Photo of Roberta Jane Zatkowsky, LPC, MSc, MS, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Roberta Jane Zatkowsky
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MSc, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259
I treat OCD, Trichotillomania (hair-pulling), & Dermatillomania (skin-picking) using Exposure Response Prevention, ComB, HRT, & ACT. Treat past and present TRAUMA using EMDR. I have experience in individual and group therapy with children, adolescents, adults, couples, & families suffering from depression, anxiety, & bipolar disorder. I treat children and adolescents' behavioral problems such as aggression, anger, rebellion, poor academic performance, criminal problems, and sexual abuse. I have worked with adults suffering from sexual compulsivity and addiction, and educate adults on parenting skills and communication skills. I work with couples going through infertility, adoption, and relationship issues.
I treat OCD, Trichotillomania (hair-pulling), & Dermatillomania (skin-picking) using Exposure Response Prevention, ComB, HRT, & ACT. Treat past and present TRAUMA using EMDR. I have experience in individual and group therapy with children, adolescents, adults, couples, & families suffering from depression, anxiety, & bipolar disorder. I treat children and adolescents' behavioral problems such as aggression, anger, rebellion, poor academic performance, criminal problems, and sexual abuse. I have worked with adults suffering from sexual compulsivity and addiction, and educate adults on parenting skills and communication skills. I work with couples going through infertility, adoption, and relationship issues.
(480) 405-7596 View (480) 405-7596
Photo of Raymond Lauvai, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Raymond Lauvai
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
Are you someone that contemplates Therapy and is unsure of what it exactly entails? Therapy can be an intimidating process, let me help create a safe space where we can explore your immediate needs together. I believe if we partialize and prioritize our thoughts, we will be able to tackle each challenging stressor with confidence. As a Licensed Master Social Work Therapist, I am here to ease some of the intimidation of therapy and make this a simple and accessible process.
Are you someone that contemplates Therapy and is unsure of what it exactly entails? Therapy can be an intimidating process, let me help create a safe space where we can explore your immediate needs together. I believe if we partialize and prioritize our thoughts, we will be able to tackle each challenging stressor with confidence. As a Licensed Master Social Work Therapist, I am here to ease some of the intimidation of therapy and make this a simple and accessible process.
(480) 903-8382 View (480) 903-8382
Photo of Helene Zupanc, LPC, MEd, Licensed Professional Counselor
Helene Zupanc
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
Sawubona! This Zulu greeting encompasses how I feel about every client I work with. It means, “I see the whole of you—your experiences, your needs, your passions, your pain, your strengths and weaknesses, and your future. You are valuable to me.” It also recognizes the worth and dignity of each person. I would be honored to walk beside you on your journey to better mental health whether you are suffering from intrusive or repetitive thoughts, low self-esteem, motivation, anxiety, depression, trauma, or simply want to improve your life!
Sawubona! This Zulu greeting encompasses how I feel about every client I work with. It means, “I see the whole of you—your experiences, your needs, your passions, your pain, your strengths and weaknesses, and your future. You are valuable to me.” It also recognizes the worth and dignity of each person. I would be honored to walk beside you on your journey to better mental health whether you are suffering from intrusive or repetitive thoughts, low self-esteem, motivation, anxiety, depression, trauma, or simply want to improve your life!
(928) 371-3085 View (928) 371-3085
Photo of Shockie Dersno, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shockie Dersno
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
I'm so glad that you decided to invest in yourself! So many times we are everything to everyone and forget about ourselves or put ourselves last. It is essential that we stop and get what we need so that we can be the best for ourselves and those that we love.
I'm so glad that you decided to invest in yourself! So many times we are everything to everyone and forget about ourselves or put ourselves last. It is essential that we stop and get what we need so that we can be the best for ourselves and those that we love.
(520) 525-1301 View (520) 525-1301
Photo of Lorrie Henderson, PhD, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lorrie Henderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259
Everyone experiences difficulties at some point in their life. There are times when some help coping and overcoming these challenges is just what is needed. Whether it is difficult relationships, feeling depressed or anxious, a health issue, assistance with a specific mental health issue that is negatively affecting your life or just adjusting to the many challenges everyone faces, we are here to help. We utilize evidenced-based and best practices to get the most desirable results possible. We maintain the utmost privacy and confidentiality.
Everyone experiences difficulties at some point in their life. There are times when some help coping and overcoming these challenges is just what is needed. Whether it is difficult relationships, feeling depressed or anxious, a health issue, assistance with a specific mental health issue that is negatively affecting your life or just adjusting to the many challenges everyone faces, we are here to help. We utilize evidenced-based and best practices to get the most desirable results possible. We maintain the utmost privacy and confidentiality.
