Photo of Elizabeth V. Kerr, LCMHC, MA, NCC
Elizabeth V. Kerr
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28204
The primary theoretical orientations that I use are person-centered, DBT, narrative, and existential.
You’re here because you’re tired of living in the same old patterns; I’m ready to help. Therapy can be a powerful tool in this process by helping you gain insight, support, and confidence to develop new patterns and behaviors. I work collaboratively with individuals to identify the sources of their pain and empower them to resolve them. You're not alone & things can improve. And if you’re wondering if now is the right time, it probably is.
The primary theoretical orientations that I use are person-centered, DBT, narrative, and existential.
You’re here because you’re tired of living in the same old patterns; I’m ready to help. Therapy can be a powerful tool in this process by helping you gain insight, support, and confidence to develop new patterns and behaviors. I work collaboratively with individuals to identify the sources of their pain and empower them to resolve them. You're not alone & things can improve. And if you’re wondering if now is the right time, it probably is.
(704) 810-2104 View (704) 810-2104
Photo of Trey Greene, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Trey Greene
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28215
My top priority is to provide a safe, supportive environment for anyone struggling with their identity, experiences, or beliefs in addition to other mental health concerns. I work with a variety of issues with a focus on PTSD, depression, anxiety, dissociation, trauma, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, relationship difficulties, spirituality and/or religious trauma in addition to other concerns. I am especially passionate about work with anyone seeking a supportive space to heal, discover who they are, or navigate existential concerns, welcoming those of all beliefs in finding connection, hope, and peace.
My top priority is to provide a safe, supportive environment for anyone struggling with their identity, experiences, or beliefs in addition to other mental health concerns. I work with a variety of issues with a focus on PTSD, depression, anxiety, dissociation, trauma, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, relationship difficulties, spirituality and/or religious trauma in addition to other concerns. I am especially passionate about work with anyone seeking a supportive space to heal, discover who they are, or navigate existential concerns, welcoming those of all beliefs in finding connection, hope, and peace.
(704) 419-8509 View (704) 419-8509
Photo of Keyayanna Rei, MS, LCMHCA, NCC, Counselor
Keyayanna Rei
Counselor, MS, LCMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28202
My primary modalities include cognitive behavioral, existential, and mindfulness.
My ideal clients are those who feel out of place with traditional psychotherapy approaches and identify as "neurospicy" or rather neurodivergent. Are you seeking help with stress management, anxiety, or feeling overly sensitive to others? Struggling with relationship issues, goal attainment, motivation, or self-esteem? Experiencing body pains and somatic concerns? Feeling disconnected and ungrounded? Finding balance and reconnecting with yourself can be challenging, but I am here to help!
My primary modalities include cognitive behavioral, existential, and mindfulness.
My ideal clients are those who feel out of place with traditional psychotherapy approaches and identify as "neurospicy" or rather neurodivergent. Are you seeking help with stress management, anxiety, or feeling overly sensitive to others? Struggling with relationship issues, goal attainment, motivation, or self-esteem? Experiencing body pains and somatic concerns? Feeling disconnected and ungrounded? Finding balance and reconnecting with yourself can be challenging, but I am here to help!
(704) 459-8453 View (704) 459-8453
Photo of Kimberly A. (Vogel) Whalen, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kimberly A. (Vogel) Whalen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28277
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I obtained my undergraduate degree in Clinical Psychology and graduate degree in Marriage and Family Therapy. My therapy approach is taken from an attachment theory and perspective. I believe humans are wired to feel connected, and that we all greatly benefit from healthy relationships. Without this connectedness, we may experience loneliness or isolation. I provide a safe, accepting space for individuals, couples, and families using a positive Existential Therapy Model to support self-awareness, meaningful relationships, and values of life.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I obtained my undergraduate degree in Clinical Psychology and graduate degree in Marriage and Family Therapy. My therapy approach is taken from an attachment theory and perspective. I believe humans are wired to feel connected, and that we all greatly benefit from healthy relationships. Without this connectedness, we may experience loneliness or isolation. I provide a safe, accepting space for individuals, couples, and families using a positive Existential Therapy Model to support self-awareness, meaningful relationships, and values of life.
