Therapists in V9N

Photo of John Rushforth, Counsellor, BScN, MCouns
John Rushforth
Counsellor, BScN, MCouns
Courtenay, BC V9N
My approach to counselling is based on respect for you the client. I do my very best to ensure that you feel safe, in control of the process, heard, and understood. My job is to get to know your values and how you think, feel, and act, in order to support you to either strengthen or change, aspects of yourself and your life. We will collaborate to establish meaningful and achievable goals focused on creating the life you want.
My approach to counselling is based on respect for you the client. I do my very best to ensure that you feel safe, in control of the process, heard, and understood. My job is to get to know your values and how you think, feel, and act, in order to support you to either strengthen or change, aspects of yourself and your life. We will collaborate to establish meaningful and achievable goals focused on creating the life you want.
(705) 980-1041 View (705) 980-1041
Photo of Katherine Rose Hansen, Pre-Licensed Professional
Katherine Rose Hansen
Pre-Licensed Professional
3 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
I am happy you came here! I am a student counsellor, completing my Master's at Seahorse Counselling in Courtenay, BC. I offer a warm, compassionate space for anyone struggling with addiction, anxiety, depression or just worries and questions about identity, meaning, and purpose. I offer both in person, and online counselling, on a sliding scale according to everyone's individual needs. I would like to help my clients explore their goals, and build a positive, resilient and meaningful life.
I am happy you came here! I am a student counsellor, completing my Master's at Seahorse Counselling in Courtenay, BC. I offer a warm, compassionate space for anyone struggling with addiction, anxiety, depression or just worries and questions about identity, meaning, and purpose. I offer both in person, and online counselling, on a sliding scale according to everyone's individual needs. I would like to help my clients explore their goals, and build a positive, resilient and meaningful life.
(450) 924-1909 View (450) 924-1909
Photo of Kelly McManus, Psychologist, PhD, R, Psych
Kelly McManus
Psychologist, PhD, R, Psych
Courtenay, BC V9N
Dr. Kelly McManus has a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology and has been practicing for over 12 years in various mental health settings as a Psychologist and as Registered Clinical Counsellor. Dr. McManus also has a Masters Degree in Education. She works with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. She uses integrative, strengths-focused, evidenced-based therapy. Her education includes theory and practice in the major approaches in Psychology including Psychodynamic, Cognitive-Behavioural, and Narrative. Dr. McManus tailors her approach to your particular needs, goals, and preferences. Dr. McManus also takes ICBC and Veteran's Affairs clients.
Dr. Kelly McManus has a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology and has been practicing for over 12 years in various mental health settings as a Psychologist and as Registered Clinical Counsellor. Dr. McManus also has a Masters Degree in Education. She works with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. She uses integrative, strengths-focused, evidenced-based therapy. Her education includes theory and practice in the major approaches in Psychology including Psychodynamic, Cognitive-Behavioural, and Narrative. Dr. McManus tailors her approach to your particular needs, goals, and preferences. Dr. McManus also takes ICBC and Veteran's Affairs clients.
(855) 463-2706 View (855) 463-2706
Photo of Daniel Bromley, Registered Social Worker, BSW, RSW
Daniel Bromley
Registered Social Worker, BSW, RSW
5 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
I believe in a holistic approach to health where all parts of our lives are interconnected. Your story is unique and deserves the utmost respect, attention, and creativity to find the best path to healing and lasting change. I am committed to continuous growth and development for my clients. We will go at your pace to find the right solutions. I will work diligently to show you what you are already doing, while also helping you unlock the way forward. You are not alone in whatever you are facing.
I believe in a holistic approach to health where all parts of our lives are interconnected. Your story is unique and deserves the utmost respect, attention, and creativity to find the best path to healing and lasting change. I am committed to continuous growth and development for my clients. We will go at your pace to find the right solutions. I will work diligently to show you what you are already doing, while also helping you unlock the way forward. You are not alone in whatever you are facing.
