Let's look at our beliefs, coping styles and behaviors that repeat, even though they no longer serve us.
Are you feeling a bit stuck? Want change, but don’t know how to get there? Let's explore how better to communicate our wants and needs. Let's understand our coping mechanisms. Let's ask ourselves why we struggle to care for ourselves, the way we care for others. Let's look at our beliefs, coping styles and behaviors that repeat, even though they no longer serve us.
(703) 957-7883 View (703) 957-7883
Photo of Richelle Smallwood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Richelle Smallwood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
I am a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a solid foundation in social work, complemented by extensive education and over 11 years of professional experience. In 2009, I earned my bachelor's degree in social work from Elizabeth City State University, and in 2011, I furthered my commitment to the field by obtaining a master's degree in social work from East Carolina University. My professional journey has been marked by a steadfast dedication to improving the mental well-being of individuals across diverse age groups.
I am a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a solid foundation in social work, complemented by extensive education and over 11 years of professional experience. In 2009, I earned my bachelor's degree in social work from Elizabeth City State University, and in 2011, I furthered my commitment to the field by obtaining a master's degree in social work from East Carolina University. My professional journey has been marked by a steadfast dedication to improving the mental well-being of individuals across diverse age groups.
(571) 459-7872 View (571) 459-7872
Photo of Jennifer Anne Babcock, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Jennifer Anne Babcock
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I practice care through psychotherapy with children, adolescents and adults. I help patients address a range of issues, including: depression, anxiety, ADD and ADHD, trauma, perinatal and postnatal issues, grief, difficulties managing anger, pervasive developmental disorders, low self-esteem, family conflicts, academic difficulties, peer conflict, and chronic medical illness. I seek to understand the unique needs each of my clients within the context of their own ethnic, cultural, and racial identity. I collaborate regularly with parents when treating children.
I practice care through psychotherapy with children, adolescents and adults. I help patients address a range of issues, including: depression, anxiety, ADD and ADHD, trauma, perinatal and postnatal issues, grief, difficulties managing anger, pervasive developmental disorders, low self-esteem, family conflicts, academic difficulties, peer conflict, and chronic medical illness. I seek to understand the unique needs each of my clients within the context of their own ethnic, cultural, and racial identity. I collaborate regularly with parents when treating children.
(540) 987-0983 View (540) 987-0983
Photo of Dr. Barbara Hernandez, Clinical Psychologist, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Dr. Barbara Hernandez, Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, PhD, MS, LCP, CSOTP
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Are you or your teenager experiencing difficulty? In therapy, you can develop coping skills to address depression, anxiety, psychosis, addiction, eating disorders, trauma, and problematic sexual behaviors. You can reduce family conflict and live a healthier and more fulfilling life. Therapy will use evidence-based approaches for sustainable improvement. Contact me via phone, text, or email. I am looking forward to helping you! You are not alone.
Are you or your teenager experiencing difficulty? In therapy, you can develop coping skills to address depression, anxiety, psychosis, addiction, eating disorders, trauma, and problematic sexual behaviors. You can reduce family conflict and live a healthier and more fulfilling life. Therapy will use evidence-based approaches for sustainable improvement. Contact me via phone, text, or email. I am looking forward to helping you! You are not alone.
(571) 487-8850 View (571) 487-8850
Photo of Brian R Mc Donald, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Brian R Mc Donald
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I operate out of a deep sense of respect for each client. The answer to a person's problems ultimately lies within that person and I am here to help clients explore deeply those thoughts and feelings that may be contributing to a less that fulfilling life.
I operate out of a deep sense of respect for each client. The answer to a person's problems ultimately lies within that person and I am here to help clients explore deeply those thoughts and feelings that may be contributing to a less that fulfilling life.
(703) 468-8796 View (703) 468-8796
Photo of Ryan Napolitano, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Ryan Napolitano
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
When we feel stuck in our lives, for weeks, or years, it can take a toll on us in ways we may not see. Time passes and we don't feel any further in our life. We're left feeling exhausted and alone in our pain. My name is Ryan, and I provide therapy for people who are looking to break free. Whether it's poor relationships, anxiety, depression, substance or process addictions, trauma, or a desire to deepen their connection with others, I help my clients find strength, flexibility, and compassion, returning themselves to the feeling of being whole.
