Therapists in B3J

Photo of Kathy Hubley Carruthers, Psychologist, PhD
Kathy Hubley Carruthers
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3J
Dr. Hubley Carruthers sees adolescents, couples, and families with a wide variety of concerns including relationship problems, anxiety, mood management difficulties, trauma-based injuries, learning and attention issues, and job/career concerns. She is an expert in relational issues such as co-parenting, recovering from the crisis of infidelity, trust building, intimacy building, and forgiveness. She does work in rebuilding after separation/divorce. Dr. Hubley Carruthers has 25 + years of experience working in family service agencies, hospitals and private practice settings. She is trained in CBT, EFT, and solution-focused therapy.
Dr. Hubley Carruthers sees adolescents, couples, and families with a wide variety of concerns including relationship problems, anxiety, mood management difficulties, trauma-based injuries, learning and attention issues, and job/career concerns. She is an expert in relational issues such as co-parenting, recovering from the crisis of infidelity, trust building, intimacy building, and forgiveness. She does work in rebuilding after separation/divorce. Dr. Hubley Carruthers has 25 + years of experience working in family service agencies, hospitals and private practice settings. She is trained in CBT, EFT, and solution-focused therapy.
(782) 821-0427 View (782) 821-0427
Photo of Dr. Ailís Walker, Psychologist
Dr. Ailís Walker
Psychologist
Online Only
When the injured psyche drives behaviour, it can isolate us from community and separate us from our own heart. Yet, when we heal our unconscious patterns and stay connected with our heart, we begin to evolve into the most loving and courageous version of ourselves. Our traumatic and injurious experiences hold lessons and opportunities for emotional, psychological and spiritual growth; as well as an opportunity to evolve beyond survival, to expand in consciousness into the wisdom of knowing ourselves and the power of mastering ourselves.
When the injured psyche drives behaviour, it can isolate us from community and separate us from our own heart. Yet, when we heal our unconscious patterns and stay connected with our heart, we begin to evolve into the most loving and courageous version of ourselves. Our traumatic and injurious experiences hold lessons and opportunities for emotional, psychological and spiritual growth; as well as an opportunity to evolve beyond survival, to expand in consciousness into the wisdom of knowing ourselves and the power of mastering ourselves.
(902) 500-6304 View (902) 500-6304
Photo of Joshua Berg - Therapy for Men | Joshua Berg, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CSAT
Therapy for Men | Joshua Berg
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CSAT
Online Only
I’m Joshua Berg—a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (Candidate) and Registered Social Worker, Psychotherapist. I help men who feel stuck in shame, fear, or anxiety—often caught in the belief that they’re not enough or unsure how to move forward. These struggles can quietly take over, affecting relationships, careers, and your sense of self.
I’m Joshua Berg—a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (Candidate) and Registered Social Worker, Psychotherapist. I help men who feel stuck in shame, fear, or anxiety—often caught in the belief that they’re not enough or unsure how to move forward. These struggles can quietly take over, affecting relationships, careers, and your sense of self.
(782) 824-5610 View (782) 824-5610
Photo of Josiane Mapplebeck - Josiane @ Sanderson Therapy & Wellness, Counsellor, PhD, MEd, RCT-C, CCC
Josiane @ Sanderson Therapy & Wellness
Counsellor, PhD, MEd, RCT-C, CCC
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome, my name is Josiane. I approach therapy as a co-creative, trauma-informed process which centers holistic wellness - mind, body, and spirit. I am here to support you in creating sustainable change by tapping into the transformative power of connection, compassion, and creativity.
Welcome, my name is Josiane. I approach therapy as a co-creative, trauma-informed process which centers holistic wellness - mind, body, and spirit. I am here to support you in creating sustainable change by tapping into the transformative power of connection, compassion, and creativity.
(782) 201-0983 View (782) 201-0983
Photo of John-Paul Austring, Registered Social Worker, RSW, MA, RP
John-Paul Austring
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MA, RP
Online Only
I support people struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, loss, relationship conflict, crisis of meaning, and those seeking to reach their full potential in life. I provide Christian therapy that is biblically-based, holistic, compassionate, and also informed by evidence-based psychology practices. I am a Registered Psychotherapist and Social Worker. I draw from my education in clinical psychology, social work, and theology. I have 12 years of professional experience helping people through the toughest of times, as well as my own lived experiences with overcoming serious life challenges.
