Photo of Madison Wasikiewicz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Madison Wasikiewicz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Madison Wasikiewicz, MSW Madison Wasikiewicz is an MSW-Supervisee in Social Work in Virginia who has been practicing since 2024. She obtained her Master s degree in Clinical Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University, and also holds a Bachelor s of Social Work from James Madison University. Madison utilizes a strengths-based and client-centered approach specifically designed to meet each individual client s needs and utilizes techniques from a variety of models including CBT, DBT, ACT and Exposure Therapy to not only help individuals identify their maladaptive and negative thought patterns.
Madison Wasikiewicz, MSW Madison Wasikiewicz is an MSW-Supervisee in Social Work in Virginia who has been practicing since 2024. She obtained her Master s degree in Clinical Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University, and also holds a Bachelor s of Social Work from James Madison University. Madison utilizes a strengths-based and client-centered approach specifically designed to meet each individual client s needs and utilizes techniques from a variety of models including CBT, DBT, ACT and Exposure Therapy to not only help individuals identify their maladaptive and negative thought patterns.
(804) 374-9029 View (804) 374-9029
Photo of Noah Cason, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Noah Cason
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Now providing Autism & ADHD diagnostic assessments for Adults virtually in Virginia! Do you have a teen that identifies somewhere on the LGBTQ+ spectrum? Knowing how to best support and show up for your teen can feel overwhelming at times. You love your kid unconditionally, but maybe this all feels new to you and you’re not sure what questions to ask or where to start. Or, maybe you’re a queer parent yourself and are looking for a therapist for your child who you can trust to respect and affirm your family.
Now providing Autism & ADHD diagnostic assessments for Adults virtually in Virginia! Do you have a teen that identifies somewhere on the LGBTQ+ spectrum? Knowing how to best support and show up for your teen can feel overwhelming at times. You love your kid unconditionally, but maybe this all feels new to you and you’re not sure what questions to ask or where to start. Or, maybe you’re a queer parent yourself and are looking for a therapist for your child who you can trust to respect and affirm your family.
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Photo of Sarah Spinner-Watson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sarah Spinner-Watson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
You are the driver in our sessions, and I am here to help and guide you through your journey! My goal as a therapist is to create a safe space for the client to identify their feelings, process life situations, and how to navigate challenges. Whether a potential client needs support, a listening ear, and/or treatment solutions - I am here to help.
You are the driver in our sessions, and I am here to help and guide you through your journey! My goal as a therapist is to create a safe space for the client to identify their feelings, process life situations, and how to navigate challenges. Whether a potential client needs support, a listening ear, and/or treatment solutions - I am here to help.
(804) 531-5935 View (804) 531-5935
Photo of Keesha Anderson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Keesha Anderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Keesha Anderson is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia who has been practicing since 2019. Keesha helps her clients by creating a safe and supportive environment for them. She displays empathy and active listening skills and empowers clients to be the best that they can be in their journey of life. Keesha helps clients improve their interpersonal relationships by developing better communication skills, setting healthy boundaries, and understanding relational dynamics. Outside of work, Keesha loves to spend time with her family and friends.
Keesha Anderson is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia who has been practicing since 2019. Keesha helps her clients by creating a safe and supportive environment for them. She displays empathy and active listening skills and empowers clients to be the best that they can be in their journey of life. Keesha helps clients improve their interpersonal relationships by developing better communication skills, setting healthy boundaries, and understanding relational dynamics. Outside of work, Keesha loves to spend time with her family and friends.
(804) 966-0045 View (804) 966-0045
Derek Sean Joyce
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Derek Joyce, LPC (he/him) is an enthusiastic geek who combines nearly a decade of clinical experience with a creative imagination to give a unique experience to his clients. Derek focuses on use of Havening, EMDR, Narrative, Relationship, ACT, and CBT/DBT therapies. Derek likes to add games, video, and art based enhancements to bring a multidimensional and fun spin to sessions. Regardless of who you are, whatever you’ve been through, who you love or your lifestyle, you will be accepted and encouraged. Ally to all. Works with teens and up.
Derek Joyce, LPC (he/him) is an enthusiastic geek who combines nearly a decade of clinical experience with a creative imagination to give a unique experience to his clients. Derek focuses on use of Havening, EMDR, Narrative, Relationship, ACT, and CBT/DBT therapies. Derek likes to add games, video, and art based enhancements to bring a multidimensional and fun spin to sessions. Regardless of who you are, whatever you’ve been through, who you love or your lifestyle, you will be accepted and encouraged. Ally to all. Works with teens and up.
