Therapists in H7T

Photo of Cheryl Petrinchuk, Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, CO, OPQ
Cheryl Petrinchuk
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, CO, OPQ
2 Endorsed
Laval, QC H7T
My therapeutic intention includes creating a safe place for you to share difficulties, help you rediscover what you need, express and tolerate how you feel, communicate more effectively, grow in self-awareness and self-esteem, find meaning and purpose, instill self-compassion, heal from trauma, and adjust thoughts and behaviours that compound your difficulty. I collaborate with you to help you find ways to positively impact your well-being and create desired change. I am understanding, creative, positive, and empathetic because I know the struggle is real. I am hopeful because I have witnessed incredible healing and growth.
My therapeutic intention includes creating a safe place for you to share difficulties, help you rediscover what you need, express and tolerate how you feel, communicate more effectively, grow in self-awareness and self-esteem, find meaning and purpose, instill self-compassion, heal from trauma, and adjust thoughts and behaviours that compound your difficulty. I collaborate with you to help you find ways to positively impact your well-being and create desired change. I am understanding, creative, positive, and empathetic because I know the struggle is real. I am hopeful because I have witnessed incredible healing and growth.
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Photo of Caitlin Cuggy - Alcove Psychology, Registered Psychotherapist
Alcove Psychology
Registered Psychotherapist
Laval, QC H7T
Do you feel mentally and emotionally drained, even though you’re still showing up and getting things done? Are you functioning on the outside, but running on empty inside, pushing through exhaustion because slowing down feels harder than continuing? Many of the clients we work with come to therapy because they’re tired of carrying so much on their own. They may be dealing with burnout, anxiety, perfectionism, people-pleasing, life transitions, or relationship stress, and want a space where they can slow down, think clearly, and feel understood without judgment.
Do you feel mentally and emotionally drained, even though you’re still showing up and getting things done? Are you functioning on the outside, but running on empty inside, pushing through exhaustion because slowing down feels harder than continuing? Many of the clients we work with come to therapy because they’re tired of carrying so much on their own. They may be dealing with burnout, anxiety, perfectionism, people-pleasing, life transitions, or relationship stress, and want a space where they can slow down, think clearly, and feel understood without judgment.
(579) 977-2487 View (579) 977-2487
Photo of Dr. Clinic Bita - Clinic Dr. Bita (Laval), Psychologist, PhD, MA, BA, OPQ
Clinic Dr. Bita (Laval)
Psychologist, PhD, MA, BA, OPQ
1 Endorsed
Laval, QC H7T
Award-winning clinic of psychologists, psychotherapists, and counselors in multiple locations, including Laval.
Award-winning clinic of psychologists, psychotherapists, and counselors in multiple locations, including Laval.
(514) 400-2505 View (514) 400-2505
Photo of Caitlin Cuggy, Registered Psychotherapist, M Ed, co
Caitlin Cuggy
Registered Psychotherapist, M Ed, co
2 Endorsed
Laval, QC H7T
Do you feel stuck in your head — overthinking, second-guessing yourself, or worrying what others think? Maybe you look like you’re holding it all together, but inside you feel anxious, burnt out, and disconnected. Whether you’re juggling parenting, career stress, or relationship struggles, it can feel like there’s no space left for you. Perfectionism and people-pleasing take a quiet toll. You want to feel calm and grounded — but don’t know where to start.
Do you feel stuck in your head — overthinking, second-guessing yourself, or worrying what others think? Maybe you look like you’re holding it all together, but inside you feel anxious, burnt out, and disconnected. Whether you’re juggling parenting, career stress, or relationship struggles, it can feel like there’s no space left for you. Perfectionism and people-pleasing take a quiet toll. You want to feel calm and grounded — but don’t know where to start.
(438) 701-2513 View (438) 701-2513
Photo of Elissa Rae Landrigan - The Counselling Corner Laval, Counsellor, DCP, CCC, RP (Q)
The Counselling Corner Laval
Counsellor, DCP, CCC, RP (Q)