I support people struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, loss, relationship conflict, crisis of meaning, and those seeking to reach their full potential in life. I provide Christian therapy that is biblically-based, holistic, compassionate, and also informed by evidence-based psychology practices. I am a Registered Psychotherapist and Social Worker. I draw from my education in clinical psychology, social work, and theology. I have 12 years of professional experience helping people through the toughest of times, as well as my own lived experiences with overcoming serious life challenges.
(782) 400-0390 View (782) 400-0390
Photo of Laura Cohen, Counsellor, MA, RCT, CCC
Laura Cohen
Counsellor, MA, RCT, CCC
3 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3J
Do you feel stuck or lost in your career? Want to weigh your options or get ahead/change jobs? Despite societal pressure to know exactly what you "should" do, many adults still struggle with this big life question. I want to help you better understand where you've come from and how you hope to experience your future. There’s no set path, no instructional manual or timeline telling you what to do next. That kind of freedom can be overwhelming or paralyzing. But you don’t have to navigate it alone. I'll help you feel clear about your purpose, what you want & ultimately be guided by your values, interests, abilities & life experience.
Do you feel stuck or lost in your career? Want to weigh your options or get ahead/change jobs? Despite societal pressure to know exactly what you "should" do, many adults still struggle with this big life question. I want to help you better understand where you've come from and how you hope to experience your future. There’s no set path, no instructional manual or timeline telling you what to do next. That kind of freedom can be overwhelming or paralyzing. But you don’t have to navigate it alone. I'll help you feel clear about your purpose, what you want & ultimately be guided by your values, interests, abilities & life experience.
(782) 201-0148 View (782) 201-0148
Photo of Claire Benade, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Claire Benade
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Online Only
I'm so glad you are here! I know how hard taking the first step in your mental health can be, but you are one step closer to getting back to your best self. I am passionate about the work I do, and feel that building rapport with clients allows for the most growth and success. I strive to ensure that my clients feel they are heard, understood and feel they are in a non-judgemental space to express all their thoughts and feelings. I am currently accepting new clients seeking individual therapy and specialize in children and adolescents, perinatal mental health and parent support and coaching.
I'm so glad you are here! I know how hard taking the first step in your mental health can be, but you are one step closer to getting back to your best self. I am passionate about the work I do, and feel that building rapport with clients allows for the most growth and success. I strive to ensure that my clients feel they are heard, understood and feel they are in a non-judgemental space to express all their thoughts and feelings. I am currently accepting new clients seeking individual therapy and specialize in children and adolescents, perinatal mental health and parent support and coaching.
(782) 825-6565 View (782) 825-6565
Photo of Celine Robert, Psychologist, MSc, MAS, BSc
Celine Robert
Psychologist, MSc, MAS, BSc
Halifax, NS B3J
Maybe you have tried many things and still feel there is something getting in the way of being the person you want to be. Maybe you are continuously looking for strategies to help you feel better but still feel stuck with difficult emotions and feelings. Maybe life threw obstacles in your way that turned your world upside-down. Sometimes, the obstacles can even come from inside in the form of negative, critical, anxious, or depressed thoughts and feelings. All this can keep you from connecting with others, making decisions, doing daily life activities, feeling confident about yourself, or finding meaning in life.
Maybe you have tried many things and still feel there is something getting in the way of being the person you want to be. Maybe you are continuously looking for strategies to help you feel better but still feel stuck with difficult emotions and feelings. Maybe life threw obstacles in your way that turned your world upside-down. Sometimes, the obstacles can even come from inside in the form of negative, critical, anxious, or depressed thoughts and feelings. All this can keep you from connecting with others, making decisions, doing daily life activities, feeling confident about yourself, or finding meaning in life.
