Therapists in Santa Monica, CA

Photo of Kathryn Harrold, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kathryn Harrold
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90402
All of us create patterns of behavior in our formative years to help us survive real and perceived dangers. What are those patterns? How have those patterns inhibited our lives today? How can we break free from those patterns and develop a more alive and integrated sense of self?
All of us create patterns of behavior in our formative years to help us survive real and perceived dangers. What are those patterns? How have those patterns inhibited our lives today? How can we break free from those patterns and develop a more alive and integrated sense of self?
(424) 277-2249 View (424) 277-2249
Photo of Mike Lane, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mike Lane
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90405
Congratulations on taking action! We both know that if things are going to change for you in a positive direction, you will need to be brave, open-minded and willing to do things you have resisted doing for one reason or another. I can be most helpful in that regard. Now is the perfect time. Your life is about to change dramatically. Together, in a collaborative and supportive relationship, we will identify your critical needs, uncover and resolve resistances, and map out the incremental steps to getting your needs met. Make the call that will change your life.
Congratulations on taking action! We both know that if things are going to change for you in a positive direction, you will need to be brave, open-minded and willing to do things you have resisted doing for one reason or another. I can be most helpful in that regard. Now is the perfect time. Your life is about to change dramatically. Together, in a collaborative and supportive relationship, we will identify your critical needs, uncover and resolve resistances, and map out the incremental steps to getting your needs met. Make the call that will change your life.
(424) 277-3885 View (424) 277-3885
Photo of Brandy Ziriax, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brandy Ziriax
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Asking for help is hard. However, once you take that first step, it can be life-changing. Anything is possible by learning practical communication skills and building a positive self-view. My approach prioritizes my client’s needs and input to help them help themselves. I hold degrees in psychology and Biology, which provide an awareness and understanding of biological, chemical, and psychological intersections for mental health treatment.
Asking for help is hard. However, once you take that first step, it can be life-changing. Anything is possible by learning practical communication skills and building a positive self-view. My approach prioritizes my client’s needs and input to help them help themselves. I hold degrees in psychology and Biology, which provide an awareness and understanding of biological, chemical, and psychological intersections for mental health treatment.
(424) 378-3715 View (424) 378-3715
Photo of Alexis Jarrell - Whole Human Wellness-Alexis Jarrell, LMFT, Founder, MMFT, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Whole Human Wellness-Alexis Jarrell, LMFT, Founder
Marriage & Family Therapist, MMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Being a human can be complex. Finding someone to listen, support, empathize, and collaboratively problem-solve with you in your journey shouldn’t have to be. This is why I started Whole Human Wellness, a safe, judgement-free, collaborative space with providers who look at the whole picture, collaborate with you, illuminate growth edges and provide unconditional care. We treat children 7+, teens, adults, families and couples. My associates are Stella Liang, AMFT, APCC, Angelica Cruz, AMFT, Victoria Marohn, AMFT and Sarah Bristol, AMFT.
Being a human can be complex. Finding someone to listen, support, empathize, and collaboratively problem-solve with you in your journey shouldn’t have to be. This is why I started Whole Human Wellness, a safe, judgement-free, collaborative space with providers who look at the whole picture, collaborate with you, illuminate growth edges and provide unconditional care. We treat children 7+, teens, adults, families and couples. My associates are Stella Liang, AMFT, APCC, Angelica Cruz, AMFT, Victoria Marohn, AMFT and Sarah Bristol, AMFT.
(310) 905-8313 View (310) 905-8313
Photo of Laura Katz, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Laura Katz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90405
Sometimes we walk through life feeling like an imposter, disconnected from ourselves and others. We can experience distress to the point that it's hard to enjoy the moment and successfully move through our day. Sometimes we can't explain why we feel the way we do, and we might tell ourselves we're 'broken'. When we suffer like this, it's possible that there's a connection to your family's past, and this wounding happened to someone other than yourself. My goal is to help you unpack these feelings, come to understand what is yours and what may be inherited, and move toward resolution and healing.
Sometimes we walk through life feeling like an imposter, disconnected from ourselves and others. We can experience distress to the point that it's hard to enjoy the moment and successfully move through our day. Sometimes we can't explain why we feel the way we do, and we might tell ourselves we're 'broken'. When we suffer like this, it's possible that there's a connection to your family's past, and this wounding happened to someone other than yourself. My goal is to help you unpack these feelings, come to understand what is yours and what may be inherited, and move toward resolution and healing.
