Therapists in Santa Monica, CA

Photo of Stephanie Rotuno, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Stephanie Rotuno
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Have you tried therapy in the past but keep finding yourself stuck in the same old patterns? Does anxiety and uncertainty get in the way of leading the life you want? If you are struggling to make meaningful changes in your life, I get it and I'm here to help. We will work together to clear out past trauma, heal attachment wounds and help you connect with your own inner wisdom.
Have you tried therapy in the past but keep finding yourself stuck in the same old patterns? Does anxiety and uncertainty get in the way of leading the life you want? If you are struggling to make meaningful changes in your life, I get it and I'm here to help. We will work together to clear out past trauma, heal attachment wounds and help you connect with your own inner wisdom.
(424) 799-3521 View (424) 799-3521
Photo of Julia Lundeberg, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Julia Lundeberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Julia Lundeberg, LMFT, is dedicated to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with empathy, expertise, and evidence-based therapeutic approaches. Serving clients across California, Julia offers support to adolescents, adults, and seniors through individual, family, and group therapy. She is passionate about creating a collaborative and safe environment where clients can explore their experiences and work toward meaningful growth and healing. Whether addressing complex mental health issues or helping clients manage life transitions, Julia empowers individuals to rediscover their resilience and build healthier lives.
Julia Lundeberg, LMFT, is dedicated to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with empathy, expertise, and evidence-based therapeutic approaches. Serving clients across California, Julia offers support to adolescents, adults, and seniors through individual, family, and group therapy. She is passionate about creating a collaborative and safe environment where clients can explore their experiences and work toward meaningful growth and healing. Whether addressing complex mental health issues or helping clients manage life transitions, Julia empowers individuals to rediscover their resilience and build healthier lives.
(323) 870-1571 View (323) 870-1571
Photo of Paige E. Roberts, MSW, LICSW, LCSW, CBP, CLT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paige E. Roberts
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW, CBP, CLT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I assist athletes and high performers in undoing the stressors, traumas, past pains causing mental illness symptoms like depression, performance anxiety, apathy, insomnia and a performance decline. I use Alpha Imprinting technique to allow for athletes to reset their nervous system from past hurts, pains, injuries, traumas and stressors so they can regain and expand on their peak performance abilities. Alpha Imprinting also desensitizes your nervous system on the sensory or unconscious level from any potential of worst-case scenarios in life and in sports so you can maintain flow "alpha" brain wave state while performing.
I assist athletes and high performers in undoing the stressors, traumas, past pains causing mental illness symptoms like depression, performance anxiety, apathy, insomnia and a performance decline. I use Alpha Imprinting technique to allow for athletes to reset their nervous system from past hurts, pains, injuries, traumas and stressors so they can regain and expand on their peak performance abilities. Alpha Imprinting also desensitizes your nervous system on the sensory or unconscious level from any potential of worst-case scenarios in life and in sports so you can maintain flow "alpha" brain wave state while performing.
(206) 207-4377 View (206) 207-4377
Photo of Natalie David, PsyD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Natalie David
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90404
I am incredibly passionate about psychotherapy, and not only that, I believe in it with all my heart. I value the individuality of each and every one of my clients, and I believe the relationship we form is the basis for real change and growth. I am committed to understanding my clients very deeply, and in helping them understand themselves. In addition to gaining insight and awareness, I encourage clients to utilize skills and implement change to help them live life to their fullest. I give 100% of my effort, attention, and focus on my clients to provide the best care needed.
I am incredibly passionate about psychotherapy, and not only that, I believe in it with all my heart. I value the individuality of each and every one of my clients, and I believe the relationship we form is the basis for real change and growth. I am committed to understanding my clients very deeply, and in helping them understand themselves. In addition to gaining insight and awareness, I encourage clients to utilize skills and implement change to help them live life to their fullest. I give 100% of my effort, attention, and focus on my clients to provide the best care needed.
(310) 929-6240 View (310) 929-6240
Photo of Eleanore Baidoo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Eleanore Baidoo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you struggling with your life and your emotions? Maybe you are experiencing difficulties in your relationships with others, trouble at home, anxiety, an addiction, or just a really challenging personal situation that you feel alone with. Perhaps you want your life to be different somehow but are feeling stuck. I would like to help you. It may feel hopeless right now, but you will have my years of experience and wisdom, skills and compassion with you - and together we will increase the quality of your life so that you may move forward with increased well-being , satisfaction, and meaning in your life.