(902) 901-2796 View (902) 901-2796
Photo of Joelle Martineau, Counsellor, MA, RCT-C
Joelle Martineau
Counsellor, MA, RCT-C
1 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3J
Hi, I’m Joelle, a Registered Counselling Therapist-Candidate (RCT-C) in Halifax, Nova Scotia. I hope to help individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, substance use, trauma, relational concerns, as well as anyone feeling overwhelmed and going through significant changes in their lives. We will come together to decide upon an approach that works best for your needs while taking into consideration your goals and what you want from your experience. I believe that each client's journey is unique, and I strive to provide a safe, non-judgmental, and collaborative space to explore your concerns and work toward healing and growth.
Hi, I’m Joelle, a Registered Counselling Therapist-Candidate (RCT-C) in Halifax, Nova Scotia. I hope to help individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, substance use, trauma, relational concerns, as well as anyone feeling overwhelmed and going through significant changes in their lives. We will come together to decide upon an approach that works best for your needs while taking into consideration your goals and what you want from your experience. I believe that each client's journey is unique, and I strive to provide a safe, non-judgmental, and collaborative space to explore your concerns and work toward healing and growth.
(782) 222-0874 View (782) 222-0874
Photo of Scott R Bishop, Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Scott R Bishop
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Halifax, NS B3J
I am a Registered Psychologist with 25 years of experience and a highly regarded teacher and clinical supervisor with extensive experience in psychotherapy training and supervision. I recently moved home to Halifax after having worked as a Clinical and Health Psychologist in Toronto, an Adjunct Professor in Psychiatry at the University of Toronto, and as a Faculty Member and Supervising Analyst at the Toronto Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis. I currently see patients as a Senior Psychologist at Crux Psychology and have a new academic roll as Associate Clinical Professor at Dalhousie University.
I am a Registered Psychologist with 25 years of experience and a highly regarded teacher and clinical supervisor with extensive experience in psychotherapy training and supervision. I recently moved home to Halifax after having worked as a Clinical and Health Psychologist in Toronto, an Adjunct Professor in Psychiatry at the University of Toronto, and as a Faculty Member and Supervising Analyst at the Toronto Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis. I currently see patients as a Senior Psychologist at Crux Psychology and have a new academic roll as Associate Clinical Professor at Dalhousie University.
(902) 510-3043 View (902) 510-3043
Photo of Iain Dolan, Psychologist, MC
Iain Dolan
Psychologist, MC
Online Only
Looking for an adult autism assessment with a neurodivergent psychologist? Feeling dismissed by people who don’t understand medical trauma or how hard it is to stop masking? You have the right to feel accepted, heard, and believed—even during an assessment! I was “late-diagnosed” and understand how relieving it can be after decades of feeling misunderstood and exhausted. My assessments are thorough and the options were entirely designed by autistic people, who I routinely work with to refine things. You can do the entire assessment from home and take the time you need. Do a FREE self-screen on my site here: www.ndpsych.com
Looking for an adult autism assessment with a neurodivergent psychologist? Feeling dismissed by people who don’t understand medical trauma or how hard it is to stop masking? You have the right to feel accepted, heard, and believed—even during an assessment! I was “late-diagnosed” and understand how relieving it can be after decades of feeling misunderstood and exhausted. My assessments are thorough and the options were entirely designed by autistic people, who I routinely work with to refine things. You can do the entire assessment from home and take the time you need. Do a FREE self-screen on my site here: www.ndpsych.com
(403) 912-5924 View (403) 912-5924
Photo of Kim Tan-MacNeill - Dr. Kim Tan-MacNeill, Psychologist, RPsych, PhD
Dr. Kim Tan-MacNeill
Psychologist, RPsych, PhD
2 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3J
Hello! I’m Dr. Kim, a registered child and adolescent psychologist based in Halifax, NS. I provide assessment and therapy to children, teens, parents, and young adults. After four years of providing care to kids, teens and families in the public health system, I decided to venture out on my own! If you are a parent looking for an ADHD or Autism assessment, or a psychoeducational assessment for learning disabilities or giftedness, you’ve come to the right place! I offer comprehensive assessments for children and teens age 6-16. I also offer therapy for children, teens, young adults, and parents.