Laval, QC H7T
Hello and welcome to my practice at The Counselling Corner Laval. I am a Doctoral Candidate in Counselling and Psychotherapy with over 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults and families. I am a Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association member and passionate about helping others on their journey to better mental health and wellness. I use a multitude of approaches to best meet my client's needs and provide a safe and comfortable space to help navigate difficult challenges. I aim to empower and support my clients in creating positive and lasting change.
Hello and welcome to my practice at The Counselling Corner Laval. I am a Doctoral Candidate in Counselling and Psychotherapy with over 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults and families. I am a Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association member and passionate about helping others on their journey to better mental health and wellness. I use a multitude of approaches to best meet my client's needs and provide a safe and comfortable space to help navigate difficult challenges. I aim to empower and support my clients in creating positive and lasting change.
(450) 234-6440 View (450) 234-6440
Photo of Dr Bita, Psychologist, MA, PhD
Dr Bita
Psychologist, MA, PhD
1 Endorsed
Laval, QC H7T
Dr. Bita has made numerous contributions to thousands of Canadians' mental health recovery and continues to impact her community to this day. Dr. Bita has since expanded her scope as a clinical psychologist, by successfully founding the multi-award-winning Clinic Dr. Bita, and authoring 3 Amazon-Selling self-help books.
Dr. Bita has made numerous contributions to thousands of Canadians' mental health recovery and continues to impact her community to this day. Dr. Bita has since expanded her scope as a clinical psychologist, by successfully founding the multi-award-winning Clinic Dr. Bita, and authoring 3 Amazon-Selling self-help books.
(855) 980-6973 View (855) 980-6973
Photo of Ian Zikman - Ian Zikman, Psychologist, Psychologist, MEd, MA, QUE, ONTARIO
Ian Zikman, Psychologist
Psychologist, MEd, MA, QUE, ONTARIO
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Sometimes we find ourselves feeling overwhelmed, afraid, desperate, or alone. Maybe your relationships are spiraling or you never feel good enough. Perhaps you are unfulfilled at work or procrastination is sabotaging you. Your distress from anxiety, depression, or grief may have reached a new level and you can’t cope. I’m a therapist, but I’m human too, I’ve been there. Everybody needs a hand sometimes. I’m ready to be that person for you! I’ll help you get back on track. With 18 years of experience and expertise in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), I’m dedicated to helping clients lead healthier, more productive lives!
Sometimes we find ourselves feeling overwhelmed, afraid, desperate, or alone. Maybe your relationships are spiraling or you never feel good enough. Perhaps you are unfulfilled at work or procrastination is sabotaging you. Your distress from anxiety, depression, or grief may have reached a new level and you can’t cope. I’m a therapist, but I’m human too, I’ve been there. Everybody needs a hand sometimes. I’m ready to be that person for you! I’ll help you get back on track. With 18 years of experience and expertise in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), I’m dedicated to helping clients lead healthier, more productive lives!
(438) 256-2227 View (438) 256-2227
Photo of Ian Zikman - Ian Zikman, Psychologue, Psychologist, MA, MEd, OPQ, QUEBEC, ONTARIO
Ian Zikman, Psychologue
Psychologist, MA, MEd, OPQ, QUEBEC, ONTARIO
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Parfois, on se sent submergé, effrayé, ou seul. Les relations se détériorent, on ne se sent pas à la hauteur, le travail déçoit, ou la procrastination freine. L'anxiété, la dépression, ou le chagrin peuvent atteindre un seuil difficile. En tant que psychologue avec plus de 17 ans d'expérience en Thérapie Cognitivo-Comportementale (TCC), je comprends bien ces défis. Je suis prête à vous offrir un soutien humain et professionnel pour retrouver le bon chemin et mener une vie plus saine et productive.