Are you struggling with your life and your emotions? Maybe you are experiencing difficulties in your relationships with others, trouble at home, anxiety, an addiction, or just a really challenging personal situation that you feel alone with. Perhaps you want your life to be different somehow but are feeling stuck. I would like to help you. It may feel hopeless right now, but you will have my years of experience and wisdom, skills and compassion with you - and together we will increase the quality of your life so that you may move forward with increased well-being , satisfaction, and meaning in your life.
(310) 923-9451 View (310) 923-9451
Photo of Adrienne Salick, PsyD, Psychologist
Adrienne Salick
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I specialize in therapy with children, adolescents, parents, and families, dealing with life transitions and crises impacting social, emotional, academic, and interpersonal functioning. Goals may include working through a difficult transition, relieving specific troubling symptoms, building coping strategies to manage difficult feelings (anxiety, depression, frustration), improving communication, improving the quality of relationships, increasing social skills, reducing conflict, improving conflict resolution and problem solving skills, and gaining greater insight and awareness for personal growth.
I specialize in therapy with children, adolescents, parents, and families, dealing with life transitions and crises impacting social, emotional, academic, and interpersonal functioning. Goals may include working through a difficult transition, relieving specific troubling symptoms, building coping strategies to manage difficult feelings (anxiety, depression, frustration), improving communication, improving the quality of relationships, increasing social skills, reducing conflict, improving conflict resolution and problem solving skills, and gaining greater insight and awareness for personal growth.
(310) 231-6492 View (310) 231-6492
Photo of Susan Kleinman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susan Kleinman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I offer and prefer to deliver services via TeleHealth, but I am also open to meeting you in person if it's imperative to the meaningfulness of our work together. I have specific experience in helping those with Trauma, Maternity issues, Relationship issues (family or couples), Lupus and specifically those who suffer from neurological movement disorders such Tourette's disorder, Parkinson's or TD.
I offer and prefer to deliver services via TeleHealth, but I am also open to meeting you in person if it's imperative to the meaningfulness of our work together. I have specific experience in helping those with Trauma, Maternity issues, Relationship issues (family or couples), Lupus and specifically those who suffer from neurological movement disorders such Tourette's disorder, Parkinson's or TD.
(310) 919-0733 View (310) 919-0733
Photo of Ali (Alexandria) Wolfe-Grady, MACP, LMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ali (Alexandria) Wolfe-Grady
Marriage & Family Therapist, MACP, LMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Online Only
I find the best way for me to help people reach their goals is to work collaboratively and to build a therapeutic relationship based on trust, honesty, and openness. An individualized therapeutic approach is imperative for helping explore my clients’ unique life experiences. We work together utilizing an eclectic interactive approach that encourages feedback and collaboration to shape treatment to meet a client's individual needs. Together we formulate a plan to address achieving specific short-term goals aimed at improving daily life in addition to long term growth focusing on personal development.
I find the best way for me to help people reach their goals is to work collaboratively and to build a therapeutic relationship based on trust, honesty, and openness. An individualized therapeutic approach is imperative for helping explore my clients’ unique life experiences. We work together utilizing an eclectic interactive approach that encourages feedback and collaboration to shape treatment to meet a client's individual needs. Together we formulate a plan to address achieving specific short-term goals aimed at improving daily life in addition to long term growth focusing on personal development.
(805) 608-3474 View (805) 608-3474
Photo of Lauryn J. Hunter, MA, LMFT, ATR, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lauryn J. Hunter
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Experience a creative way to process thoughts, behaviors, and feelings? Our goal at Hunter Therapy Family Counseling is to create a safe and playful environment to heal from change, prolonged stress, grief loss, and trauma. Art therapy can be an alternative to traditional talk therapy. Therapeutic activities include art therapy, painting, sand trays, sports psychology, jewelry, slime, and gardening. Therapy in the garden can be very relaxing and each session is designed to meet individual needs.
Experience a creative way to process thoughts, behaviors, and feelings? Our goal at Hunter Therapy Family Counseling is to create a safe and playful environment to heal from change, prolonged stress, grief loss, and trauma. Art therapy can be an alternative to traditional talk therapy. Therapeutic activities include art therapy, painting, sand trays, sports psychology, jewelry, slime, and gardening. Therapy in the garden can be very relaxing and each session is designed to meet individual needs.
(424) 588-6922 View (424) 588-6922
Photo of Jessica Perez, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jessica Perez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Step into a space where growth isn't just a possibility, but a promise. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) located in California, I've spent the last five years delving into the intricacies of human connection and self-discovery. With a Master's from Touro University Worldwide, my journey has been about guiding individuals through the challenges of trauma, mood disorders, personality quirks, and gender-related issues.