(833) 800-6284 View (833) 800-6284
Photo of Allie Schultheis, MA, LPC, LLC, Counselor
Allie Schultheis
Counselor, MA, LPC, LLC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
Hi. Im Allie. What do you need? This is where we start. Need is a strength, not a weakness. Whether personal growth, relationships, grieving, healing of past abuse, trauma or codependency, leadership skills, or overcoming that dang shame judge in our heads, we need support. Isolation is not helpful to us, and I encourage you to build a life team of authentic relationships. I am trained in the Townsend Model of Competency and Character Growth incorporating Grace, Truth and Time to your bonding, boundaries, accepting reality and embracing your competency for good fruit to grow in your personal, professional and relational life.
Hi. Im Allie. What do you need? This is where we start. Need is a strength, not a weakness. Whether personal growth, relationships, grieving, healing of past abuse, trauma or codependency, leadership skills, or overcoming that dang shame judge in our heads, we need support. Isolation is not helpful to us, and I encourage you to build a life team of authentic relationships. I am trained in the Townsend Model of Competency and Character Growth incorporating Grace, Truth and Time to your bonding, boundaries, accepting reality and embracing your competency for good fruit to grow in your personal, professional and relational life.
(480) 780-1932 View (480) 780-1932
Photo of Jessica Shetzen, LCSW, CCATP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Shetzen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCATP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
Has anxiety left you feeling stuck? Do you worry about things that are out of your control? I am passionate about working with individuals who struggle with anxiety, depressive disorders. I enjoy connecting with others and talking them through the ups and downs of life's everyday stressors, as well as drawing connections between past and present experiences. I am a "realist" in that I act like myself in sessions, not like the stuffy armchair psychotherapist you might imagine from movies.
Has anxiety left you feeling stuck? Do you worry about things that are out of your control? I am passionate about working with individuals who struggle with anxiety, depressive disorders. I enjoy connecting with others and talking them through the ups and downs of life's everyday stressors, as well as drawing connections between past and present experiences. I am a "realist" in that I act like myself in sessions, not like the stuffy armchair psychotherapist you might imagine from movies.
(623) 253-7792 View (623) 253-7792
Photo of Naomi Maza, LMSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Naomi Maza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
Are you scrolling through social media late at night or just in your day-to-day life and not feeling fulfilled in life? Do you often find yourself comparing your faults with how other people are doing? Are you exhausted from any factor or stressor that is weighing you down? I will provide a comfy space for us to explore these current and past life stressors together. My focus is to empower you to leave our sessions with effective tools that you can apply to your wellbeing.
Are you scrolling through social media late at night or just in your day-to-day life and not feeling fulfilled in life? Do you often find yourself comparing your faults with how other people are doing? Are you exhausted from any factor or stressor that is weighing you down? I will provide a comfy space for us to explore these current and past life stressors together. My focus is to empower you to leave our sessions with effective tools that you can apply to your wellbeing.
(602) 584-8498 View (602) 584-8498
Photo of Beverly Kube, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Beverly Kube
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
You feel alone and unsupported. No one seems to understand what your are going through. You have had too many losses, disappointments and relationship difficulties in life and its been hard going through it alone. You struggle to stop self doubt, overthinking and people-pleasing.
You feel alone and unsupported. No one seems to understand what your are going through. You have had too many losses, disappointments and relationship difficulties in life and its been hard going through it alone. You struggle to stop self doubt, overthinking and people-pleasing.
(928) 316-0631 View (928) 316-0631
Photo of Eva Minaskeian - Scottsdale Family Therapy, MFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Scottsdale Family Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259
What courage it takes for you to just be here. Welcome. And thank you for taking this step. Life is challenging and my belief is that even with a little help, you can overcome those challenges and function at your best. The past can be your teacher, and time your healer. My belief is that when we stop fighting the past or our present hardships is when we can THRIVE. I will meet you where you are. We can go from there.
What courage it takes for you to just be here. Welcome. And thank you for taking this step. Life is challenging and my belief is that even with a little help, you can overcome those challenges and function at your best. The past can be your teacher, and time your healer. My belief is that when we stop fighting the past or our present hardships is when we can THRIVE. I will meet you where you are. We can go from there.
(480) 637-3934 View (480) 637-3934
Photo of Michael Zatkowsky, PsyD, Psychologist
Michael Zatkowsky
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259
1st Psychologist in Arizona to treat OCD as a specialty starting 25 years ago, and 1st to attend all available Advanced training to CORRECTLY treat OCD using ERP (Exposure Response Prevention). National Panel of Experts member at the International OCD Annual conference. Treat all OCD Spectrum Disorders, including Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs) such as Trichotillomania (hair pulling), Dermatillomania (skin-picking), Nail-biting, Cuticle-pulling; Tics; Tourettes Syndrome; Hoarding; Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD); Anxiety Disorders; and Depression. Patients range in age from 3 to 93 years old. Our goal at the OCD Spectrum Clinic is to make us obsolete.