(704) 909-7018 View (704) 909-7018
Photo of Joshua Anthony Diliberto, LCMHC, NCC, RYT
Joshua Anthony Diliberto
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, NCC, RYT
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28212
I work experientially as an existential depth therapist for individuals, couples, and groups.
I am adept at treating much of the human condition because my training is existential-humanistic. My approach is holistic, client-centered, and tailored to the specific place you are in your world. I will help you connect with your purpose and meaning, as well as evoke the innate ability for healing. I do not believe in an ideal client, but there is an ideal relationship that we can establish together. I will ensure that you feel attended to, heard, and seen in the way you wish to be, and to become. You deserve stellar care! Visit or call for free 15 minute consultation.
I work experientially as an existential depth therapist for individuals, couples, and groups.
I am adept at treating much of the human condition because my training is existential-humanistic. My approach is holistic, client-centered, and tailored to the specific place you are in your world. I will help you connect with your purpose and meaning, as well as evoke the innate ability for healing. I do not believe in an ideal client, but there is an ideal relationship that we can establish together. I will ensure that you feel attended to, heard, and seen in the way you wish to be, and to become. You deserve stellar care! Visit or call for free 15 minute consultation.
(704) 325-4468 View (704) 325-4468
Photo of Dr. Beth Arrigo, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Beth Arrigo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28207
I was trained in existential phenomenology at a Catholic University which emphasized the philosophical and spiritual dimensions of human behavior.
I have been practicing psychotherapy for 30 years. I have experience with a wide range of issues. I am most effective with anxiety related disorders and mood disorders. I have extensive training in mindfulness based cognitive behavioral therapy and utilize that approach most often. I find that I am able to connect with a wide range of clients and issues due to my many years of practice. I consider it an honor and a privilege to assist people meet their goals and make any life adjustments they bring.
I was trained in existential phenomenology at a Catholic University which emphasized the philosophical and spiritual dimensions of human behavior.
I have been practicing psychotherapy for 30 years. I have experience with a wide range of issues. I am most effective with anxiety related disorders and mood disorders. I have extensive training in mindfulness based cognitive behavioral therapy and utilize that approach most often. I find that I am able to connect with a wide range of clients and issues due to my many years of practice. I consider it an honor and a privilege to assist people meet their goals and make any life adjustments they bring.
(704) 216-4021 View (704) 216-4021
Photo of Tia Hunter, MS, LCMHCA
Tia Hunter
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MS, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28207  (Online Only)
I strive to create an environment for each client that is as liberating as it is welcoming to inspire a growth mindset. Our sessions have a person-centered foundation and incorporate approaches such as CBT, Somatic, ACT, Existential, Narrative, Brainspotting, and yoga-based therapies as needed. I find that the methods listed help foster a growth mindset and allow clients to reflect on their experiences and explore their goals and values at a pace that suits them. Sessions, treatment planning, and goals are the result of our partnership, and it's important that you always feel comfortable in the design of your care.
I strive to create an environment for each client that is as liberating as it is welcoming to inspire a growth mindset. Our sessions have a person-centered foundation and incorporate approaches such as CBT, Somatic, ACT, Existential, Narrative, Brainspotting, and yoga-based therapies as needed. I find that the methods listed help foster a growth mindset and allow clients to reflect on their experiences and explore their goals and values at a pace that suits them. Sessions, treatment planning, and goals are the result of our partnership, and it's important that you always feel comfortable in the design of your care.