(804) 657-6148 View (804) 657-6148
Photo of Ellen Welthy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ellen Welthy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 16 years of experience. I graduated from Adelphi University in New York with a Masters Degree in Social Work in 1989. I have worked in Virginia, New York & Florida. I have worked in various settings including mental health clinics in New York where I coordinated with psychiatrists in the care of children, adolescents, & adults; in community counseling centers in Florida providing couples counseling & individual therapy to adults; in after-school programs for emotionally disabled children in Florida & Virginia and with parents to improve parenting skills & improve family relationships.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 16 years of experience. I graduated from Adelphi University in New York with a Masters Degree in Social Work in 1989. I have worked in Virginia, New York & Florida. I have worked in various settings including mental health clinics in New York where I coordinated with psychiatrists in the care of children, adolescents, & adults; in community counseling centers in Florida providing couples counseling & individual therapy to adults; in after-school programs for emotionally disabled children in Florida & Virginia and with parents to improve parenting skills & improve family relationships.
(804) 361-9106 View (804) 361-9106
Photo of LaToya Cotman, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
LaToya Cotman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Online Only
Hello! Thank you for taking the time to inquire more about the services I offer. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in VA and a Board Certified Clinical Supervisor for LPC Residents. I offer individual, family, and group counseling to a variety of ages including children, adolescents, and adults.
Hello! Thank you for taking the time to inquire more about the services I offer. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in VA and a Board Certified Clinical Supervisor for LPC Residents. I offer individual, family, and group counseling to a variety of ages including children, adolescents, and adults.
(757) 906-3177 View (757) 906-3177
Photo of Lindsey Koerner, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lindsey Koerner
Pre-Licensed Professional
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Have you felt like the rug has been pulled out from under you? That life is not going the way you expected? The first question is "why?" closely followed by "what now?" When this happens it can be hard to refocus, adjust expectations, and strengthen your purpose. Sometimes the struggle comes as part of an external event, like losing a job, yet often it's part of a more internal tug-of-war, like a lack of self-confidence. I would like to partner with you to help as you build resilience, process loss and unresolved issues; moving forward with purpose and hope in alignment with your strengths and values.
Have you felt like the rug has been pulled out from under you? That life is not going the way you expected? The first question is "why?" closely followed by "what now?" When this happens it can be hard to refocus, adjust expectations, and strengthen your purpose. Sometimes the struggle comes as part of an external event, like losing a job, yet often it's part of a more internal tug-of-war, like a lack of self-confidence. I would like to partner with you to help as you build resilience, process loss and unresolved issues; moving forward with purpose and hope in alignment with your strengths and values.
(804) 373-7760 View (804) 373-7760
Photo of Eron John Cavanaugh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Eron John Cavanaugh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Eron is a part-time member of Resilience Counseling and has been working in the mental health field since 2014. Eron received his Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology from Milligan Christian College in 2012. He then went on to receive his Master’s Degree in Social Work from the Indiana University School of Social Work in 2014. After moving to Virginia, Eron began working in a crisis counseling department in pursuit of serving others in need and becoming a Licensed Clinical Social Worker.
Eron is a part-time member of Resilience Counseling and has been working in the mental health field since 2014. Eron received his Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology from Milligan Christian College in 2012. He then went on to receive his Master’s Degree in Social Work from the Indiana University School of Social Work in 2014. After moving to Virginia, Eron began working in a crisis counseling department in pursuit of serving others in need and becoming a Licensed Clinical Social Worker.
(804) 966-0638 View (804) 966-0638
Photo of Janine Turner - Janine Turner LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Janine Turner LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
This is a time of great stress and challenge for everyone. You have reached out to begin rebuilding a life a balance and resilience. I am happy to work with you on your journey. In my 35 years of service in working with adults I have come to understand that “one size does not fit all”. You and I will work together to define your own personal goals and develop a path of healing and growth to achieve what is right for your life. I work entirely on-line so that you can access these services in the comfort and privacy of your own home. My hours are from 11:00-3:00 Tues. & Wed. If you are ready to start your journey, please contact me.
This is a time of great stress and challenge for everyone. You have reached out to begin rebuilding a life a balance and resilience. I am happy to work with you on your journey. In my 35 years of service in working with adults I have come to understand that “one size does not fit all”. You and I will work together to define your own personal goals and develop a path of healing and growth to achieve what is right for your life. I work entirely on-line so that you can access these services in the comfort and privacy of your own home. My hours are from 11:00-3:00 Tues. & Wed. If you are ready to start your journey, please contact me.