(778) 655-8602 View (778) 655-8602
Photo of Rebekah Johnson, Pre-Licensed Professional
Rebekah Johnson
Pre-Licensed Professional
Courtenay, BC V9N
Life brings many challenges. I’m here to support you in exploring your unique story. I’m curious about who you are, what’s shaped your path, and how you’ve found meaning along the way. I’m curious how that meaning might continue to grow. I’m drawn to walking alongside those who are learning to value themselves, discover their identity, build self-trust, and uncover purpose in the ordinary rhythms of life. As a parent, I deeply understand the pressures of caregiving and the challenges of self-care.
Life brings many challenges. I’m here to support you in exploring your unique story. I’m curious about who you are, what’s shaped your path, and how you’ve found meaning along the way. I’m curious how that meaning might continue to grow. I’m drawn to walking alongside those who are learning to value themselves, discover their identity, build self-trust, and uncover purpose in the ordinary rhythms of life. As a parent, I deeply understand the pressures of caregiving and the challenges of self-care.
(782) 802-4958 View (782) 802-4958
Photo of Carissa Beu, Counsellor, MACP, RCC, BAHsc
Carissa Beu
Counsellor, MACP, RCC, BAHsc
4 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
Hi there, I am Carissa. Are you seeking support during a time of stress, change, or emotional intensity? Perhaps you find yourself experiencing heightened emotions that feel overwhelming or difficult to understand. My expertise lies in supporting individuals who feel the weight of these intense feelings, often linked to past experiences. I am here to provide a compassionate, safe, and non-judgmental space where you can explore, process, and work through what may be holding you back.
Hi there, I am Carissa. Are you seeking support during a time of stress, change, or emotional intensity? Perhaps you find yourself experiencing heightened emotions that feel overwhelming or difficult to understand. My expertise lies in supporting individuals who feel the weight of these intense feelings, often linked to past experiences. I am here to provide a compassionate, safe, and non-judgmental space where you can explore, process, and work through what may be holding you back.
(226) 457-4997 x103 View (226) 457-4997 x103
Photo of Steph Janzen, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Steph Janzen
Counsellor, MA, RCC
2 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
Do you notice yourself often feeling resentment, anger, guilt, or shame? Are you longing for connection but often feel uncared for or let down by others? Do you find yourself constantly numbing out or in a state of flight or fight? If you're stuck repetitively experiecing these reactions and are ready to get off the rollercoaster, then please keep reading. I understand how these patterns can disrupt mood, energy level, and cognitive functioning, making it difficult to fully enjoy daily activities and relationships. It's exhausting. You deserve to live with greater ease and calm.
Do you notice yourself often feeling resentment, anger, guilt, or shame? Are you longing for connection but often feel uncared for or let down by others? Do you find yourself constantly numbing out or in a state of flight or fight? If you're stuck repetitively experiecing these reactions and are ready to get off the rollercoaster, then please keep reading. I understand how these patterns can disrupt mood, energy level, and cognitive functioning, making it difficult to fully enjoy daily activities and relationships. It's exhausting. You deserve to live with greater ease and calm.
(226) 271-4568 View (226) 271-4568
Photo of Kaylie Michaud - Unbridled Therapeutics, Counsellor, CCC, MACP, RN
Unbridled Therapeutics
Counsellor, CCC, MACP, RN
2 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
I am honoured to provide adults with both individual and couples counselling services. I wholeheartedly believe in the importance of finding a therapist that you can connect with and trust, given the extremely sensitive and sacred context of our work together. As a Registered Nurse, my experiences have profoundly influenced my perspectives on healing and the universality of life’s core experiences. This outlook is captured in my existentially inspired approach where I offer my reverence for the complex, interconnected, and expansive nature of life to help you unravel your thoughts and feelings, to formulate a step by step approach.
I am honoured to provide adults with both individual and couples counselling services. I wholeheartedly believe in the importance of finding a therapist that you can connect with and trust, given the extremely sensitive and sacred context of our work together. As a Registered Nurse, my experiences have profoundly influenced my perspectives on healing and the universality of life’s core experiences. This outlook is captured in my existentially inspired approach where I offer my reverence for the complex, interconnected, and expansive nature of life to help you unravel your thoughts and feelings, to formulate a step by step approach.