1st Psychologist in Arizona to treat OCD as a specialty starting 25 years ago, and 1st to attend all available Advanced training to CORRECTLY treat OCD using ERP (Exposure Response Prevention). National Panel of Experts member at the International OCD Annual conference. Treat all OCD Spectrum Disorders, including Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs) such as Trichotillomania (hair pulling), Dermatillomania (skin-picking), Nail-biting, Cuticle-pulling; Tics; Tourettes Syndrome; Hoarding; Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD); Anxiety Disorders; and Depression. Patients range in age from 3 to 93 years old. Our goal at the OCD Spectrum Clinic is to make us obsolete.
(480) 525-8353 View (480) 525-8353
Photo of Gregory Thomas Struve, LPC, SEP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Gregory Thomas Struve
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, SEP
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
If the things that you’re doing online or in bed are making you want to harm yourself (or someone else), you can call me. I won’t co-sign the stuff that’s causing harm, but I also won’t judge you. No matter what it is.
If the things that you’re doing online or in bed are making you want to harm yourself (or someone else), you can call me. I won’t co-sign the stuff that’s causing harm, but I also won’t judge you. No matter what it is.
(480) 535-8891 View (480) 535-8891
Photo of Alex Zoloto, MC, LPC, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Alex Zoloto
Licensed Professional Counselor, MC, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259
Not accepting new clients. If you've been feeling plagued by a sense of hopelessness or feeling stuck in life, then what I'd most like to help you do is find your way out of the fog. Throughout my career I've helped clients that have struggled with addiction and trauma regain hope and become the best version of themselves. I take a trauma focused approach to help clients to get to know themselves again, or sometimes even for the first time. It has been an incredible honor and pleasure to help people sort out the chaos of their past and find hope and joy again. I would love to help you to overcome your trauma and find your resilience
Not accepting new clients. If you've been feeling plagued by a sense of hopelessness or feeling stuck in life, then what I'd most like to help you do is find your way out of the fog. Throughout my career I've helped clients that have struggled with addiction and trauma regain hope and become the best version of themselves. I take a trauma focused approach to help clients to get to know themselves again, or sometimes even for the first time. It has been an incredible honor and pleasure to help people sort out the chaos of their past and find hope and joy again. I would love to help you to overcome your trauma and find your resilience
(623) 263-2260 View (623) 263-2260
Photo of Michelle Gallagher - Around the Corner Counseling, PLLC, LPC, LISAC, CT, SEP, CGRS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Around the Corner Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LISAC, CT, SEP, CGRS
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259
Hello, I am Michelle Gallagher. I have over 20 years of experience as a therapist and have a private practice. I work with adults who experience symptoms of trauma, attachment issues, substance use disorders, mood disorders, grief and loss, stress management, and a variety of other issues that impact your life, and the lives of those who care about you. I have a small office in North Scottsdale. Due to COVID-19, HIPAA approved video platform sessions are also available.
Hello, I am Michelle Gallagher. I have over 20 years of experience as a therapist and have a private practice. I work with adults who experience symptoms of trauma, attachment issues, substance use disorders, mood disorders, grief and loss, stress management, and a variety of other issues that impact your life, and the lives of those who care about you. I have a small office in North Scottsdale. Due to COVID-19, HIPAA approved video platform sessions are also available.
(602) 737-1139 View (602) 737-1139
Photo of Ariana Nicole De Andrado-Byars, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ariana Nicole De Andrado-Byars
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
Hi there, thank you for taking the time to be curious about my work! I possess an innate desire to understand each individual and couple’s unique perspectives and circumstances. This allows me to create a safe non-judgemental space for clients in the therapy room so you can explore all aspects of your past and present experiences. As a counselor, I am here to be a collaborative, curious and interactive part of your self discovery by using your feedback along with my knowledge and skills to aid you in a deeper understanding of yourself and/or your relationship.
Hi there, thank you for taking the time to be curious about my work! I possess an innate desire to understand each individual and couple’s unique perspectives and circumstances. This allows me to create a safe non-judgemental space for clients in the therapy room so you can explore all aspects of your past and present experiences. As a counselor, I am here to be a collaborative, curious and interactive part of your self discovery by using your feedback along with my knowledge and skills to aid you in a deeper understanding of yourself and/or your relationship.
(520) 368-0985 View (520) 368-0985
Photo of Dustin Wallace, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dustin Wallace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
Are you not at peace in your life?