(804) 373-2313 View (804) 373-2313
Photo of Melissa Montgomery, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Melissa Montgomery
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Glen Allen, VA 23059
As a counselor, I am deeply committed to creating a safe and supportive environment where clients can explore their thoughts and emotions without judgment. I believe that everyone deserves a space to be heard and understood, and I strive to embody empathy and compassion in every session. My approach is rooted in person-centered therapy, which allows me to meet clients where they are in their journey. By fostering a strong therapeutic alliance, I encourage individuals to express themselves freely, facilitating deeper self-exploration and understanding.
As a counselor, I am deeply committed to creating a safe and supportive environment where clients can explore their thoughts and emotions without judgment. I believe that everyone deserves a space to be heard and understood, and I strive to embody empathy and compassion in every session. My approach is rooted in person-centered therapy, which allows me to meet clients where they are in their journey. By fostering a strong therapeutic alliance, I encourage individuals to express themselves freely, facilitating deeper self-exploration and understanding.
(804) 589-5775 View (804) 589-5775
Photo of Opal Ritchie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Opal Ritchie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
You really are the most important person in your life! Finding a therapist that’s a good fit is half the challenge and I am committed to creating that space for you to be yourself, share your truth and continue your process of growth. It’s about facing challenges together. I’m not here to make you change BUT I will set the stage for you to grow and develop your strengths. Let me guide you in bringing out your inner BADASS, respectfully.
You really are the most important person in your life! Finding a therapist that’s a good fit is half the challenge and I am committed to creating that space for you to be yourself, share your truth and continue your process of growth. It’s about facing challenges together. I’m not here to make you change BUT I will set the stage for you to grow and develop your strengths. Let me guide you in bringing out your inner BADASS, respectfully.
(804) 265-4582 View (804) 265-4582
Photo of Jennifer Eckert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAC
Jennifer Eckert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAC
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor in the states of Virginia, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia. I have over 20 years of counseling and behavioral health experience. I have worked with children as young as 6 and adults throughout the lifespan. My expertise is helping teens and adults overcome the challenges of depression, anxiety, ADHD, emotional regulation, trauma, addiction, relationship issues and navigating the seasons of life.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor in the states of Virginia, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia. I have over 20 years of counseling and behavioral health experience. I have worked with children as young as 6 and adults throughout the lifespan. My expertise is helping teens and adults overcome the challenges of depression, anxiety, ADHD, emotional regulation, trauma, addiction, relationship issues and navigating the seasons of life.
(804) 331-8355 View (804) 331-8355
Photo of Cathy Medina, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Cathy Medina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Glen Allen, VA 23059
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 23 years of experience working with adults, children, couples and families. I graduated from Florida State University with a Bachelors Degree in Psychology and a Masters Degree in Social Work. I have worked in Florida and Virginia, in various settings including community based mental health, outpatient services, residential services for adults and children, and psychiatric hospitals. I have worked with adults and adolescents recovering from traumatic experiences as well as those experiencing anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and relationship issues.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 23 years of experience working with adults, children, couples and families. I graduated from Florida State University with a Bachelors Degree in Psychology and a Masters Degree in Social Work. I have worked in Florida and Virginia, in various settings including community based mental health, outpatient services, residential services for adults and children, and psychiatric hospitals. I have worked with adults and adolescents recovering from traumatic experiences as well as those experiencing anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and relationship issues.
(804) 465-7707 View (804) 465-7707
Photo of Deena A Terrell - NU Vision Counseling and Consulting Services LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BC-TMH, LCSW, NCCE, ACM, SAP
NU Vision Counseling and Consulting Services LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BC-TMH, LCSW, NCCE, ACM, SAP
Online Only
We are a private practice of licensed clinical staff serving several states throughout the east coast, via traditional and non-traditional mental health services, caregiver support and professional development. We support communities, domestic courts and partner with local community agencies, academic institutes and small businesses.
We are a private practice of licensed clinical staff serving several states throughout the east coast, via traditional and non-traditional mental health services, caregiver support and professional development. We support communities, domestic courts and partner with local community agencies, academic institutes and small businesses.
(757) 384-9636 View (757) 384-9636
Photo of Deborah Wolff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT
Deborah Wolff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
The journey of healing begins with that moment of understanding that you, your child, or your family are ready to find a new way to live. Whether the struggle is living with trauma, neurodivergence, behaviors that create chaos, family or relationship conflict, managing "big" feelings and emotions, or are questioning if you can feel anything at all, therapy is an opportunity to uncover the source, recover from the pain, and discover who you (or your child, family or partner) are and meant to be.