(343) 321-2160 View (343) 321-2160
Photo of Keenan Andrew, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Keenan Andrew
Counsellor, MA, RCC
1 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
I am currently accepting new clients into my practice, and I offer a free 15-minute consultation via video or phone call to see if I am a good fit for you moving forward. Together, we can take small steps to help support your healing journey in a culturally responsive and safe way. Thank you for stopping by and I hope to connect soon. Meanwhile, I am located on the traditional K’ómoks First Nation lands which are in the heart of the Comox Valley on Vancouver Island. These are the traditional lands of the Kwakwaka'wakw and Coast Salish peoples. I am honoured to be here on these lands of plenty and look forward to connecting with you.
I am currently accepting new clients into my practice, and I offer a free 15-minute consultation via video or phone call to see if I am a good fit for you moving forward. Together, we can take small steps to help support your healing journey in a culturally responsive and safe way. Thank you for stopping by and I hope to connect soon. Meanwhile, I am located on the traditional K’ómoks First Nation lands which are in the heart of the Comox Valley on Vancouver Island. These are the traditional lands of the Kwakwaka'wakw and Coast Salish peoples. I am honoured to be here on these lands of plenty and look forward to connecting with you.
(902) 612-5204 View (902) 612-5204
Photo of Nicole Burgess, Counsellor, MACP, MTA, RCC
Nicole Burgess
Counsellor, MACP, MTA, RCC
1 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
Through a caring, respectful and collaborative relationship we will work together to rediscover and develop strengths and resiliency as you work towards your goals. I hold a strong belief in our innate wholeness as individuals. It is only the twists and turns of life’s path that sometimes makes this wholeness difficult to see. I hold a Masters degree in counselling psychology and am a Registered Clinical Counsellor (RCC).
Through a caring, respectful and collaborative relationship we will work together to rediscover and develop strengths and resiliency as you work towards your goals. I hold a strong belief in our innate wholeness as individuals. It is only the twists and turns of life’s path that sometimes makes this wholeness difficult to see. I hold a Masters degree in counselling psychology and am a Registered Clinical Counsellor (RCC).
(778) 562-5694 View (778) 562-5694
Photo of Liz Urquhart - Sacred Source Counselling, Counsellor, MPCC, RTC-C
Sacred Source Counselling
Counsellor, MPCC, RTC-C
Courtenay, BC V9N
As my client, I value your beauty and uniqueness, and through my practice I will compassionately hold space for you to gain access to your own innate wisdom. With my guidance you will be invited to develop a deep, loving relationship with yourself and the world around you. With a trauma-informed lens and using mind-body and sensation-based therapies, it is my hope that you will be able to create safety and ease in your system by connecting with the responses that happen below conscious awareness.
As my client, I value your beauty and uniqueness, and through my practice I will compassionately hold space for you to gain access to your own innate wisdom. With my guidance you will be invited to develop a deep, loving relationship with yourself and the world around you. With a trauma-informed lens and using mind-body and sensation-based therapies, it is my hope that you will be able to create safety and ease in your system by connecting with the responses that happen below conscious awareness.
(587) 742-7721 View (587) 742-7721
Photo of Ki Speer - Trauma Therapy - EMDR, Accelerated Resolution, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, RCC, RSW, CCC
Trauma Therapy - EMDR, Accelerated Resolution
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, RCC, RSW, CCC
1 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
Trauma Recovery: Reclaim Your Life. Struggling with trauma's lasting effects? Including, Irritability, sleeplessness, chronic pain, nightmares, difficulty with relationships, panic, hypervigilance, chronic stress, fatigue, inexplicable health concerns, perfectionism, or avoidance. Specializing in trauma recovery for adults 19+, we create a non-judgmental space for healing. Together you'll process traumatic experiences, break stuck patterns, and help your nervous system regulate naturally. Reclaim your sense of safety, purpose and joy - you don't have to carry this alone.