(336) 502-5521 View (336) 502-5521
Photo of Latoya Brooks-Key, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Latoya Brooks-Key
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28203  (Online Only)
I use an eclectic mix of traditional evidence-based therapeutic modalities, CBT, mindfulness, hypnotherapy, transpersonal psychotherapy, existential psychotherapy, and ketamine-assisted psychotherapy.
My ideal client is motivated and ready to work together to co-create change. I am passionate about assisting clients ages 18 or older in their efforts to achieve wellness, wholeness, and transformation. With love and gratitude for your interest, we cannot assist clients with legal issues, contact offenses, or recent psychiatric hospitalizations.
I use an eclectic mix of traditional evidence-based therapeutic modalities, CBT, mindfulness, hypnotherapy, transpersonal psychotherapy, existential psychotherapy, and ketamine-assisted psychotherapy.
My ideal client is motivated and ready to work together to co-create change. I am passionate about assisting clients ages 18 or older in their efforts to achieve wellness, wholeness, and transformation. With love and gratitude for your interest, we cannot assist clients with legal issues, contact offenses, or recent psychiatric hospitalizations.
(803) 575-3754 View (803) 575-3754
Photo of Tia Hunter - Gilded Peace Counseling, PLLC, MS, LCMHCA, LMHC, Counselor
Gilded Peace Counseling, PLLC
Counselor, MS, LCMHCA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28205  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Sessions have a person-centered foundation and incorporate Narrative, Acceptance and Commitment, Somatic, Cognitive Behavioral + Mindfulness, and Existential therapies, as needed.
Gilded Peace Counseling is Black-owned/operated, LGBTQIA+ affirming, a supporter of the healthy at any size community, poly & ethical non-monogamy friendly, sex-positive, and kink-competent. GPC offers counseling for all walks of life and has specialized experience counseling clients with intergenerational trauma, sexual and/or religious trauma, chronic illnesses, and hidden disabilities. We are passionate about members of minority, marginalized, and divergent communities being heard and seen, as intersectionality should only make voices louder.
Sessions have a person-centered foundation and incorporate Narrative, Acceptance and Commitment, Somatic, Cognitive Behavioral + Mindfulness, and Existential therapies, as needed.
Gilded Peace Counseling is Black-owned/operated, LGBTQIA+ affirming, a supporter of the healthy at any size community, poly & ethical non-monogamy friendly, sex-positive, and kink-competent. GPC offers counseling for all walks of life and has specialized experience counseling clients with intergenerational trauma, sexual and/or religious trauma, chronic illnesses, and hidden disabilities. We are passionate about members of minority, marginalized, and divergent communities being heard and seen, as intersectionality should only make voices louder.
(336) 276-0138 View (336) 276-0138
Photo of Josh Stone, MEd , LCMHC-A, NCC, Counselor
Josh Stone
Counselor, MEd , LCMHC-A, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28203
I have worked with clients struggling with depression, anxiety, PTSD, personality disorders, existential concerns, death, dying, grief, loss and a myriad of other issues.
There is no need to struggle alone, and yet we often do. Our suffering may appear in many different forms, from depression and anxiety, to relationship issues, substance use and more. It’s time to shed this idea that “we have to have it all together” and allow ourselves be human for a moment. In this honest space, my clients tend to become more in touch with their authentic selves and establish beliefs, values, narratives and take steps towards a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
I have worked with clients struggling with depression, anxiety, PTSD, personality disorders, existential concerns, death, dying, grief, loss and a myriad of other issues.
There is no need to struggle alone, and yet we often do. Our suffering may appear in many different forms, from depression and anxiety, to relationship issues, substance use and more. It’s time to shed this idea that “we have to have it all together” and allow ourselves be human for a moment. In this honest space, my clients tend to become more in touch with their authentic selves and establish beliefs, values, narratives and take steps towards a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
(828) 800-9401 View (828) 800-9401
Photo of Lee Ann Dalton, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lee Ann Dalton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28210  (Online Only)
Have you accomplished everything you set out to do in life but still don't feel satisfied? Does your life look perfect on paper but leave you feeling deeply unhappy? Or do you just have a nagging sense that life isn't supposed to be this way? Let's talk through life's big questions together and figure out what you want your life to be, then to set goals to move you in the direction of your dreams. You are the expert on your own experience, but I can partner with you on your journey of healing and self-discovery. I am neurodivergent-affirming and LGBTQ+ friendly.