Parfois, on se sent submergé, effrayé, ou seul. Les relations se détériorent, on ne se sent pas à la hauteur, le travail déçoit, ou la procrastination freine. L'anxiété, la dépression, ou le chagrin peuvent atteindre un seuil difficile. En tant que psychologue avec plus de 17 ans d'expérience en Thérapie Cognitivo-Comportementale (TCC), je comprends bien ces défis. Je suis prête à vous offrir un soutien humain et professionnel pour retrouver le bon chemin et mener une vie plus saine et productive.
(438) 800-1936 View (438) 800-1936
Photo of Sydney Miller, Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Sydney Miller
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Serves Area
I have worked with individuals, couples and families for over 20 years to help them overcome the challenges they face. I have also been actively involved in teaching and research into how to help bring about the change that you may seek. I am passionate about the work that I do and am devoted to helping my clients empower themselves and gain control over their lives. As psychologists we now have the tools to help with emotional difficulties and relationship problems. There is no longer any need to suffer alone and in silence. Effective help is available and you have already taken the first step
I have worked with individuals, couples and families for over 20 years to help them overcome the challenges they face. I have also been actively involved in teaching and research into how to help bring about the change that you may seek. I am passionate about the work that I do and am devoted to helping my clients empower themselves and gain control over their lives. As psychologists we now have the tools to help with emotional difficulties and relationship problems. There is no longer any need to suffer alone and in silence. Effective help is available and you have already taken the first step
(855) 491-8446 View (855) 491-8446
Photo of Zikman Ian - Zikman and Associates Psychology Clinic, Psychologist, MEd, MA, OPQ, SINCE, Y-2008
Zikman and Associates Psychology Clinic
Psychologist, MEd, MA, OPQ, SINCE, Y-2008
Serves Area
With more than 18 years of experience and expertise in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), we're dedicated to helping clients lead healthier lives. Within a non-judgmental setting, we'll work with you to alleviate distress caused by personal, social, or workplace issues. We are skilled in treating Anxiety, Depression, OCD, ADHD, Grief, BPD, Procrastination, Relationship, and Self-Esteem issues, as well as Academic and Workplace Adjustments. We're also sensitive to the unique challenges faced by the LGBTQIA+ community. We have carefully selected our team of therapists for their knowledge, training, professionalism, and relatability.
With more than 18 years of experience and expertise in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), we're dedicated to helping clients lead healthier lives. Within a non-judgmental setting, we'll work with you to alleviate distress caused by personal, social, or workplace issues. We are skilled in treating Anxiety, Depression, OCD, ADHD, Grief, BPD, Procrastination, Relationship, and Self-Esteem issues, as well as Academic and Workplace Adjustments. We're also sensitive to the unique challenges faced by the LGBTQIA+ community. We have carefully selected our team of therapists for their knowledge, training, professionalism, and relatability.
(438) 230-1040 View (438) 230-1040
Photo of Dr. Peter R. Giancola, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Peter R. Giancola
Psychologist, PhD
Serves Area
Even highly capable people can find themselves stuck in anxiety, emotional pain or patterns that no longer make sense. With over 30 years of clinical experience—and 17 years as a university professor of clinical psychology—I work with adults and couples to understand and resolve the deeper emotional and relational roots of distress. My focus is on creating meaningful, lasting change rather than short-term symptom management, helping clients move toward greater stability, clarity and emotional freedom.
Even highly capable people can find themselves stuck in anxiety, emotional pain or patterns that no longer make sense. With over 30 years of clinical experience—and 17 years as a university professor of clinical psychology—I work with adults and couples to understand and resolve the deeper emotional and relational roots of distress. My focus is on creating meaningful, lasting change rather than short-term symptom management, helping clients move toward greater stability, clarity and emotional freedom.
(438) 700-9138 View (438) 700-9138
