Therapists in Santa Rosa, CA

Photo of Jessica Balderas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Jessica Balderas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95403
I'm Jessica Balderas, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I am beyond passionate about helping people find their ultimate sense of fulfillment and become their best selves. I focus creating on a warm, non-judgmental, genuine vibe in hopes to create a space where clients can let their guard down, be themselves, and start their healing journey.I take a real-world, client-centered approach to therapy, combining elements of relational attachment theory, CBT, solution-focused therapy, and art therapy to create a truly unique and transformative experience.
I'm Jessica Balderas, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I am beyond passionate about helping people find their ultimate sense of fulfillment and become their best selves. I focus creating on a warm, non-judgmental, genuine vibe in hopes to create a space where clients can let their guard down, be themselves, and start their healing journey.I take a real-world, client-centered approach to therapy, combining elements of relational attachment theory, CBT, solution-focused therapy, and art therapy to create a truly unique and transformative experience.
(707) 735-0405 View (707) 735-0405
Photo of Jennifer Westcott, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Jennifer Westcott
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, PPSC, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95405  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling lost, confused, sad, unsure, angry or disconnected? Are you sick of the same patterns, same outcomes, but don't know how to change? Perhaps something has happened in your life that is overwhelming and you need a place to figure it out. There are numerous reasons someone comes to therapy, but if you are exploring these pages you owe it to yourself to check out therapy. Seeking therapy does not mean there is something wrong with you. Seeking therapy means you have enough insight to know you need some help figuring out next steps, making change, and creating support.
Are you feeling lost, confused, sad, unsure, angry or disconnected? Are you sick of the same patterns, same outcomes, but don't know how to change? Perhaps something has happened in your life that is overwhelming and you need a place to figure it out. There are numerous reasons someone comes to therapy, but if you are exploring these pages you owe it to yourself to check out therapy. Seeking therapy does not mean there is something wrong with you. Seeking therapy means you have enough insight to know you need some help figuring out next steps, making change, and creating support.
(707) 639-1295 View (707) 639-1295
Photo of Luis Enrique Suarez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Luis Enrique Suarez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MACP, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Welcome. My participation in helping families in crisis has provided me with a deep understanding of systems, culture, patterns, trauma, substance abuse, and relational dynamics. I'm fully bilingual (Spanish) and bicultural and have worked with people from diverse backgrounds.
Welcome. My participation in helping families in crisis has provided me with a deep understanding of systems, culture, patterns, trauma, substance abuse, and relational dynamics. I'm fully bilingual (Spanish) and bicultural and have worked with people from diverse backgrounds.
(650) 825-9308 View (650) 825-9308
Photo of Ashlee Cabral, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Ashlee Cabral
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Whether you're seeking support for a more recent loss, transition or stressor, or looking to explore deeply while discovering more about yourself, allow me to accompany you through this time.
Whether you're seeking support for a more recent loss, transition or stressor, or looking to explore deeply while discovering more about yourself, allow me to accompany you through this time.
(707) 470-3821 View (707) 470-3821
Photo of Marcie L Dean, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Marcie L Dean
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95401  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I think that life is really about the relationships in our lives. Our earliest relationships were with our parent and/or caregivers. Siblings, friends, teachers and co-workers are added as layers upon layers. Seeking intimacy is a rite of passage. How we navigate the transitions in life with those relationships affects our whole being. I believe that therapy is about better understanding who we are first and then we can relate to others in a more healthy, well rounded way.
I think that life is really about the relationships in our lives. Our earliest relationships were with our parent and/or caregivers. Siblings, friends, teachers and co-workers are added as layers upon layers. Seeking intimacy is a rite of passage. How we navigate the transitions in life with those relationships affects our whole being. I believe that therapy is about better understanding who we are first and then we can relate to others in a more healthy, well rounded way.
(650) 204-8693 View (650) 204-8693
Photo of Christopher Sethness, Psychologist in Santa Rosa, CA
Christopher Sethness
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
I use existential analysis and dream analysis to help people find their authenticity in life. When we feel lost it can help to slow down, turn inward, and go to a place where we can find our path again. I believe that there exists a very specific grounding and healing power within the therapy relationship. Finding a therapist who is a good fit to you is essential to finding what makes you unique and whole in your life. During the first few sessions, I help you hone in on your goals, interests, and pursuits that you wish to accomplish in your work with me. I help you find the map and the road to move forward.
I use existential analysis and dream analysis to help people find their authenticity in life. When we feel lost it can help to slow down, turn inward, and go to a place where we can find our path again. I believe that there exists a very specific grounding and healing power within the therapy relationship. Finding a therapist who is a good fit to you is essential to finding what makes you unique and whole in your life. During the first few sessions, I help you hone in on your goals, interests, and pursuits that you wish to accomplish in your work with me. I help you find the map and the road to move forward.