Have you accomplished everything you set out to do in life but still don't feel satisfied? Does your life look perfect on paper but leave you feeling deeply unhappy? Or do you just have a nagging sense that life isn't supposed to be this way? Let's talk through life's big questions together and figure out what you want your life to be, then to set goals to move you in the direction of your dreams. You are the expert on your own experience, but I can partner with you on your journey of healing and self-discovery. I am neurodivergent-affirming and LGBTQ+ friendly.
(704) 870-0909 View (704) 870-0909
Photo of Kaelyn Alexander, MA, LCMHCA, Counselor
Kaelyn Alexander
Counselor, MA, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28211
I found my passion for counseling through my own experiences with mental health. Life is a tough journey, and no one is meant to go through it alone, though it can often feel very lonely. My goal and hope is to provide a safe, welcoming, non-judgmental space for you to process your experiences, heal your wounds, and continue to grow on your journey. Counseling allows you to process your experiences and feelings, which often leads to better relationships, solutions to specific problems, and relief from feelings of distress. Seeking help is a brave decision to make and I’m glad you’re here!
I found my passion for counseling through my own experiences with mental health. Life is a tough journey, and no one is meant to go through it alone, though it can often feel very lonely. My goal and hope is to provide a safe, welcoming, non-judgmental space for you to process your experiences, heal your wounds, and continue to grow on your journey. Counseling allows you to process your experiences and feelings, which often leads to better relationships, solutions to specific problems, and relief from feelings of distress. Seeking help is a brave decision to make and I’m glad you’re here!
(704) 459-8236 View (704) 459-8236
Photo of Chelsea Sokolow, MSW, LCSWA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chelsea Sokolow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28262  (Online Only)
Do you want to deepen your sense of self and build stronger relationships? Are you working to recover from the impacts of personal trauma, or trying to interrupt generational and collective trauma patterns? Working on finding better ways to move through anxiety and depression, and strengthen your ability to navigate the state of the world while still finding joy, ease, love, belonging, and meaningful resistance to harmful systems? Feeling disconnected from one’s sense of self and body, from others, from community, can lead us to feel empty, aching and traumatized. Repairing connections can help create healing and a sense of safety.
Do you want to deepen your sense of self and build stronger relationships? Are you working to recover from the impacts of personal trauma, or trying to interrupt generational and collective trauma patterns? Working on finding better ways to move through anxiety and depression, and strengthen your ability to navigate the state of the world while still finding joy, ease, love, belonging, and meaningful resistance to harmful systems? Feeling disconnected from one’s sense of self and body, from others, from community, can lead us to feel empty, aching and traumatized. Repairing connections can help create healing and a sense of safety.
(980) 552-8364 View (980) 552-8364
Photo of Jenna Bock, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jenna Bock
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28207  (Online Only)
You know the visceral pain of loss. You get how grief makes itself known through abrupt tears, sleepless nights, literal pain, and a plethora of emotions because you’ve lived it. You know what it’s like for life as you’ve known it to change in irreversible ways. Maybe you're in the thick of struggling to cope, trying to make sense of what’s happened and where you go from here, or you’re ready to heal a grief unobserved that’s been with you for some time. Perhaps you’ve lost someone to suicide, an often uniquely isolating loss. You might be grieving a breakup, familial estrangement or change in identity. These bring grief, too.
