Therapists in Highland Park, NJ

Photo of Jennifer Campbell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Jennifer Campbell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, DBT-LBC
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904  (Online Only)
Hello there, I'm glad you found me! Taking steps out of misery and avoidance is difficult and scary. I work from a patient-centered, DBT perspective in partnership with clients struggling within the range of severe and acute eating disorders, persistent emotion dysregulation, chronic suicidality, and trauma/PTSD. Redefining your quality of life and getting out of your personal hell is possible. My clinical work spans New Jersey, New York, and my team based in Ohio, so please do not be surprised by different locations! Please reach out with any questions, and I look forward to working with you in building a life worth living.
Hello there, I'm glad you found me! Taking steps out of misery and avoidance is difficult and scary. I work from a patient-centered, DBT perspective in partnership with clients struggling within the range of severe and acute eating disorders, persistent emotion dysregulation, chronic suicidality, and trauma/PTSD. Redefining your quality of life and getting out of your personal hell is possible. My clinical work spans New Jersey, New York, and my team based in Ohio, so please do not be surprised by different locations! Please reach out with any questions, and I look forward to working with you in building a life worth living.
(609) 552-0840 View (609) 552-0840
Photo of Lauren Kayla Greenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Lauren Kayla Greenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
Making the decision to start therapy can be one of the most difficult steps in the therapeutic process so first I'd like to commend you. Reaching out for professional support is a direct indication of your strength, your courage and your resilience. Part of my philosophy, as a therapist, has to do with helping folks attain their own personal goals. Whether you are dealing with individual, family or relationship oriented challenges we can work together to attain a vision created by you.
Making the decision to start therapy can be one of the most difficult steps in the therapeutic process so first I'd like to commend you. Reaching out for professional support is a direct indication of your strength, your courage and your resilience. Part of my philosophy, as a therapist, has to do with helping folks attain their own personal goals. Whether you are dealing with individual, family or relationship oriented challenges we can work together to attain a vision created by you.
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Photo of Janet Chiorello-Ellis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Janet Chiorello-Ellis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
I'am a clinician with more than 20 years of experience assisting children and adults with many of life's challenges. I look forward to providing a safe, gentle and genuine place for you to address your anxiety, depression and interpersonal issues. You will identify ways to solve the problems you face and develop the motivation and energy you need to reach your goals in every area of your life.
I'am a clinician with more than 20 years of experience assisting children and adults with many of life's challenges. I look forward to providing a safe, gentle and genuine place for you to address your anxiety, depression and interpersonal issues. You will identify ways to solve the problems you face and develop the motivation and energy you need to reach your goals in every area of your life.
(732) 831-7616 View (732) 831-7616
Photo of Lara Dubowchik, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Lara Dubowchik
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
I am an experienced licensed clinical social worker trained by the IFS institute. I take an integrative approach to therapy, emphasizing healing mind, body, and soul. I believe that therapy should be enjoyable and non-judgmental. I am told that I create a collaborative and compassionate environment where my clients and I are able to tap into deep inner wisdom, provide insight, and apply concrete methods to heal and move forward. The result? Becoming brave enough to build a deep connection to your truest self and live authentically. Spirituality is incorporated, as desired.
I am an experienced licensed clinical social worker trained by the IFS institute. I take an integrative approach to therapy, emphasizing healing mind, body, and soul. I believe that therapy should be enjoyable and non-judgmental. I am told that I create a collaborative and compassionate environment where my clients and I are able to tap into deep inner wisdom, provide insight, and apply concrete methods to heal and move forward. The result? Becoming brave enough to build a deep connection to your truest self and live authentically. Spirituality is incorporated, as desired.
(732) 537-8766 View (732) 537-8766
Photo of Jason Wasser, Marriage & Family Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Jason Wasser
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
I have been licensed in Florida since 2005 and now offer services in NJ. I partner with clients who are looking for something different than the "more of the same old school" approach. There is no " how does that make you feel", instead I use a collaborative partnership with you to make effective change and aim to make this process as exciting as possible. I work with individuals, children, couples and families & a wide variety of challenges. My goal is to work with my clients to rapidly achieve their goals and have them "fire me" as soon as possible! Want a taste of how I work, check out my You Winning Life Podcast!
I have been licensed in Florida since 2005 and now offer services in NJ. I partner with clients who are looking for something different than the "more of the same old school" approach. There is no " how does that make you feel", instead I use a collaborative partnership with you to make effective change and aim to make this process as exciting as possible. I work with individuals, children, couples and families & a wide variety of challenges. My goal is to work with my clients to rapidly achieve their goals and have them "fire me" as soon as possible! Want a taste of how I work, check out my You Winning Life Podcast!