The journey of healing begins with that moment of understanding that you, your child, or your family are ready to find a new way to live. Whether the struggle is living with trauma, neurodivergence, behaviors that create chaos, family or relationship conflict, managing "big" feelings and emotions, or are questioning if you can feel anything at all, therapy is an opportunity to uncover the source, recover from the pain, and discover who you (or your child, family or partner) are and meant to be.
(804) 719-4425 View (804) 719-4425
Photo of Stephen M Delo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stephen M Delo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Stephen M. Delo, LCSW Stephen M. Delo is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who started practicing in 2012. He has a Masters in Social Work from Louisiana State University. Stephen approaches treatment with an analytical, yet relatable perspective, utilizing an eclectic approach that draws from ACT, CBT, DBT, professional and personal life experiences. In his spare time, Stephen enjoys exercise and fitness, coding, 3D art, reading, and cooking.
Stephen M. Delo, LCSW Stephen M. Delo is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who started practicing in 2012. He has a Masters in Social Work from Louisiana State University. Stephen approaches treatment with an analytical, yet relatable perspective, utilizing an eclectic approach that draws from ACT, CBT, DBT, professional and personal life experiences. In his spare time, Stephen enjoys exercise and fitness, coding, 3D art, reading, and cooking.
(804) 415-8403 View (804) 415-8403
Photo of Shavon Bailey, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Shavon Bailey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Shavon Bailey, LPC, provides compassionate and evidencebased therapy to individuals and couples in Virginia, helping them navigate lifes challenges with resilience and confidence. She specializes in treating anxiety, depression, and traumarelated disorders, working with adolescents, young adults, and adults to develop coping strategies that foster emotional wellbeing. With a clientcentered approach, Shavon creates a safe space where clients can openly explore their thoughts and emotions, empowering them to make meaningful changes in their lives.
Shavon Bailey, LPC, provides compassionate and evidencebased therapy to individuals and couples in Virginia, helping them navigate lifes challenges with resilience and confidence. She specializes in treating anxiety, depression, and traumarelated disorders, working with adolescents, young adults, and adults to develop coping strategies that foster emotional wellbeing. With a clientcentered approach, Shavon creates a safe space where clients can openly explore their thoughts and emotions, empowering them to make meaningful changes in their lives.
(804) 719-4581 View (804) 719-4581
Photo of Adrienne N Long, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Adrienne N Long
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Glen Allen, VA 23059
I specialize in overcoming symptoms of anxiety and depression as well as working with people in building a support system, working through feelings of anger or fear, emotional regulation, struggling with substance use, or rebuilding a life after traumatic events. I truly believe that having a therapist is like gaining an ally in life. We are here for support, to add a different perspective to an issue, to help people reach their personal goals, and overcome challenging barriers. I believe we all need a safe place to be ourselves, judgement free with open expression and I am committed to providing this space for my clients.
I specialize in overcoming symptoms of anxiety and depression as well as working with people in building a support system, working through feelings of anger or fear, emotional regulation, struggling with substance use, or rebuilding a life after traumatic events. I truly believe that having a therapist is like gaining an ally in life. We are here for support, to add a different perspective to an issue, to help people reach their personal goals, and overcome challenging barriers. I believe we all need a safe place to be ourselves, judgement free with open expression and I am committed to providing this space for my clients.
(804) 294-4530 View (804) 294-4530
Photo of Tricia Verno, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Tricia Verno
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
For over 16 years, it’s been a privilege for me to be a therapist. My passion is helping clients heal from different types of stressors, relational issues, and traumas (PTSD, complex-developmental, generational, attachment, religious, etc). These issues often lead to symptoms of anxiety, depression, impulsive/addictive behaviors, eating disorders, and personality disorders – all which I have experience and success in working with. I am only doing Telehealth (virtual therapy) at this time and can see clients who live in Virginia.
For over 16 years, it’s been a privilege for me to be a therapist. My passion is helping clients heal from different types of stressors, relational issues, and traumas (PTSD, complex-developmental, generational, attachment, religious, etc). These issues often lead to symptoms of anxiety, depression, impulsive/addictive behaviors, eating disorders, and personality disorders – all which I have experience and success in working with. I am only doing Telehealth (virtual therapy) at this time and can see clients who live in Virginia.
(804) 376-1298 View (804) 376-1298
1

See more therapy options for 23059

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 23059

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 23059 who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
87% Depression
72% Trauma and PTSD
63% Stress
62% Life Transitions
61% Relationship Issues
59% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% Aetna
81% BlueCross and BlueShield
79% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 23059 see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
13% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 23059?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.