Hello! I’m Dr. Kim, a registered child and adolescent psychologist based in Halifax, NS. I provide assessment and therapy to children, teens, parents, and young adults. After four years of providing care to kids, teens and families in the public health system, I decided to venture out on my own! If you are a parent looking for an ADHD or Autism assessment, or a psychoeducational assessment for learning disabilities or giftedness, you’ve come to the right place! I offer comprehensive assessments for children and teens age 6-16. I also offer therapy for children, teens, young adults, and parents.
(782) 222-5418 View (782) 222-5418
Photo of Bryan Floyd Hagerman - The Therapist At Large Counselling, Counsellor, DMin, MEd, MA, MDiv, BEd
The Therapist At Large Counselling
Counsellor, DMin, MEd, MA, MDiv, BEd
Halifax, NS B3J
I give Therapy to those suffering from, Depression, Anxiety, Anger issues, Abuse, Family Counselling, Children, Marriage issues, Conflict, Relational Issues. Various Disorders, Grief, Fear, Career Counselling.
I give Therapy to those suffering from, Depression, Anxiety, Anger issues, Abuse, Family Counselling, Children, Marriage issues, Conflict, Relational Issues. Various Disorders, Grief, Fear, Career Counselling.
(902) 200-2451 View (902) 200-2451
Photo of Dr. Natalie Stratton, Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Dr. Natalie Stratton
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Halifax, NS B3J
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in the treatment of adults and couples/relationships experiencing: anxiety disorders, mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sexual issues/dysfunction (low sexual desire, pain during sexual activity, erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, lack of orgasm, out-of-control sexual behaviour, specific sexual interests), insomnia, difficulty coping with medical conditions (infertility, HIV, cancer, pregnancy/postpartum, menopause), as well as relationship issues (e.g., communication difficulties, infidelity, sexual desire discrepancies, open or polyamory relationship issues).
I specialize in the treatment of adults and couples/relationships experiencing: anxiety disorders, mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sexual issues/dysfunction (low sexual desire, pain during sexual activity, erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, lack of orgasm, out-of-control sexual behaviour, specific sexual interests), insomnia, difficulty coping with medical conditions (infertility, HIV, cancer, pregnancy/postpartum, menopause), as well as relationship issues (e.g., communication difficulties, infidelity, sexual desire discrepancies, open or polyamory relationship issues).
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Photo of Jules Smith, Counsellor, MEd, RCT, CCC
Jules Smith
Counsellor, MEd, RCT, CCC
12 Endorsed
Online Only
I help teens and adults who want to be confident and happy but are feeling weighed down by anxiety, stress, and depression. You deserve to live a life filled with purpose and joy, and I'm committed to helping you achieve that! Together, we’ll work through challenges so that you can build confidence, find happiness, and gain insight.
I help teens and adults who want to be confident and happy but are feeling weighed down by anxiety, stress, and depression. You deserve to live a life filled with purpose and joy, and I'm committed to helping you achieve that! Together, we’ll work through challenges so that you can build confidence, find happiness, and gain insight.
(902) 200-6517 View (902) 200-6517
Photo of Pavitra Desai, Psychologist (Candidate Register)
Pavitra Desai
Psychologist (Candidate Register)
Halifax, NS B3J
Not accepting new clients
Taking the step to start therapy or even keep going in therapy can be tough. It can mean unboxing the past that you have been holding on to or recognising that the old ways don't seem to be working anymore. Maybe you feel stuck, or are struggling with difficult emotions, overthinking, past trauma, life changes, relationship difficulties or doing more or less of certain things. A lot of times this also translates into difficulty connecting with others, trouble making decisions or just getting through the day. So you may not know where to even begin...
Taking the step to start therapy or even keep going in therapy can be tough. It can mean unboxing the past that you have been holding on to or recognising that the old ways don't seem to be working anymore. Maybe you feel stuck, or are struggling with difficult emotions, overthinking, past trauma, life changes, relationship difficulties or doing more or less of certain things. A lot of times this also translates into difficulty connecting with others, trouble making decisions or just getting through the day. So you may not know where to even begin...