Trauma Recovery: Reclaim Your Life. Struggling with trauma's lasting effects? Including, Irritability, sleeplessness, chronic pain, nightmares, difficulty with relationships, panic, hypervigilance, chronic stress, fatigue, inexplicable health concerns, perfectionism, or avoidance. Specializing in trauma recovery for adults 19+, we create a non-judgmental space for healing. Together you'll process traumatic experiences, break stuck patterns, and help your nervous system regulate naturally. Reclaim your sense of safety, purpose and joy - you don't have to carry this alone.
(778) 647-2440 View (778) 647-2440
Photo of Matthew G O'Donnell, Counsellor, BA, BEd, MACP, RCC
Matthew G O'Donnell
Counsellor, BA, BEd, MACP, RCC
3 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
Sometimes it’s hard to be a person. Whether you're navigating stuck patterns, relationship challenges, or a longing to feel more like yourself, I offer a warm and compassionate space to explore healing — available online throughout British Columbia.
Sometimes it’s hard to be a person. Whether you're navigating stuck patterns, relationship challenges, or a longing to feel more like yourself, I offer a warm and compassionate space to explore healing — available online throughout British Columbia.
(902) 905-6663 View (902) 905-6663
Photo of Paula Hunter, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Paula Hunter
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Courtenay, BC V9N
I am a registered social worker with over 20 years clinical experience working with children, teens and adults. I draw from evidence based therapies including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) and have training in Gottman's Couple's Therapy. I also have training in cultural safety and work from a trauma-informed perspective.
I am a registered social worker with over 20 years clinical experience working with children, teens and adults. I draw from evidence based therapies including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) and have training in Gottman's Couple's Therapy. I also have training in cultural safety and work from a trauma-informed perspective.
(867) 794-1046 View (867) 794-1046
Photo of Carly Wintschel, Pre-Licensed Professional, Intern
Carly Wintschel
Pre-Licensed Professional, Intern
1 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
You may be feeling stuck, stressed, or overwhelmed by relationships, parenting, career pressures, or major life transitions. You’re looking for a safe, supportive space where you can slow down, feel truly understood, and explore what’s happening inside and around you. Together, we can build self-awareness, self-compassion, and practical skills to help you respond to challenges with confidence and clarity, strengthen your relationships, and move toward the meaningful change you want in your life.
You may be feeling stuck, stressed, or overwhelmed by relationships, parenting, career pressures, or major life transitions. You’re looking for a safe, supportive space where you can slow down, feel truly understood, and explore what’s happening inside and around you. Together, we can build self-awareness, self-compassion, and practical skills to help you respond to challenges with confidence and clarity, strengthen your relationships, and move toward the meaningful change you want in your life.
(250) 703-1558 View (250) 703-1558
Photo of Jane Holland, Pre-Licensed Professional, MACP
Jane Holland
Pre-Licensed Professional, MACP
2 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
I am passionate about working with children as young as preschool age, and their families, through play and other hands on activities. With my experience as an Early Childhood Educator combined with my Master degree in Counselling Psychology I weave play and creativity into building connection and trust, which is key to therapeutic success. I have a client - centred approach. I use expressive arts such as play and crafting, along with, narrative therapy, internal family systems (IFS) and sand tray. Contact me for a free consultation if you or your child need some extra help.
I am passionate about working with children as young as preschool age, and their families, through play and other hands on activities. With my experience as an Early Childhood Educator combined with my Master degree in Counselling Psychology I weave play and creativity into building connection and trust, which is key to therapeutic success. I have a client - centred approach. I use expressive arts such as play and crafting, along with, narrative therapy, internal family systems (IFS) and sand tray. Contact me for a free consultation if you or your child need some extra help.
(548) 325-9952 View (548) 325-9952
Photo of Elly Louise Boer - Elly Boer Counselling & Art Therapy, Counsellor, RCC, DVATI, MC:AT
Elly Boer Counselling & Art Therapy
Counsellor, RCC, DVATI, MC:AT
2 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
Creativity and an inner sense of knowing exists within each of us, even if you do not identify as artistic. As a Registered Clinical Counsellor and professional art therapist, I offer creative, sensory and experiential tools and activities to help clients tap into insight and knowledge with less effort and more ease.