Photo of Matt LACOSTE, Psychologist, PhD, MA, IAEDP
Matt LACOSTE
Psychologist, PhD, MA, IAEDP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Specialized in eating disorders and Sport psychology, I treat depression, anxiety and stress, burnout, sexuality issue, couple and parenting issues. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sophrology, Mindfulness therapy, Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, Rorschach Test. Licensed in Quebec (OPQ) and in Ontario (CPO).
Specialized in eating disorders and Sport psychology, I treat depression, anxiety and stress, burnout, sexuality issue, couple and parenting issues. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sophrology, Mindfulness therapy, Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, Rorschach Test. Licensed in Quebec (OPQ) and in Ontario (CPO).
(438) 801-0066 View (438) 801-0066
Photo of Hera Baboudjian, Registered Social Worker, SW, TS
Hera Baboudjian
Registered Social Worker, SW, TS
Online Only
Over the years, I've helped clients with issues of anxiety/depression, self-esteem, relational difficulties, managing difficult emotions, grief and to navigate life transitions.
Over the years, I've helped clients with issues of anxiety/depression, self-esteem, relational difficulties, managing difficult emotions, grief and to navigate life transitions.
(450) 700-7979 View (450) 700-7979
Photo of Dr. Gila Foomani, Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Dr. Gila Foomani
Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Online Only
Hi! I understand how overwhelming and challenging life can be at times. Whether you're facing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or just feeling stuck, therapy can offer the support and guidance you need to move forward with confidence and resilience. As a licensed psychologist, my approach to therapy is grounded in empathy, kindness, and a deep respect for the unique experiences and perspectives of each of my clients.
Hi! I understand how overwhelming and challenging life can be at times. Whether you're facing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or just feeling stuck, therapy can offer the support and guidance you need to move forward with confidence and resilience. As a licensed psychologist, my approach to therapy is grounded in empathy, kindness, and a deep respect for the unique experiences and perspectives of each of my clients.
(819) 975-6993 View (819) 975-6993
Photo of Jessica Biondino, Registered Social Worker, PSW, TSP
Jessica Biondino
Registered Social Worker, PSW, TSP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome! I’m Jessie, an experienced professional social worker with over 11 years of clinical practice, based in Montreal, Quebec. I offer secure online sessions for adults navigating symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression, and grief. Whether you're adjusting to a new phase of life, managing daily stressors, coping with loss, or simply feeling overwhelmed, I’m here to support you in making meaningful, lasting change.
Welcome! I’m Jessie, an experienced professional social worker with over 11 years of clinical practice, based in Montreal, Quebec. I offer secure online sessions for adults navigating symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression, and grief. Whether you're adjusting to a new phase of life, managing daily stressors, coping with loss, or simply feeling overwhelmed, I’m here to support you in making meaningful, lasting change.
(450) 912-9740 View (450) 912-9740
Photo of Alexandra Lerner - Within-Reach Affordable Therapy, Psychologist, PhD
Within-Reach Affordable Therapy
Psychologist, PhD
Online Only
Struggling with your mental health can feel isolating and when therapy seems financially out of reach, it’s even harder to ask for help. At Within Reach Affordable Therapy, we believe cost shouldn’t be the reason you go without support. That’s why we offer compassionate, evidence-based therapy at a reduced fee, making therapy more affordable and accessible for those who need it.
Struggling with your mental health can feel isolating and when therapy seems financially out of reach, it’s even harder to ask for help. At Within Reach Affordable Therapy, we believe cost shouldn’t be the reason you go without support. That’s why we offer compassionate, evidence-based therapy at a reduced fee, making therapy more affordable and accessible for those who need it.
(438) 255-6396 View (438) 255-6396