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Photo of Simon Sherry, Psychologist, PhD
Simon Sherry
Psychologist, PhD
Halifax, NS B3J
Dr. Sherry is a Professor in the Department of Psychology at Dalhousie University. He has published 160 journal articles, delivered 275 scientific presentations and earned $2.5 million in grant funds. In 2018, Dr. Sherry and his wife founded CRUX Psychology, a team of 16 Ph.D.-level psychologists. We provide high-quality individual therapy, couples therapy and assessment. We use scientifically tested therapies and assessments. And each service is tailored to your preferences, values and goals, and delivered with exceptional care and warmth. By merging compassion with science, we help you get the results you want.
Dr. Sherry is a Professor in the Department of Psychology at Dalhousie University. He has published 160 journal articles, delivered 275 scientific presentations and earned $2.5 million in grant funds. In 2018, Dr. Sherry and his wife founded CRUX Psychology, a team of 16 Ph.D.-level psychologists. We provide high-quality individual therapy, couples therapy and assessment. We use scientifically tested therapies and assessments. And each service is tailored to your preferences, values and goals, and delivered with exceptional care and warmth. By merging compassion with science, we help you get the results you want.
(902) 904-5582 View (902) 904-5582
Photo of Julia Smith - Insight Mental Health Counselling, Counsellor, MEd, RCT, CCC
Insight Mental Health Counselling
Counsellor, MEd, RCT, CCC
Online Only
We help teens and adults who want to confident and happy but are feeling weighed down by anxiety, stress and depression. We also help couples who want healthy and supportive relationships but instead find themselves feeling misunderstood, unheard and unhappy.
We help teens and adults who want to confident and happy but are feeling weighed down by anxiety, stress and depression. We also help couples who want healthy and supportive relationships but instead find themselves feeling misunderstood, unheard and unhappy.
(782) 202-0100 View (782) 202-0100
Photo of Azra Poe, Counsellor, RCT-C, MA
Azra Poe
Counsellor, RCT-C, MA
Online Only
I believe that everyone has inner wisdom which can lead them towards healing. Can I help you learn to trust yourself enough to make space for your pain, shame, grief, sadness, joy, and love to be felt and explored? By being curious about your resistance to feeling, we can process and digest it. I am trained as a somatic, relational, and trauma therapist, and I can help you understand the unique ways you learned to resist or avoid parts of yourself as a way of protection. I believe that human connection is an essential part of the healing process and I prioritize my role as a human first and as a therapist second.
I believe that everyone has inner wisdom which can lead them towards healing. Can I help you learn to trust yourself enough to make space for your pain, shame, grief, sadness, joy, and love to be felt and explored? By being curious about your resistance to feeling, we can process and digest it. I am trained as a somatic, relational, and trauma therapist, and I can help you understand the unique ways you learned to resist or avoid parts of yourself as a way of protection. I believe that human connection is an essential part of the healing process and I prioritize my role as a human first and as a therapist second.
(902) 601-0099 View (902) 601-0099
Photo of Alicia Berze-Butts, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Alicia Berze-Butts
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Halifax, NS B3J
Alicia offers quality training and experience providing assessments and psychotherapy for adult clients (ages 17+ years) with a wide variety of mental health challenges, including issues with depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), ADHD, self-esteem, body image, work/school stress, grief, and interpersonal relationships (e.g., relationships with romantic partners, friends, and/or family members).
Alicia offers quality training and experience providing assessments and psychotherapy for adult clients (ages 17+ years) with a wide variety of mental health challenges, including issues with depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), ADHD, self-esteem, body image, work/school stress, grief, and interpersonal relationships (e.g., relationships with romantic partners, friends, and/or family members).
(782) 201-0622 View (782) 201-0622

See more therapy options for B3J

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in B3J

100+

Average cost per session

$175

Counsellors in B3J who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
81% Self Esteem
79% Stress
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Blue Cross
64% Medavie Blue Cross
57% Green Shield Canada

How Counsellors in B3J see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
17% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in B3J?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.