(424) 581-1980 View (424) 581-1980
Photo of Andrew Susskind, LCSW, SEP, CGP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrew Susskind
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SEP, CGP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90405
As a result of working together, you'll learn to develop more satisfying relationships, navigate life transitions and clarify your wants and desires. By exploring what's most important in your life today, we will identify what you would like to see different in the future. By identifying themes and patterns of the past, you will feel more freedom and ease. Isn't it time to live your life to its fullest?
As a result of working together, you'll learn to develop more satisfying relationships, navigate life transitions and clarify your wants and desires. By exploring what's most important in your life today, we will identify what you would like to see different in the future. By identifying themes and patterns of the past, you will feel more freedom and ease. Isn't it time to live your life to its fullest?
(310) 281-8681 View (310) 281-8681
Photo of Shabnam Hafizi - It's a Process Therapy, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
It's a Process Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90408  (Online Only)
I work as a humanistic therapist, where I integrate existential and narrative themes. The focus with my clients expands beyond the immediate challenges in front of them. I hope to be a tool in my clients toolbox to help them self-actualize: to gain perspective on their own livelihoods and move closer to inner peace. I am a child of immigrants, a classical musician, and a therapist. My many experiences have allowed me the opportunity to get close to vastly different individuals and their stories.
I work as a humanistic therapist, where I integrate existential and narrative themes. The focus with my clients expands beyond the immediate challenges in front of them. I hope to be a tool in my clients toolbox to help them self-actualize: to gain perspective on their own livelihoods and move closer to inner peace. I am a child of immigrants, a classical musician, and a therapist. My many experiences have allowed me the opportunity to get close to vastly different individuals and their stories.
(818) 858-1448 View (818) 858-1448
Photo of Tony Crandall, CADAC I, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Tony Crandall
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CADAC I
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90401  (Online Only)
I am deeply committed to making positive changes in people's lives, specifically those who feel stuck due to past trauma, addiction, or mental health challenges. You may have experienced significant hardship and are now seeking a path to recovery and personal growth. I would love to help. I am committed to this work because I have experienced the challenges of addiction and mental health. I know what it's like to feel isolated, lonely, unmotivated and tired.
I am deeply committed to making positive changes in people's lives, specifically those who feel stuck due to past trauma, addiction, or mental health challenges. You may have experienced significant hardship and are now seeking a path to recovery and personal growth. I would love to help. I am committed to this work because I have experienced the challenges of addiction and mental health. I know what it's like to feel isolated, lonely, unmotivated and tired.
(424) 484-9543 View (424) 484-9543
Photo of Elena Gonzalez - Healista Holistic Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Healista Holistic Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90405
At Healista, we believe everyone has the power within themselves to make a change in their lives. They just sometimes need a little help along the way. And that’s where we come in. We help our clients connect to their inner safety by nurturing their intuitive skills to cope with challenges, stressors, and traumas to feel more at ease and resilient in their daily lives. We believe in the power of slowing down and focusing on the whole picture of one’s socioemotional well being to regain embodied ease, overcome feelings of shame and loneliness, and find clarity on how to move forward.
At Healista, we believe everyone has the power within themselves to make a change in their lives. They just sometimes need a little help along the way. And that’s where we come in. We help our clients connect to their inner safety by nurturing their intuitive skills to cope with challenges, stressors, and traumas to feel more at ease and resilient in their daily lives. We believe in the power of slowing down and focusing on the whole picture of one’s socioemotional well being to regain embodied ease, overcome feelings of shame and loneliness, and find clarity on how to move forward.
(310) 499-2640 View (310) 499-2640
Photo of Shawn C Ewbank, PsyD, Psychologist
Shawn C Ewbank
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I provide cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for adults, children, and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders (social anxiety, phobias, generalized anxiety, and separation anxiety), tic disorders, Tourette Syndrome (TS), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavioral difficulties, rage attacks, depressive disorders, and trichotillomania (and other body-focused repetitive behavior disorders). For more information about the treatments of these disorders, please refer to my website: www.drshawnewbank.com
I provide cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for adults, children, and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders (social anxiety, phobias, generalized anxiety, and separation anxiety), tic disorders, Tourette Syndrome (TS), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavioral difficulties, rage attacks, depressive disorders, and trichotillomania (and other body-focused repetitive behavior disorders). For more information about the treatments of these disorders, please refer to my website: www.drshawnewbank.com
(917) 746-7885 View (917) 746-7885
Photo of John Drimmer, PsyD, Psychologist
John Drimmer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I'm told I'm warm, down-to-earth and that I have a good sense of humor. I specialize in helping people to fulfill their potential -- and how to get the most out of life. My approach combines Positive Psychology and CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) with mindfulness and a creative mix of the best approaches known to modern psychology.