(732) 838-6404 View (732) 838-6404
Photo of Robert Grabelsky, Psychologist in Highland Park, NJ
Robert Grabelsky
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
Here are some thoughts about two of my specialties, individual therapy and couple therapy: Individual Therapy: In the therapeutic relationship, you feel free to begin to discuss your hopes and fears in a safe environment. As the process develops, you and the therapist discover themes in your life. This leads to an exploration of repetitive patterns of behavior as well as of their associated thoughts and feelings. The goal of this journey is to gain a sense of mastery and self-esteem.
Here are some thoughts about two of my specialties, individual therapy and couple therapy: Individual Therapy: In the therapeutic relationship, you feel free to begin to discuss your hopes and fears in a safe environment. As the process develops, you and the therapist discover themes in your life. This leads to an exploration of repetitive patterns of behavior as well as of their associated thoughts and feelings. The goal of this journey is to gain a sense of mastery and self-esteem.
(732) 937-9512 View (732) 937-9512
Photo of Wendy Eisenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Wendy Eisenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
Life often presents us with many challenges, most of which are unexpected. If you are feeling stressed, anxious, or sad, because of your life circumstances, you don't have to suffer alone. While reaching out for help can be difficult, you may feel comforted in knowing that most people feel some apprehension in taking this first step.
Life often presents us with many challenges, most of which are unexpected. If you are feeling stressed, anxious, or sad, because of your life circumstances, you don't have to suffer alone. While reaching out for help can be difficult, you may feel comforted in knowing that most people feel some apprehension in taking this first step.
(732) 691-4542 View (732) 691-4542
Photo of Richard F Bundy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Richard F Bundy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ThM
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
An important, positive, life event occurs when you decide to seek therapy. It is not an easy decision. Should you decide to call me, you can anticipate that it will be a gentle, informative and positive experience. Clients describe me as being upbeat, easygoing and knowledgable. While I generally use Cognitive, Behavioral Treatment, I am trained in a variety of treatment modalities which can be tailored to your needs. What will always happen is hope as we work together to repair what I often describe as "broken dreams."
An important, positive, life event occurs when you decide to seek therapy. It is not an easy decision. Should you decide to call me, you can anticipate that it will be a gentle, informative and positive experience. Clients describe me as being upbeat, easygoing and knowledgable. While I generally use Cognitive, Behavioral Treatment, I am trained in a variety of treatment modalities which can be tailored to your needs. What will always happen is hope as we work together to repair what I often describe as "broken dreams."
(732) 204-6194 View (732) 204-6194
Photo of Elissa Rozov, Psychologist in Highland Park, NJ
Elissa Rozov
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
I believe that stress affects us on all levels: mind, body, and spirit. Whether it is depression, anxiety, relationship struggles, loss, or life transitions, a person needs to be treated on all levels. Additionally, each person experiences the interaction between the three in a unique way, and treatment must reflect that difference between clients. In addition to a doctorate in clinical psychology, I have advanced training in Sensorimotor Psychotherapy (www.sensorimotorpsychotherapy.org) and EMDR (www.emdr.com), both mind/body psychotherapies.
I believe that stress affects us on all levels: mind, body, and spirit. Whether it is depression, anxiety, relationship struggles, loss, or life transitions, a person needs to be treated on all levels. Additionally, each person experiences the interaction between the three in a unique way, and treatment must reflect that difference between clients. In addition to a doctorate in clinical psychology, I have advanced training in Sensorimotor Psychotherapy (www.sensorimotorpsychotherapy.org) and EMDR (www.emdr.com), both mind/body psychotherapies.
(732) 853-1122 View (732) 853-1122
J. Rametta, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LRC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Highland Park, NJ 08904
In my 30 years of treating people with emotional problems, I have worked in-patient, in extended out-patient settings, early recovery from substance abuse. With trauma victims, soldiers returning from Iraq at Fort Dix and also spiritual and Christian counseling. All people with various challenges are welcome. I am also Licensed as a Rehabilitation Counselor by the State of NJ and work with people who have physical challenges. Anger management is a speciality as is addictions counseling. sexual orientation is not a barrier to receiving treatment.
In my 30 years of treating people with emotional problems, I have worked in-patient, in extended out-patient settings, early recovery from substance abuse. With trauma victims, soldiers returning from Iraq at Fort Dix and also spiritual and Christian counseling. All people with various challenges are welcome. I am also Licensed as a Rehabilitation Counselor by the State of NJ and work with people who have physical challenges. Anger management is a speciality as is addictions counseling. sexual orientation is not a barrier to receiving treatment.