(707) 625-7961 View (707) 625-7961
Photo of Ciera Nicole Perez, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Santa Rosa, CA
Ciera Nicole Perez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
I believe that our wounds can be turned into wisdom. Some of our past experiences hold pain, but that pain can represent insight and growth. I understand that every human is different, treat each individual as a whole, and see every experience as nuanced with many layers. As an associate accruing my hours for licensure, I have found a passion for working with children, teenagers, couples, and young adults. I work to help individuals understand their relationship with themselves and the people around them.
I believe that our wounds can be turned into wisdom. Some of our past experiences hold pain, but that pain can represent insight and growth. I understand that every human is different, treat each individual as a whole, and see every experience as nuanced with many layers. As an associate accruing my hours for licensure, I have found a passion for working with children, teenagers, couples, and young adults. I work to help individuals understand their relationship with themselves and the people around them.
(707) 940-9125 View (707) 940-9125
Photo of Hayley Manning, Registered Psychological Assistant in Santa Rosa, CA
Hayley Manning
Registered Psychological Assistant, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404  (Online Only)
Therapy is a place to discuss any issue, big or small. Together, we will identify the root cause(s) of what is negatively impacting your life and preventing you from reaching your goals. In our sessions, I will help you be more in line with your “best self” by challenging any self-defeating thoughts or behaviors while developing healthier coping skills and ways of thinking. If you’re looking to address anxiety or depression, improve communication in your relationship (as an individual or couple), or navigate life transitions (like loss or coping with a disability), I can help get you through it.
Therapy is a place to discuss any issue, big or small. Together, we will identify the root cause(s) of what is negatively impacting your life and preventing you from reaching your goals. In our sessions, I will help you be more in line with your “best self” by challenging any self-defeating thoughts or behaviors while developing healthier coping skills and ways of thinking. If you’re looking to address anxiety or depression, improve communication in your relationship (as an individual or couple), or navigate life transitions (like loss or coping with a disability), I can help get you through it.
(415) 549-1461 View (415) 549-1461
Photo of Greg Thigpen, Psychologist in Santa Rosa, CA
Greg Thigpen
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
As you read these words, you may be having second thoughts about contacting a therapist. That is understandable. Even as we struggle with personal problems, or work to solve problems with a relationship, it's natural to have questions about reaching out for help. You may wonder whether you will feel comfortable with the person you call, and may be uncertain about how therapy can help.
As you read these words, you may be having second thoughts about contacting a therapist. That is understandable. Even as we struggle with personal problems, or work to solve problems with a relationship, it's natural to have questions about reaching out for help. You may wonder whether you will feel comfortable with the person you call, and may be uncertain about how therapy can help.
(707) 595-2054 View (707) 595-2054
Photo of Janet Sallo Joyce, Psychologist in Santa Rosa, CA
Janet Sallo Joyce
Psychologist, MS, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95401  (Online Only)
Do you want to improve your marriage or relationship? Do you want to overcome your challenges with parenting? Are you a teen or young adult struggling with difficult times? Do you want to achieve your personal and professional goals? I can help you take the next steps on your path to reaching your highest potential. I bring caring, compassion and humor to our work together as we find the most effective ways for you to improve your life and enjoy the well-being you deserve.
Do you want to improve your marriage or relationship? Do you want to overcome your challenges with parenting? Are you a teen or young adult struggling with difficult times? Do you want to achieve your personal and professional goals? I can help you take the next steps on your path to reaching your highest potential. I bring caring, compassion and humor to our work together as we find the most effective ways for you to improve your life and enjoy the well-being you deserve.
(707) 595-2146 View (707) 595-2146
Photo of Marcia J. Gomez LCSW, Certified Gottman Therapist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Marcia J. Gomez LCSW, Certified Gottman Therapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Not accepting new clients
I work exclusively with couples and families. I am a Senior Certified Gottman Couples Therapist and a consultant for professionals that are learning how to use the Gottman method. I offer couples a complete assessment of their relationship and research-based tools to change the way the couple moves through time together. Currently, I am only working with couples doing intensive treatment; it consists in a 4-hour assessment the first day and two days of treatment of 6 to 8 hours each. If the couple lives in the area, we can work on sections of 4 hours per day as needed.