I'm told I'm warm, down-to-earth and that I have a good sense of humor. I specialize in helping people to fulfill their potential -- and how to get the most out of life. My approach combines Positive Psychology and CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) with mindfulness and a creative mix of the best approaches known to modern psychology.
(310) 896-4310 View (310) 896-4310
Photo of Miriam Conde, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Miriam Conde
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist with extensive experience providing individual, family, and group psychotherapy to children, adolescents, and adults. Prior to working in mental health , I worked with children with special needs and developed skills to help families, parents and caregivers support their children to create a balanced environment.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist with extensive experience providing individual, family, and group psychotherapy to children, adolescents, and adults. Prior to working in mental health , I worked with children with special needs and developed skills to help families, parents and caregivers support their children to create a balanced environment.
(424) 275-6173 View (424) 275-6173
Photo of Amada Battista, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amada Battista
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I will collaborate with you in developing problem-solving skills to enhance the coping strategies that will help you deal with depression, anxiety, relationship troubles, unresolved childhood issues, grief, stress management, body image issues and other anxiety-producing experiences. I focus on understanding your symptoms within the context of your interpersonal relationships.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I will collaborate with you in developing problem-solving skills to enhance the coping strategies that will help you deal with depression, anxiety, relationship troubles, unresolved childhood issues, grief, stress management, body image issues and other anxiety-producing experiences. I focus on understanding your symptoms within the context of your interpersonal relationships.
(310) 402-0005 View (310) 402-0005
Photo of Nicole David, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Nicole David
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90405  (Online Only)
A flower begins as a humble seed nestled in darkness, its growth unseen, yet transforming. Navigating the twists and turns of life can be slow and taxing. We find ourselves adrift in a sea of should's and should-nots, unsure of how to act, feel, love, or simply be. Society often imposes its expectations upon us, creating a disconnection from our true selves and from others. These pressures can lead to a relentless pursuit of perfection that leaves us feeling inadequate and exhausted. Together, we can foster a strong sense of self-compassion, appreciate the genuine beauty of your personal growth, and letting it unfold naturally.
A flower begins as a humble seed nestled in darkness, its growth unseen, yet transforming. Navigating the twists and turns of life can be slow and taxing. We find ourselves adrift in a sea of should's and should-nots, unsure of how to act, feel, love, or simply be. Society often imposes its expectations upon us, creating a disconnection from our true selves and from others. These pressures can lead to a relentless pursuit of perfection that leaves us feeling inadequate and exhausted. Together, we can foster a strong sense of self-compassion, appreciate the genuine beauty of your personal growth, and letting it unfold naturally.
(323) 792-1824 View (323) 792-1824
Photo of Jane Bryson, PhD, Psychologist
Jane Bryson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I provide a caring & objective atmosphere to encourage your self-awareness and emotional growth. One rare, unifying finding among all specialities of psychotherapy is that a strong therapeutic relationship is vital to success. Therefore, I will be your partner throughout the process, both supporting & challenging you along the way. During the over 35 years I have provided therapy, I have developed many approaches tailored to the unique needs of each client. Originally trained in psychodynamic therapy, my therapeutic approach now is eclectic and includes cognitive behavior therapy to facilitate observable change.
I provide a caring & objective atmosphere to encourage your self-awareness and emotional growth. One rare, unifying finding among all specialities of psychotherapy is that a strong therapeutic relationship is vital to success. Therefore, I will be your partner throughout the process, both supporting & challenging you along the way. During the over 35 years I have provided therapy, I have developed many approaches tailored to the unique needs of each client. Originally trained in psychodynamic therapy, my therapeutic approach now is eclectic and includes cognitive behavior therapy to facilitate observable change.
(310) 935-4521 View (310) 935-4521
Photo of Raymond Taylor Waller, Marriage & Family Therapist
Raymond Taylor Waller
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90401
A necessary component of a rich and fulfilling life involves experiencing a full range of emotions. The pride of accomplishment, the sadness of loss, the security of trust and the pain when it is broken, the joy of love, and the disappointment of mistakes and missed opportunities all play an important role in our lives. We all deserve to appreciate our own successes and good fortunes, and to be able to grow through and from our misfortunes. We also all deserve help navigating through them. I began my career in the field in 2007 at an acute psychiatric hospital, primarily in the child/adolescent unit.
A necessary component of a rich and fulfilling life involves experiencing a full range of emotions. The pride of accomplishment, the sadness of loss, the security of trust and the pain when it is broken, the joy of love, and the disappointment of mistakes and missed opportunities all play an important role in our lives. We all deserve to appreciate our own successes and good fortunes, and to be able to grow through and from our misfortunes. We also all deserve help navigating through them. I began my career in the field in 2007 at an acute psychiatric hospital, primarily in the child/adolescent unit.