Step into a space where growth isn't just a possibility, but a promise. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) located in California, I've spent the last five years delving into the intricacies of human connection and self-discovery. With a Master's from Touro University Worldwide, my journey has been about guiding individuals through the challenges of trauma, mood disorders, personality quirks, and gender-related issues.
(424) 432-2665 View (424) 432-2665
Photo of Rebecca Jarrell, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Rebecca Jarrell
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Online Only
Death is supposed to happen in other people's lives, not in yours. Your world has been thrown upside down and no matter how hard you try, you just cannot seem to turn it right side up. You feel constantly judged for how you are grieving your loss. Well-meaning friends and family often offer unsolicited advise and platitudes. And, while they may genuinely believe they are being helpful, they only demonstrate time and again that they just don't get it. While you will never be quite the same person you were when your loved one was alive, you can embrace the new you in this new, unwelcome life that you did not ask for.
Death is supposed to happen in other people's lives, not in yours. Your world has been thrown upside down and no matter how hard you try, you just cannot seem to turn it right side up. You feel constantly judged for how you are grieving your loss. Well-meaning friends and family often offer unsolicited advise and platitudes. And, while they may genuinely believe they are being helpful, they only demonstrate time and again that they just don't get it. While you will never be quite the same person you were when your loved one was alive, you can embrace the new you in this new, unwelcome life that you did not ask for.
(505) 392-2291 View (505) 392-2291
Photo of Liz Cruz, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Liz Cruz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
As a professional of color and daughter of immigrant parents, my passion is to connect, strengthen, and empower communities of color to healing and resiliency in a culturally attuned and compassionate therapeutic process. I believe therapy is a collaborative process between patient and therapist. I have extensive experience working with adolescence, adults, parents, couples, and families developing and maintaining, healthy and fulfilling relationships. My services are offered in English and Spanish through tele-health. I seek to create a warm, attentive environment, to nurture an opportunity for therapeutic connection.
As a professional of color and daughter of immigrant parents, my passion is to connect, strengthen, and empower communities of color to healing and resiliency in a culturally attuned and compassionate therapeutic process. I believe therapy is a collaborative process between patient and therapist. I have extensive experience working with adolescence, adults, parents, couples, and families developing and maintaining, healthy and fulfilling relationships. My services are offered in English and Spanish through tele-health. I seek to create a warm, attentive environment, to nurture an opportunity for therapeutic connection.
(424) 322-6481 View (424) 322-6481
Photo of Tely Toumani, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CIHC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tely Toumani
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CIHC
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90401
I have a passion for this work and honor and appreciate my clients. Starting from wherever you are “stuck,” we’ll work on developing your ability to deal with problems in such a way that they become opportunities for personal growth. Our greatest difficulties can be life’s greatest gifts in disguise if we can learn how to translate their messages. It may be hard to imagine that your eating disorder or anxiety attacks (for example) can take you somewhere positive, but every problem we encounter has the potential to move us to a place of greater self-understanding,
I have a passion for this work and honor and appreciate my clients. Starting from wherever you are “stuck,” we’ll work on developing your ability to deal with problems in such a way that they become opportunities for personal growth. Our greatest difficulties can be life’s greatest gifts in disguise if we can learn how to translate their messages. It may be hard to imagine that your eating disorder or anxiety attacks (for example) can take you somewhere positive, but every problem we encounter has the potential to move us to a place of greater self-understanding,
(310) 572-2700 View (310) 572-2700
Photo of Kati Meyers, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kati Meyers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Whether you are feeling the weight of depression, anxiety, or burnout, I'm here to offer personalized support tailored to your unique journey. With over a decade of experience, I specialize in creating a safe, client-centered space where you can explore your potential and overcome challenges. Together, we'll navigate life's twists and turns with evidence-based practices, including cognitive-behavioral and strengths-based approaches. Let's embark on this adventure together and build a life you truly love!
Whether you are feeling the weight of depression, anxiety, or burnout, I'm here to offer personalized support tailored to your unique journey. With over a decade of experience, I specialize in creating a safe, client-centered space where you can explore your potential and overcome challenges. Together, we'll navigate life's twists and turns with evidence-based practices, including cognitive-behavioral and strengths-based approaches. Let's embark on this adventure together and build a life you truly love!
(424) 655-2119 View (424) 655-2119
Photo of Carson Cozad, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carson Cozad
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
My clients are the experts, and I help decode the messages in symptoms like anxiety and depression. Change, grief, and human development often reveal unhealed parts, and I provide a space for that healing. I believe being truly listened to and understood is where healing begins. I am passionate about making the transformative power of therapy convenient and accessible to all. I walk with my clients through change and suffering to help them reach the other side. My background in mental health and substance abuse treatment allows me to provide specialized care for those impacted by these issues.