I work exclusively with couples and families. I am a Senior Certified Gottman Couples Therapist and a consultant for professionals that are learning how to use the Gottman method. I offer couples a complete assessment of their relationship and research-based tools to change the way the couple moves through time together. Currently, I am only working with couples doing intensive treatment; it consists in a 4-hour assessment the first day and two days of treatment of 6 to 8 hours each. If the couple lives in the area, we can work on sections of 4 hours per day as needed.
(707) 383-4103 View (707) 383-4103
Photo of Milton Woolley, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Milton Woolley, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Individuals desirous to discover the deeper self that resides within. Persons committed to growing beyond the history that stunts curiosity and a sense of purpose in life. People with enough life experience to know that life requires introspection, discomfort at times and build the capacity to appreciate personal and psychological accomplishment. Couples that want to build a better relationship by solving problems from the foundation of love that brought them together. Men who have reached mid-life and seek to live fully the next part of life . People who will invest the time and money it takes for positive change.
Individuals desirous to discover the deeper self that resides within. Persons committed to growing beyond the history that stunts curiosity and a sense of purpose in life. People with enough life experience to know that life requires introspection, discomfort at times and build the capacity to appreciate personal and psychological accomplishment. Couples that want to build a better relationship by solving problems from the foundation of love that brought them together. Men who have reached mid-life and seek to live fully the next part of life . People who will invest the time and money it takes for positive change.
(707) 682-5132 View (707) 682-5132
Photo of Erik J Erickson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Erik J Erickson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Hello. I am Erik J. Erickson, LCSW 108094. I have been providing therapy since 2006. I am a firm believer that all of us could benefit from therapy at least at one point in our lives. Especially in today's world with the many afflictions we face. I believe in a person driven approach with help and guidance for one to meet their emotional needs. I try and help people by learning different way to think about things, develop new coping skills and believe that change comes from within the person. I have been in counseling/therapy for 22 years and have worked with numerous individuals from a vast array of diverse backgrounds.
Hello. I am Erik J. Erickson, LCSW 108094. I have been providing therapy since 2006. I am a firm believer that all of us could benefit from therapy at least at one point in our lives. Especially in today's world with the many afflictions we face. I believe in a person driven approach with help and guidance for one to meet their emotional needs. I try and help people by learning different way to think about things, develop new coping skills and believe that change comes from within the person. I have been in counseling/therapy for 22 years and have worked with numerous individuals from a vast array of diverse backgrounds.
(707) 560-3625 View (707) 560-3625
Photo of Erin Martin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Erin Martin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95403  (Online Only)
Hi and welcome to my profile. I'm an Integrative Psychotherapist passionate about working with issues that impact your Mind, Body, and Spirit Health. I specialize in depression, anxiety, abuse, trauma, toxic shame, and chronic low self-esteem. Are you struggling with feeling sad, down, or anxious? Have you suffered trauma or abuse? Do you feel ashamed or guilty? Do you feel unworthy? Do you compare yourself to others and view yourself as less than or behind? If so, I want you to know that you are not alone. Life can certainly be extremely demanding and most especially in these current times.
Hi and welcome to my profile. I'm an Integrative Psychotherapist passionate about working with issues that impact your Mind, Body, and Spirit Health. I specialize in depression, anxiety, abuse, trauma, toxic shame, and chronic low self-esteem. Are you struggling with feeling sad, down, or anxious? Have you suffered trauma or abuse? Do you feel ashamed or guilty? Do you feel unworthy? Do you compare yourself to others and view yourself as less than or behind? If so, I want you to know that you are not alone. Life can certainly be extremely demanding and most especially in these current times.
(707) 210-1277 View (707) 210-1277
Photo of Elizabeth Cassanos, Psychologist in Santa Rosa, CA
Elizabeth Cassanos
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95405
Whether we know it or not, we are all on a hero’s journey. Learning who you are and how to live in alignment with your true self is one of life's greatest and most daunting adventures. Has your journey hit a detour or perhaps a fork-in-the-road? Often life’s most challenging passages offer us opportunities to feel more alive, present and connected. When feelings of sadness, uncertainty or fear become overwhelming, it might be a sign that you’ve lost track of your inner heroine – your true self. Coming back into relationship with yourself opens your life to new possibilities and hope.
Whether we know it or not, we are all on a hero’s journey. Learning who you are and how to live in alignment with your true self is one of life's greatest and most daunting adventures. Has your journey hit a detour or perhaps a fork-in-the-road? Often life’s most challenging passages offer us opportunities to feel more alive, present and connected. When feelings of sadness, uncertainty or fear become overwhelming, it might be a sign that you’ve lost track of your inner heroine – your true self. Coming back into relationship with yourself opens your life to new possibilities and hope.