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Dr. Kimberly Carrière, Psychologist, PhD, OPQ
Dr. Kimberly Carrière
Psychologist, PhD, OPQ
Montréal, QC H4E
I am a licensed psychologist who works with a diverse population and specializes in mood, anxiety, and trauma-related concerns, chronic illness, as well as gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., IBD, IBS), ostomy-related challenges, and mind–body health issues. I believe therapy is a collaborative process, and my goal is to support you in understanding yourself more fully, defining who you want to be, and overcoming the challenges that interfere with living the life you want.
I am a licensed psychologist who works with a diverse population and specializes in mood, anxiety, and trauma-related concerns, chronic illness, as well as gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., IBD, IBS), ostomy-related challenges, and mind–body health issues. I believe therapy is a collaborative process, and my goal is to support you in understanding yourself more fully, defining who you want to be, and overcoming the challenges that interfere with living the life you want.
(514) 613-4273 View (514) 613-4273
Photo of Julia Costa Dias Admitting New Clients, Registered Social Worker, TS
Julia Costa Dias Admitting New Clients
Registered Social Worker, TS
Pointe-Claire, QC H9R
Are you struggling to understand yourself and your environment? Have you been feeling disappointed or unfulfilled in your daily life or your personal relationships? Are you struggling to adapt to change or a loss in your life? Are you struggling with low self-esteem or intrusive feelings of resentment, sadness, loneliness, or guilt? Have you been diagnosed with a mental health concern? Are you dealing with a relationship break up? Do you need some support in your parenting role? If yes, I would like to reassure you it is very possible to build/rebuild resiliency and empowerement in your life! Let me tell you a bit about my practice!
Are you struggling to understand yourself and your environment? Have you been feeling disappointed or unfulfilled in your daily life or your personal relationships? Are you struggling to adapt to change or a loss in your life? Are you struggling with low self-esteem or intrusive feelings of resentment, sadness, loneliness, or guilt? Have you been diagnosed with a mental health concern? Are you dealing with a relationship break up? Do you need some support in your parenting role? If yes, I would like to reassure you it is very possible to build/rebuild resiliency and empowerement in your life! Let me tell you a bit about my practice!
(438) 701-8761 View (438) 701-8761
Photo of Stephanie Curti Welcoming New Requests, Registered Social Worker, TS
Stephanie Curti Welcoming New Requests
Registered Social Worker, TS
1 Endorsed
Pointe-Claire, QC H9R
Do you struggle with feeling like you are constantly in survival mode? Do you feel like you somehow manage to get through your day to day but are constantly feeling exhausted, anxious, or depressed? Do you sometimes feel that you do not know who you are outside of your daily responsibilities? Do you feel like you are unable to cope or use unhealthy coping skills to get by? Do you wish that you can go from surviving to actually living? If you have answered yes to one or more of these questions, you are one of the many people whom, in today’s society, struggle to find healthy balance.
Do you struggle with feeling like you are constantly in survival mode? Do you feel like you somehow manage to get through your day to day but are constantly feeling exhausted, anxious, or depressed? Do you sometimes feel that you do not know who you are outside of your daily responsibilities? Do you feel like you are unable to cope or use unhealthy coping skills to get by? Do you wish that you can go from surviving to actually living? If you have answered yes to one or more of these questions, you are one of the many people whom, in today’s society, struggle to find healthy balance.
(438) 500-1763 View (438) 500-1763
Photo of Nathan Hicks, Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, BSW, BA
Nathan Hicks
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, BSW, BA
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Emotions and thoughts are difficult. Whether it’s how we feel others perceive us, struggles in relationships, overwhelming anxiety, debilitating depression, or an event in the past which has taught us to fear the world, it can often feel like things are out of control. The primary work I do is helping each person understand where their emotions and thoughts come from, how to process them, and provide them tools (or help them develop their own) where they can feel at ease in their life. You can expect a warm, compassionate approach where I work alongside you, offering reflective insights, with moments of being directive.
Emotions and thoughts are difficult. Whether it’s how we feel others perceive us, struggles in relationships, overwhelming anxiety, debilitating depression, or an event in the past which has taught us to fear the world, it can often feel like things are out of control. The primary work I do is helping each person understand where their emotions and thoughts come from, how to process them, and provide them tools (or help them develop their own) where they can feel at ease in their life. You can expect a warm, compassionate approach where I work alongside you, offering reflective insights, with moments of being directive.
(343) 633-4062 View (343) 633-4062

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in H7T

10+

Average cost per session

$185

Counsellors in H7T who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Anxiety
94% Depression
94% Self Esteem
81% Grief
75% Stress
63% Marriage Counselling

Average years in practice

18 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Blue Cross
86% Manulife
86% SunLife

How Counsellors in H7T see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

71% Female
29% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in H7T?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.