My clients are the experts, and I help decode the messages in symptoms like anxiety and depression. Change, grief, and human development often reveal unhealed parts, and I provide a space for that healing. I believe being truly listened to and understood is where healing begins. I am passionate about making the transformative power of therapy convenient and accessible to all. I walk with my clients through change and suffering to help them reach the other side. My background in mental health and substance abuse treatment allows me to provide specialized care for those impacted by these issues.
(310) 929-6812 View (310) 929-6812
Photo of Penny Jacobs, PsyD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Penny Jacobs
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90404
My goal is to help my patient’s navigate their journey of life. Having traveled through many personal challenges, I bring much of my life's experiences into the therapeutic realm. I believe in growth and acceptance of one's place in the present. I have found the way in which we move through the world is usually the path of what is familiar to us, but too often this way no longer serves us. Shifting our way of thinking can stimulate an alternative pathway of moving through the world and achieving the peace of mind we seek.
My goal is to help my patient’s navigate their journey of life. Having traveled through many personal challenges, I bring much of my life's experiences into the therapeutic realm. I believe in growth and acceptance of one's place in the present. I have found the way in which we move through the world is usually the path of what is familiar to us, but too often this way no longer serves us. Shifting our way of thinking can stimulate an alternative pathway of moving through the world and achieving the peace of mind we seek.
(424) 343-2265 View (424) 343-2265
Photo of Kate Nesbitt, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kate Nesbitt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Hi, and welcome to my profile. If you are here, you are most likely interested in making some kind of change that will make your life better. Whatever you want to improve or change, therapy can help you find your way. Together, we will explore the beliefs and behaviors that are getting in the way of you being able to create the life you truly want to be living. As your therapist and ally, I want to empower you to make new choices that will result in your feeling excited about what lies ahead!
Hi, and welcome to my profile. If you are here, you are most likely interested in making some kind of change that will make your life better. Whatever you want to improve or change, therapy can help you find your way. Together, we will explore the beliefs and behaviors that are getting in the way of you being able to create the life you truly want to be living. As your therapist and ally, I want to empower you to make new choices that will result in your feeling excited about what lies ahead!
(424) 500-3019 View (424) 500-3019
Photo of Samara Mallers, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Samara Mallers
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialize in working with individuals who struggle with anxiety related to self-esteem, imposter syndrome, perfectionism and people-pleasing tendencies. As collaborators, we will explore how your unconscious feelings and patterns are impacting you and your relationships.
I specialize in working with individuals who struggle with anxiety related to self-esteem, imposter syndrome, perfectionism and people-pleasing tendencies. As collaborators, we will explore how your unconscious feelings and patterns are impacting you and your relationships.
View
Photo of Jori Adler, MA, MFT, EMDR, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jori Adler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90401
A Warm Welcome & Hello! Finding the right therapist involves that certain combo of chemistry & expertise. If you’re looking to expand your consciousness, you’re in the right place. What I do is more than talk therapy. It’s more holistic & innovative and blends elements from all the things that helped me personally - EMDR, Somatic Therapy, Eastern Philosophy, Spirituality.
A Warm Welcome & Hello! Finding the right therapist involves that certain combo of chemistry & expertise. If you’re looking to expand your consciousness, you’re in the right place. What I do is more than talk therapy. It’s more holistic & innovative and blends elements from all the things that helped me personally - EMDR, Somatic Therapy, Eastern Philosophy, Spirituality.
(323) 489-6344 View (323) 489-6344
Photo of Deirdre J. Newell, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Deirdre J. Newell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
I’m a widely trained therapist currently practicing in California. I believe therapy can provide a safe, meaningful space for individuals to explore deeper parts of themselves and discover new insights into life’s challenges. My work is rooted in relationship—I recognize the profound value of a trusting, authentic connection between therapist and client. In each session, I offer warmth, compassion, and genuine curiosity, creating a nurturing environment where we can examine the patterns that either foster or limit your potential for wholeness.
I’m a widely trained therapist currently practicing in California. I believe therapy can provide a safe, meaningful space for individuals to explore deeper parts of themselves and discover new insights into life’s challenges. My work is rooted in relationship—I recognize the profound value of a trusting, authentic connection between therapist and client. In each session, I offer warmth, compassion, and genuine curiosity, creating a nurturing environment where we can examine the patterns that either foster or limit your potential for wholeness.
(310) 905-8117 View (310) 905-8117
1
...

See more therapy options for Santa Monica

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Santa Monica, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Santa Monica, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
65% Grief
65% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Aetna
51% Cigna and Evernorth
44% Other

How Therapists in Santa Monica, CA see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Santa Monica?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.