(707) 340-4015 View (707) 340-4015
Jeffrey Robert Stone
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
My ideal Client is a healthy well adjusted, well rounded human being.Their issues needs and goals are all the same. Continue growing changing learning and developing. Short of that I will settle for a person who wants to learn how to grow and change.
My ideal Client is a healthy well adjusted, well rounded human being.Their issues needs and goals are all the same. Continue growing changing learning and developing. Short of that I will settle for a person who wants to learn how to grow and change.
(707) 229-0463 View (707) 229-0463
Photo of Patrea Ann Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Patrea Ann Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Each of us is unique. We all come from different backgrounds and cultures. People suffer in different ways and pain can manifest itself through our mental health in various forms such as depression, anxiety, and a myriad of physical and health problems. My goal is to help you make positive changes in your life in order to become the person you aspire to be. I believe no matter how challenging the process, we need to be content and be our authentic selves. In order to do this, we need to explore our struggles and gain insight and make positive change in our lives.
Each of us is unique. We all come from different backgrounds and cultures. People suffer in different ways and pain can manifest itself through our mental health in various forms such as depression, anxiety, and a myriad of physical and health problems. My goal is to help you make positive changes in your life in order to become the person you aspire to be. I believe no matter how challenging the process, we need to be content and be our authentic selves. In order to do this, we need to explore our struggles and gain insight and make positive change in our lives.
(707) 284-0528 View (707) 284-0528
Photo of Chad McCain, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Chad McCain
Marriage & Family Therapist, Chad McCain, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
You have been experiencing emotionally out-of-balance, blocked, stuck, or "off," or when you look at your future, you can't really see a way forward that interests you. You may relate to the idea of "being in limbo." Or else, you have experienced a loss so great it has seized your mental and emotional life and you feel there is no "space" to continue to carry out your daily responsibilities. Or else you are aware of an addictive or compulsive process, and to surmount this issue feels nearly impossible, so much that you don't even want to admit it is there.
You have been experiencing emotionally out-of-balance, blocked, stuck, or "off," or when you look at your future, you can't really see a way forward that interests you. You may relate to the idea of "being in limbo." Or else, you have experienced a loss so great it has seized your mental and emotional life and you feel there is no "space" to continue to carry out your daily responsibilities. Or else you are aware of an addictive or compulsive process, and to surmount this issue feels nearly impossible, so much that you don't even want to admit it is there.
(707) 940-7459 View (707) 940-7459
Photo of Tara D'Orazio Lmft, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Rosa, CA
Tara D'Orazio Lmft
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95401  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in providing virtual therapy sessions focused on Internal Family Systems (IFS) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) techniques. As a therapist with expertise in treating traumatic stress, sexual trauma, and anxiety disorders, I am dedicated to providing a safe and supportive environment where individuals can explore their experiences, heal from past trauma, and develop the tools and skills they need to manage their symptoms and live more fulfilling lives. IFS and EMDR are both evidence-based and experiential treatments that have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of trauma and anxiety.
I specialize in providing virtual therapy sessions focused on Internal Family Systems (IFS) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) techniques. As a therapist with expertise in treating traumatic stress, sexual trauma, and anxiety disorders, I am dedicated to providing a safe and supportive environment where individuals can explore their experiences, heal from past trauma, and develop the tools and skills they need to manage their symptoms and live more fulfilling lives. IFS and EMDR are both evidence-based and experiential treatments that have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of trauma and anxiety.
(707) 737-6484 View (707) 737-6484
Photo of Julie Berriault, Pre-Licensed Professional in Santa Rosa, CA
Julie Berriault
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95404  (Online Only)
Are you seeking help for depression and/or anxiety? Are you managing life transitions, and/or the effects of loss and grief? Perhaps you are suffering the effects of early childhood neglect and abuse, or recent traumatic experiences. You may be experiencing these in relation to your personal life, family life, your experience at school and work, or our society and world. You may want to gain knowledge about yourself, relief from your symptoms, to live your life more fully, gain insight, control, and experience improved relationships.
Are you seeking help for depression and/or anxiety? Are you managing life transitions, and/or the effects of loss and grief? Perhaps you are suffering the effects of early childhood neglect and abuse, or recent traumatic experiences. You may be experiencing these in relation to your personal life, family life, your experience at school and work, or our society and world. You may want to gain knowledge about yourself, relief from your symptoms, to live your life more fully, gain insight, control, and experience improved relationships.
(707) 238-1961 View (707) 238-1961

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Santa Rosa, CA

600+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Santa Rosa, CA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
67% Grief

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

52% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
51% Aetna
50% Optum

How Therapists in Santa Rosa, CA see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Santa Rosa?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.