You know the visceral pain of loss. You get how grief makes itself known through abrupt tears, sleepless nights, literal pain, and a plethora of emotions because you’ve lived it. You know what it’s like for life as you’ve known it to change in irreversible ways. Maybe you're in the thick of struggling to cope, trying to make sense of what’s happened and where you go from here, or you’re ready to heal a grief unobserved that’s been with you for some time. Perhaps you’ve lost someone to suicide, an often uniquely isolating loss. You might be grieving a breakup, familial estrangement or change in identity. These bring grief, too.
(980) 449-2515 View (980) 449-2515
Photo of Luz Velez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Luz Velez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28212  (Online Only)
Welcome, looking for someone that is warm, direct and knowledgeable. You found it! I obtained my MSW in 2013, from Rhode Island College. Following my graduation, I worked at a Psychiatric Residential Facility where I learned the benefits of ACT, CBT, TF-CBT and DBT modalities. In 2015, I moved to Mecklenburg County Public Health, where I worked alongside CMPD providing therapeutic support to families that experienced acute and prolonged trauma exposure. During my tenure in Public Health Department, I honed my skills in somatic approach, such as EMDR and Brainspotting, to help the individual improve their mental health.
Welcome, looking for someone that is warm, direct and knowledgeable. You found it! I obtained my MSW in 2013, from Rhode Island College. Following my graduation, I worked at a Psychiatric Residential Facility where I learned the benefits of ACT, CBT, TF-CBT and DBT modalities. In 2015, I moved to Mecklenburg County Public Health, where I worked alongside CMPD providing therapeutic support to families that experienced acute and prolonged trauma exposure. During my tenure in Public Health Department, I honed my skills in somatic approach, such as EMDR and Brainspotting, to help the individual improve their mental health.
(704) 286-8113 View (704) 286-8113
Photo of Natalie Blazejewski, MA, Counselor
Natalie Blazejewski
Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28209
Life can be tough. From struggling with life challenges like finding and maintaining a support system, to wrestling with imposter syndrome and self confidence, and even navigating the rollercoaster of relationships and loss. It's normal to struggle with change, leaving you feeling lost and uncertain of yourself - but you don't have to tackle it alone. Imagine confronting these times with confidence and resilience, knowing there's support for your journey towards embracing new beginnings. Together, we can begin the journey of healing and self-discovery to embrace the unique individual that you are.
Life can be tough. From struggling with life challenges like finding and maintaining a support system, to wrestling with imposter syndrome and self confidence, and even navigating the rollercoaster of relationships and loss. It's normal to struggle with change, leaving you feeling lost and uncertain of yourself - but you don't have to tackle it alone. Imagine confronting these times with confidence and resilience, knowing there's support for your journey towards embracing new beginnings. Together, we can begin the journey of healing and self-discovery to embrace the unique individual that you are.
(704) 396-4737 View (704) 396-4737
Photo of Zoe Van Kirk, NCC, MEd, EdS
Zoe Van Kirk
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, NCC, MEd, EdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28217
I offer a nonjudgmental space where you can embark on a journey of self-discovery, healing, and connection. I have experience working with anxiety, emotional dysregulation, relational and attachment wounds, and complex trauma.
I offer a nonjudgmental space where you can embark on a journey of self-discovery, healing, and connection. I have experience working with anxiety, emotional dysregulation, relational and attachment wounds, and complex trauma.
(980) 291-7086 View (980) 291-7086
Photo of Christina Ann LaBond, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christina Ann LaBond
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28204  (Online Only)
Hi! I’m Christina. I'm Certified in Neuropsychotherapy, an LCSW in NC, an LMSW in MI, a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional, and IFS & EMDR informed. Does liberation from past barriers, realization of your true potential and finding meaning/purpose in your life feel authentic in your individual growth? If so, I’d like to walk with you. Let’s explore your individuality, beauty, and unique strengths to improve your self-image, and repair your interpersonal relationships through healthy attachment and behavioral patterns to facilitate neuroplasticity. I'm passionate about working with individuals somewhere on the LGBTQIA+ spectrum.