When we feel stuck in our lives, for weeks, or years, it can take a toll on us in ways we may not see. Time passes and we don't feel any further in our life. We're left feeling exhausted and alone in our pain. My name is Ryan, and I provide therapy for people who are looking to break free. Whether it's poor relationships, anxiety, depression, substance or process addictions, trauma, or a desire to deepen their connection with others, I help my clients find strength, flexibility, and compassion, returning themselves to the feeling of being whole.
(571) 297-1834 View (571) 297-1834
Photo of Svandis Geirsdottir, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Svandis Geirsdottir
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, irritability, sadness of the unknown? Watching everyone moving on with their lives and being successful? Are you battling with emotions, thoughts and/or behaviors that perhaps are self deprecating or self-sabotaging that creates cycle of shame/guilt or judgement? Sometimes we need sounding board to hear ourselves to sort out facts and myths. I will assist you by creating safe, honest and open dialogue in a non-judgmental setting, to support you in identifying and meeting yours goals. Watching people achieve their potential is the most rewarding aspect of my work.
Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, irritability, sadness of the unknown? Watching everyone moving on with their lives and being successful? Are you battling with emotions, thoughts and/or behaviors that perhaps are self deprecating or self-sabotaging that creates cycle of shame/guilt or judgement? Sometimes we need sounding board to hear ourselves to sort out facts and myths. I will assist you by creating safe, honest and open dialogue in a non-judgmental setting, to support you in identifying and meeting yours goals. Watching people achieve their potential is the most rewarding aspect of my work.
(703) 936-7680 View (703) 936-7680
Photo of Kathleen Gordon-Granado, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Kathleen Gordon-Granado
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
Hi! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Certified Clinical Anxiety Treatment Professional. My focus lies predominantly with adult individuals seeking assistance in managing life stressors, navigating challenging transitions, addressing symptoms of depression or anxiety, or processing past traumatic experiences. Some individuals enter therapy with clear objectives for their lives post-treatment, while others may require assistance in identifying these initial goals. My role is to aid individuals in achieving their own life goals, fostering empowerment and growth.
Hi! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Certified Clinical Anxiety Treatment Professional. My focus lies predominantly with adult individuals seeking assistance in managing life stressors, navigating challenging transitions, addressing symptoms of depression or anxiety, or processing past traumatic experiences. Some individuals enter therapy with clear objectives for their lives post-treatment, while others may require assistance in identifying these initial goals. My role is to aid individuals in achieving their own life goals, fostering empowerment and growth.
(703) 783-3712 x1 View (703) 783-3712 x1
Photo of Steffanie Lynn Kelshaw, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Steffanie Lynn Kelshaw
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Substance abuse, depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship problems, difficulty managing work/school/life stress. Are you struggling with any of those issues? If so, I may be the right therapist for you and I applaud your effort in looking for help. As a therapist, I offer a safe and judgment free zone where we can work collaboratively to help get your life back on track.
Substance abuse, depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship problems, difficulty managing work/school/life stress. Are you struggling with any of those issues? If so, I may be the right therapist for you and I applaud your effort in looking for help. As a therapist, I offer a safe and judgment free zone where we can work collaboratively to help get your life back on track.
(571) 450-9149 View (571) 450-9149
Photo of Mary DeRaedt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Mary DeRaedt
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22315  (Online Only)
Therapy is an unusual process; there is nothing like it in day to day life. You come to a professional who focuses solely on you, your past, your future, your health, your goals and your perspective. Whatever you have been through, whatever you are trying to become, my goal is to do everything we can together to inspire you, to help you realize you can, and to help you know deep down that you are worth it. I will facilitate your understanding of your emotional (or lack of emotional) responses. You will learn the tools you need to heal from the trauma learning of the past and move forward, free to engage in life on your terms.
Therapy is an unusual process; there is nothing like it in day to day life. You come to a professional who focuses solely on you, your past, your future, your health, your goals and your perspective. Whatever you have been through, whatever you are trying to become, my goal is to do everything we can together to inspire you, to help you realize you can, and to help you know deep down that you are worth it. I will facilitate your understanding of your emotional (or lack of emotional) responses. You will learn the tools you need to heal from the trauma learning of the past and move forward, free to engage in life on your terms.
(703) 666-8376 View (703) 666-8376

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Alexandria, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Alexandria, VA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
80% Self Esteem
76% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Cigna and Evernorth
62% Aetna

How Therapists in Alexandria, VA see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Alexandria?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.