(424) 622-4570 View (424) 622-4570
Photo of Allison Nurse-Hofer, LMFT, MBA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Allison Nurse-Hofer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MBA
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
You've been feeling like your life just wasn’t supposed to go this way… like you were once on solid ground, but now you’re swimming through quicksand. Maybe the pain of infertility or miscarriage has left you feeling completely hopeless...or you're a new mom wondering why no one ever told you how tough it would be. Maybe difficult memories you thought you'd buried long ago are beginning to sabotage your life…or the promising future you were headed for as an athlete, dancer or performing artist seems to have vanished. You feel lost in an overwhelming sea of emotion..things just aren’t working out…something has got to change.
You've been feeling like your life just wasn’t supposed to go this way… like you were once on solid ground, but now you’re swimming through quicksand. Maybe the pain of infertility or miscarriage has left you feeling completely hopeless...or you're a new mom wondering why no one ever told you how tough it would be. Maybe difficult memories you thought you'd buried long ago are beginning to sabotage your life…or the promising future you were headed for as an athlete, dancer or performing artist seems to have vanished. You feel lost in an overwhelming sea of emotion..things just aren’t working out…something has got to change.
(424) 322-6073 View (424) 322-6073
Photo of Dana Halsted, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dana Halsted
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90401
My compassionate and active approach to therapy is one that can rapidly improve a willing client's life. Clients have the opportunity to experience healing and transformation as they integrate a sustainable sense of well-being. I teach techniques that provide for ongoing self-care and self-sufficiency. I offer my clients concrete tools and therapeutic experiences for shifting their patterns and healing their pain; they become empowered and live more authentic and satisfying lives. Couples build attunement, improve communication and overcome individual and relational patterns that prevent intimacy.
My compassionate and active approach to therapy is one that can rapidly improve a willing client's life. Clients have the opportunity to experience healing and transformation as they integrate a sustainable sense of well-being. I teach techniques that provide for ongoing self-care and self-sufficiency. I offer my clients concrete tools and therapeutic experiences for shifting their patterns and healing their pain; they become empowered and live more authentic and satisfying lives. Couples build attunement, improve communication and overcome individual and relational patterns that prevent intimacy.
(310) 928-6237 View (310) 928-6237
Photo of Susan Zinn, LPCC, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Susan Zinn
Counselor, LPCC, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Psychotherapy is one of the most powerful tools for transforming one's life, and seeking support takes courage. I specialize in working with teenagers, young adults, and families and the obstacles they face throughout life transitions. I am particularly interested in supporting parents through complex challenges ranging from pregnancy and infertility, adulting teen difficulties and the college process, relationships and high achievement issues, divorce, and the "empty nest." As a heart-focused therapist, I am committed to empowering people to build the internal strengths and resources to live their desired life.
Psychotherapy is one of the most powerful tools for transforming one's life, and seeking support takes courage. I specialize in working with teenagers, young adults, and families and the obstacles they face throughout life transitions. I am particularly interested in supporting parents through complex challenges ranging from pregnancy and infertility, adulting teen difficulties and the college process, relationships and high achievement issues, divorce, and the "empty nest." As a heart-focused therapist, I am committed to empowering people to build the internal strengths and resources to live their desired life.
(424) 543-6324 View (424) 543-6324
Photo of Dan Sussman, PhD, Psychologist
Dan Sussman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Welcome! I know that life can sometimes get messy and stressful. Maybe you’re feeling anxious or depressed, struggling with relationships, work, parenting, aging, a fast-changing world, or just want to talk to someone who’ll listen and be there for you. Change can be hard and humbling before you get to where you want to go. If you’d like to become a happier, more fulfilled you, please schedule a free consultation by going to my website, www.dansussmanphd.com, send me an email, or give me a call. I'm here to help.
Welcome! I know that life can sometimes get messy and stressful. Maybe you’re feeling anxious or depressed, struggling with relationships, work, parenting, aging, a fast-changing world, or just want to talk to someone who’ll listen and be there for you. Change can be hard and humbling before you get to where you want to go. If you’d like to become a happier, more fulfilled you, please schedule a free consultation by going to my website, www.dansussmanphd.com, send me an email, or give me a call. I'm here to help.
(310) 905-8775 View (310) 905-8775
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Santa Monica, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Santa Monica, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
86% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
65% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

62% Aetna
50% Cigna and Evernorth
41% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Santa Monica, CA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Santa Monica?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.