Hi! I’m Christina. I'm Certified in Neuropsychotherapy, an LCSW in NC, an LMSW in MI, a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional, and IFS & EMDR informed. Does liberation from past barriers, realization of your true potential and finding meaning/purpose in your life feel authentic in your individual growth? If so, I’d like to walk with you. Let’s explore your individuality, beauty, and unique strengths to improve your self-image, and repair your interpersonal relationships through healthy attachment and behavioral patterns to facilitate neuroplasticity. I'm passionate about working with individuals somewhere on the LGBTQIA+ spectrum.
(828) 827-4381 View (828) 827-4381
Photo of Elizabeth 'zabe' Pietzsch, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Elizabeth 'zabe' Pietzsch
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28211
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed, overstimulated, and burnt out? Do you often find yourself feeling isolated and believing that nobody truly understands you? It's possible that you've always had a sense of being different, and perhaps you've had to conceal your true feelings and authentic self in order to fit in and avoid standing out. Maintaining this façade requires an immense amount of effort, and now you find yourself on the verge of losing the very essence that makes you unique. You deserve to feel relief from the constant burnout.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, overstimulated, and burnt out? Do you often find yourself feeling isolated and believing that nobody truly understands you? It's possible that you've always had a sense of being different, and perhaps you've had to conceal your true feelings and authentic self in order to fit in and avoid standing out. Maintaining this façade requires an immense amount of effort, and now you find yourself on the verge of losing the very essence that makes you unique. You deserve to feel relief from the constant burnout.
(828) 532-2166 View (828) 532-2166
Photo of Daija Prather, MA, LCMHCA, NCC, Counselor
Daija Prather
Counselor, MA, LCMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28262
Imagine a space where you're truly heard, understood, and supported, free from judgment. That's what therapy with me offers. Together, we navigate life's challenges, uncovering your strengths and empowering you to achieve your goals. Whether you're seeking relief from anxiety, healing from past traumas, or striving for personal growth, I provide a safe and compassionate environment for your journey towards emotional well-being and resilience. My client is ready to see change in their life and be encouraged and empowered to enjoy life on their terms.
Imagine a space where you're truly heard, understood, and supported, free from judgment. That's what therapy with me offers. Together, we navigate life's challenges, uncovering your strengths and empowering you to achieve your goals. Whether you're seeking relief from anxiety, healing from past traumas, or striving for personal growth, I provide a safe and compassionate environment for your journey towards emotional well-being and resilience. My client is ready to see change in their life and be encouraged and empowered to enjoy life on their terms.
(980) 203-3456 View (980) 203-3456
1
Existential Therapists

How does existential therapy work?

Existential therapy focuses on a patient’s inner experiences. The therapist tries to help the individual comprehend and alleviate symptoms by exploring their interior life. By confronting negative disquiet and emotions, the individual will hopefully become more open to finding meaning and purpose. This therapy can be administered to individuals or groups.

Is existential therapy evidence-based?

Existential therapy is an evidence-based practice. Research has determined that existential therapy can lead to significant improvement in the mental health of patients, and for some people it can be just as effective as cognitive behavioral therapy. The benefits of existential therapy are enduring, even long after treatment has ended.

How long does existential therapy last?

The goal of existential therapy is to understand a person’s internal experiences, which may sound like a lengthy process, but it does not have to be so in-depth. However, sessions are not short-term, and therapy can continue for months or up to a year. And because patients learn the theory behind existential therapy during treatment, they can also practice its tenets throughout life after therapy sessions have been completed.

Is existential therapy effective?

According to research, many patients find success with existential therapy. Researchers note that the therapy is particularly useful in improving feelings of isolation, feelings of purposelessness, as well as conditions such as anxiety and depression. Improvements in problem areas can persist even after the end of existential therapy, as individuals can continue working on themselves by using the tools they’ve developed during treatment.