Creativity and an inner sense of knowing exists within each of us, even if you do not identify as artistic. As a Registered Clinical Counsellor and professional art therapist, I offer creative, sensory and experiential tools and activities to help clients tap into insight and knowledge with less effort and more ease.
(226) 894-8410 View (226) 894-8410
Photo of Kazimea Sokil, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Kazimea Sokil
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Courtenay, BC V9N
I work with many kinds of clients. Kids and youth; adults; people with a wide range of neurodiversity as well as diversity in gender, sexuality and identity. I offer a great play therapy space for youngsters. Those with a creative imagination may be drawn to creative arts therapy. Do you want to understand yourself better? Communicate better with others? Are you looking for acceptance and empathy along with encouragement to become your best self? Looking for strategies to explore your needs, strengths, resources and obstacles? I want to help you thrive in your world, with joy, confidence and self-acceptance.
I work with many kinds of clients. Kids and youth; adults; people with a wide range of neurodiversity as well as diversity in gender, sexuality and identity. I offer a great play therapy space for youngsters. Those with a creative imagination may be drawn to creative arts therapy. Do you want to understand yourself better? Communicate better with others? Are you looking for acceptance and empathy along with encouragement to become your best self? Looking for strategies to explore your needs, strengths, resources and obstacles? I want to help you thrive in your world, with joy, confidence and self-acceptance.
(778) 718-5762 View (778) 718-5762
Photo of Patricia Curtiss, CCC, MACP, MA
Patricia Curtiss
Verified Verified
Courtenay, BC V9N
For many people, life feels particularly hard right now. Life transitions, such as grief and loss, relationship changes, or career shifts can send a happy life into a tail spin. At times, all these challenges can feel unbearable. Perhaps you struggle with anxiety, depression, or feelings of being stuck. You need a supportive and compassionate space to process your experiences, build resilience, and discover practical coping strategies. If you want to find meaning in your experiences, enhance your emotional intelligence, and foster healthier relationships, then you have come to the right place.
For many people, life feels particularly hard right now. Life transitions, such as grief and loss, relationship changes, or career shifts can send a happy life into a tail spin. At times, all these challenges can feel unbearable. Perhaps you struggle with anxiety, depression, or feelings of being stuck. You need a supportive and compassionate space to process your experiences, build resilience, and discover practical coping strategies. If you want to find meaning in your experiences, enhance your emotional intelligence, and foster healthier relationships, then you have come to the right place.
(365) 990-0374 View (365) 990-0374
Photo of Greg DeLong, Counsellor, MC, BBS, CCC, RCC
Greg DeLong
Counsellor, MC, BBS, CCC, RCC
2 Endorsed
Courtenay, BC V9N
Do you struggle with past trauma, depression, anxiety, and letting go of hurt and pain? Are you dealing with grief and loss that is overwhelming? I'm here to journey with you as you explore new possibilities for your life. Past hurts, trauma, intrusive thoughts, anxiety, depression do not need to define you. The courage and strength to change is within you, and I consider it a sacred honour to journey with you towards change and freedom.
Do you struggle with past trauma, depression, anxiety, and letting go of hurt and pain? Are you dealing with grief and loss that is overwhelming? I'm here to journey with you as you explore new possibilities for your life. Past hurts, trauma, intrusive thoughts, anxiety, depression do not need to define you. The courage and strength to change is within you, and I consider it a sacred honour to journey with you towards change and freedom.
(506) 714-0437 View (506) 714-0437

See more therapy options for V9N

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in V9N

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in V9N who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
89% Social Anxiety
89% Health Anxiety
89% Driving Anxiety
78% Relationship Issues
78% Stress
74% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Pacific Blue Cross
58% Green Shield Canada
58% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in V9N see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
17% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in V9N?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.