(732) 763-9316 View (732) 763-9316
Photo of Jeffrey Axelbank, Psychologist in Highland Park, NJ
Jeffrey Axelbank
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Highland Park, NJ 08904
People are helped most by considering all aspects of their lives, their strengths as well as the areas giving them problems. Therefore, I will treat you as a whole person, not just as a diagnosis. We will work together to understand how your past is affecting your current situation, and get to the bottom of your issues, for achieving deep, lasting changes. Speaking freely and without inhibitions with your therapist is essential and I work to provide a warm, safe environment for you to do so. I also offer group therapy, which is very effective when combined with individual sessions.
People are helped most by considering all aspects of their lives, their strengths as well as the areas giving them problems. Therefore, I will treat you as a whole person, not just as a diagnosis. We will work together to understand how your past is affecting your current situation, and get to the bottom of your issues, for achieving deep, lasting changes. Speaking freely and without inhibitions with your therapist is essential and I work to provide a warm, safe environment for you to do so. I also offer group therapy, which is very effective when combined with individual sessions.
(732) 703-7235 View (732) 703-7235
Photo of Barbara Zonitch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Barbara Zonitch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
New clients often ask, "how will talking to you about my problems help me?" All of us on this web site would probably agree that working with a caring and interested therapist can have positive, even dramatic, results - - whether that means the relief of depression and anxiety, feeling better and happier in your intimate relationships, dealing with loss, or generally liking yourself better. What is the first meeting like? I want to hear about your immediate concerns, to get to know something of your life story, and to see how we might work together to achieve your goals.
New clients often ask, "how will talking to you about my problems help me?" All of us on this web site would probably agree that working with a caring and interested therapist can have positive, even dramatic, results - - whether that means the relief of depression and anxiety, feeling better and happier in your intimate relationships, dealing with loss, or generally liking yourself better. What is the first meeting like? I want to hear about your immediate concerns, to get to know something of your life story, and to see how we might work together to achieve your goals.
(732) 523-0958 View (732) 523-0958
Photo of We Rise Therapy- South/East Asian/BIPOC Therapists, Licensed Professional Counselor in Highland Park, NJ
We Rise Therapy- South/East Asian/BIPOC Therapists
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904  (Online Only)
Are you a South/East Asian or BIPOC woman struggling with anxiety, self doubt, identity struggles and relationships issues? Are you having trouble keeping up with the demands of work, school, family and social life and it feels like a constant balancing act? Do you have trouble being assertive and confident in your relationships? Are you going through a break up, life transition or just have trouble relating to your parents and family who have different expectations for you? Are you a new mom, expecting or navigating infertility challenges? Being a woman in today’s modern society is hard, but you don't have to be alone.
Are you a South/East Asian or BIPOC woman struggling with anxiety, self doubt, identity struggles and relationships issues? Are you having trouble keeping up with the demands of work, school, family and social life and it feels like a constant balancing act? Do you have trouble being assertive and confident in your relationships? Are you going through a break up, life transition or just have trouble relating to your parents and family who have different expectations for you? Are you a new mom, expecting or navigating infertility challenges? Being a woman in today’s modern society is hard, but you don't have to be alone.
(862) 245-4369 View (862) 245-4369
Perspectives Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
Are you or your loved one experiencing difficulty managing emotions, chaotic relationships, overwhelming stress, or high risk behaviors? Have other treatments been unsuccessful? We offer evidenced based treatments designed to help you gain control of your life and adopt healthy and balanced thinking/behaviors. Individuals will gain greater awareness of self, ability to manage emotions, improve relationships, and build a life worth living. We offer a safe environment, personalized treatment plans, and are dedicated to helping you reach your personal goals.
Are you or your loved one experiencing difficulty managing emotions, chaotic relationships, overwhelming stress, or high risk behaviors? Have other treatments been unsuccessful? We offer evidenced based treatments designed to help you gain control of your life and adopt healthy and balanced thinking/behaviors. Individuals will gain greater awareness of self, ability to manage emotions, improve relationships, and build a life worth living. We offer a safe environment, personalized treatment plans, and are dedicated to helping you reach your personal goals.
(732) 831-7534 View (732) 831-7534
Photo of Kenneth Kressel, Psychologist in Highland Park, NJ
Kenneth Kressel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904
People seek my help because of a troubled relationship or feelings of anxiety or depression caused by some important life disappointment. They are often internally conflicted about how to deal with their distress and seek understanding and guidance from a supportive professional. For men the focus is often on helping them become more emotionally self-aware and attentive to their partners; for women it often means helping them find ways to be more assertive and clear about their needs.
People seek my help because of a troubled relationship or feelings of anxiety or depression caused by some important life disappointment. They are often internally conflicted about how to deal with their distress and seek understanding and guidance from a supportive professional. For men the focus is often on helping them become more emotionally self-aware and attentive to their partners; for women it often means helping them find ways to be more assertive and clear about their needs.