Are you not at peace in your life?
(602) 932-3099 View (602) 932-3099
Photo of Dr. Natalie Horn, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Natalie Horn
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259  (Online Only)
Imagine a world in which you are not held back by anxieties, negative thoughts, or self doubt. Maybe you would see yourself as the talented and high achieving person others say you are. Maybe you would have the confidence to pursue a new passion or deepen your relationships. If you are a busy human looking for practical ways to quiet an anxious brain, let go of perfectionism, or tolerate difficult emotions, I am here to help. You can expect me to be genuine and supportive, while simultaneously encouraging you to make changes and expand your thinking. I provide space for reflection along with practical suggestions and tools.
Imagine a world in which you are not held back by anxieties, negative thoughts, or self doubt. Maybe you would see yourself as the talented and high achieving person others say you are. Maybe you would have the confidence to pursue a new passion or deepen your relationships. If you are a busy human looking for practical ways to quiet an anxious brain, let go of perfectionism, or tolerate difficult emotions, I am here to help. You can expect me to be genuine and supportive, while simultaneously encouraging you to make changes and expand your thinking. I provide space for reflection along with practical suggestions and tools.
(719) 497-5070 View (719) 497-5070
Photo of Sonya K. Bettendorf, PhD, PLLC, Psychologist
Sonya K. Bettendorf
Psychologist, PhD, PLLC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259
Relationships are vital for survival and necessary for growth. Often, however, people experience disconnections from others, which can be a major source of suffering. Although we deeply desire and need emotional connections, many people are reasonably apprehensive about the risks involved in intimacy. As a result, one may keep parts of themselves hidden or silenced. This serves an important protective function, which must be honored and understood with compassionate curiosity. Therapy can offer a safe space to relinquish unproductive patterns and consider new, more balanced and flexible ways of relating.
Relationships are vital for survival and necessary for growth. Often, however, people experience disconnections from others, which can be a major source of suffering. Although we deeply desire and need emotional connections, many people are reasonably apprehensive about the risks involved in intimacy. As a result, one may keep parts of themselves hidden or silenced. This serves an important protective function, which must be honored and understood with compassionate curiosity. Therapy can offer a safe space to relinquish unproductive patterns and consider new, more balanced and flexible ways of relating.
(480) 696-5127 View (480) 696-5127
Photo of Ilisa Keith, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ilisa Keith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85259
It's nice to meet you! As a Licensed Professional Counselor at Gilbert Counselors LLC, I draw equally from my professional training and the insights I've gained throughout my 30+ year marriage and experiences raising two now-grown children. I think most of us would agree that we're living in challenging times. Many of us feel anxious and pessimistic about the future. We may feel unable to draw pleasure and comfort from our most important relationships or stuck in destructive patterns we believe we're powerless to change. Some of us are facing difficult life transitions or overpowering feelings of loneliness and isolation.
It's nice to meet you! As a Licensed Professional Counselor at Gilbert Counselors LLC, I draw equally from my professional training and the insights I've gained throughout my 30+ year marriage and experiences raising two now-grown children. I think most of us would agree that we're living in challenging times. Many of us feel anxious and pessimistic about the future. We may feel unable to draw pleasure and comfort from our most important relationships or stuck in destructive patterns we believe we're powerless to change. Some of us are facing difficult life transitions or overpowering feelings of loneliness and isolation.
(602) 900-8861 View (602) 900-8861
Photo of Joyce Willis, MC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Joyce Willis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85259
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor trained in treating addictions, trauma, depression, anxiety and bereavement. I earned my Bachelor of Education Degree in my early adulthood. After teaching for several years, I earned a Master's Degree in counseling and have been in the counseling field since 1996; working extensively with addiction issues and trauma. My goal is to help promote wellness in clients, helping them connect their emotional, mindful and "soul" selves in a compassionate and challenging manner to promote growth. I have assisted Pia Mellody in her PIT Trainings. See my Facebook page: Wellness with Willis.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor trained in treating addictions, trauma, depression, anxiety and bereavement. I earned my Bachelor of Education Degree in my early adulthood. After teaching for several years, I earned a Master's Degree in counseling and have been in the counseling field since 1996; working extensively with addiction issues and trauma. My goal is to help promote wellness in clients, helping them connect their emotional, mindful and "soul" selves in a compassionate and challenging manner to promote growth. I have assisted Pia Mellody in her PIT Trainings. See my Facebook page: Wellness with Willis.
(623) 745-8816 View (623) 745-8816
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 85259

70+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 85259 who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
92% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
72% Self Esteem
71% Stress
68% Grief

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
56% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 85259 see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
21% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 85259?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.