(732) 410-7480 View (732) 410-7480
Photo of Tiffany Zhu, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Tiffany Zhu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Highland Park, NJ 08904  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
If you're reading this, I invite you to take a moment and breathe. May you receive this affirmation: "I am glad that you are here." It may have been a long journey: painful and lonely, confusing and frustating, and maybe even scary and hopeless. That you have made it here, is something to uplift. It is not easy to be known by those around you, and sometimes most of all, to be known to yourself.
If you're reading this, I invite you to take a moment and breathe. May you receive this affirmation: "I am glad that you are here." It may have been a long journey: painful and lonely, confusing and frustating, and maybe even scary and hopeless. That you have made it here, is something to uplift. It is not easy to be known by those around you, and sometimes most of all, to be known to yourself.
(732) 605-6003 View (732) 605-6003
Photo of Vanessa Daza-Heck, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Vanessa Daza-Heck
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Highland Park, NJ 08904  (Online Only)
I am a bilingual Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has trained in the United States and abroad. I have worked with individuals who may be coping with depression, anxiety, post traumatic stress disorder, complex post traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and/or other chronic mental illness. My primary focus in individual sessions is to empower my clients with a mixture of empathy and humor to work together in defining and reaching their goals.
I am a bilingual Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has trained in the United States and abroad. I have worked with individuals who may be coping with depression, anxiety, post traumatic stress disorder, complex post traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and/or other chronic mental illness. My primary focus in individual sessions is to empower my clients with a mixture of empathy and humor to work together in defining and reaching their goals.
(732) 374-3918 View (732) 374-3918
Photo of Katarina (Kate) Winkler, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Highland Park, NJ
Katarina (Kate) Winkler
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LAMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Highland Park, NJ 08904
I work with individuals, couples, and families who struggle with anxiety, depression, complex relationships, and life transitions. I can work with you on optimizing your dating life, keep you accountable, help assess compatibility in a relationship you are uncertain about, and support you in dissolving accumulated resentment from a long-term relationship. My aim is not just to reduce painful symptoms but to educate and inspire your personal growth. If you are new to therapy, not sure you need therapy, or have been frustrated with therapy in the past, I welcome you to a highly transformative, in-depth, and practical approach.
I work with individuals, couples, and families who struggle with anxiety, depression, complex relationships, and life transitions. I can work with you on optimizing your dating life, keep you accountable, help assess compatibility in a relationship you are uncertain about, and support you in dissolving accumulated resentment from a long-term relationship. My aim is not just to reduce painful symptoms but to educate and inspire your personal growth. If you are new to therapy, not sure you need therapy, or have been frustrated with therapy in the past, I welcome you to a highly transformative, in-depth, and practical approach.
(732) 716-2920 View (732) 716-2920
Photo of Lora Kimball, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Highland Park, NJ
Lora Kimball
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Highland Park, NJ 08904  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship problems or issues related to substance use? Maybe you have suffered a loss or been through a traumatic experience and are feeling overwhelmed by your emotions, stuck, or just numb? You are not alone. Everybody needs help sometimes to cope in a healthy and skillful way with life’s challenges and changes. If you want to feel better, learn more about yourself, and identify patterns of behavior & thinking that no longer serve you well, therapy may help. Tap into your innate strengths, find new meaning from your experiences, or simply get some extra support and perspective.
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship problems or issues related to substance use? Maybe you have suffered a loss or been through a traumatic experience and are feeling overwhelmed by your emotions, stuck, or just numb? You are not alone. Everybody needs help sometimes to cope in a healthy and skillful way with life’s challenges and changes. If you want to feel better, learn more about yourself, and identify patterns of behavior & thinking that no longer serve you well, therapy may help. Tap into your innate strengths, find new meaning from your experiences, or simply get some extra support and perspective.
(732) 532-3228 View (732) 532-3228
Photo of David Siegman, Psychologist in Highland Park, NJ
David Siegman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Highland Park, NJ 08904  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I AM not accepting new patients at this time. This practice will be closing as of July 3, 2024. My office phone and professional email will continue operating at least until August 1, 2024.
I AM not accepting new patients at this time. This practice will be closing as of July 3, 2024. My office phone and professional email will continue operating at least until August 1, 2024.
(732) 853-1091 View (732) 853-1091

See more therapy options for Highland Park

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Highland Park, NJ

100+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Highland Park, NJ who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Grief
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Aetna
47% Cigna and Evernorth
46% Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield

How Therapists in Highland Park, NJ see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
24% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Highland Park?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.