Therapists in Baltimore, MD

Photo of Karen Mandwelle Caplan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Karen Mandwelle Caplan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21215
I believe that a trusting therapeutic relationship is the foundation of a successful outcome, whether healing from trauma or loss or working on issues of depression, anxiety, bereavement, or family conflict. My aim is to help people become their authentic selves, improve problem solving abilities, and achieve their goals. My approach is individualized, informed by one's particular needs and strengths. I integrate techniques from cognitive behavioral and solution focused therapies, mindfulness training, and psychodynamic therapy.
I believe that a trusting therapeutic relationship is the foundation of a successful outcome, whether healing from trauma or loss or working on issues of depression, anxiety, bereavement, or family conflict. My aim is to help people become their authentic selves, improve problem solving abilities, and achieve their goals. My approach is individualized, informed by one's particular needs and strengths. I integrate techniques from cognitive behavioral and solution focused therapies, mindfulness training, and psychodynamic therapy.
(443) 847-1866 View (443) 847-1866
Photo of Beth Kemmerer Vincent, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Beth Kemmerer Vincent
Counselor, MHS, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21210
My approach combines psychodynamic theory and cognitive-behavioral therapies.
I am a licensed psychotherapist who works with adults and older adolescents facing anxiety, life transitions, stress and relationship issues. I help clients understand the challenges they face and make changes that improve their quality of life. In my experience, this process helps individuals develop greater self esteem, improve communication skills, feel happier and gain a sense of hope.
My approach combines psychodynamic theory and cognitive-behavioral therapies.
I am a licensed psychotherapist who works with adults and older adolescents facing anxiety, life transitions, stress and relationship issues. I help clients understand the challenges they face and make changes that improve their quality of life. In my experience, this process helps individuals develop greater self esteem, improve communication skills, feel happier and gain a sense of hope.
(443) 295-6134 View (443) 295-6134
Beth Holley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21209
The human mind is an amazing entity, its capacity unparalleled, and yet we sometimes work against our own best interests and purposes. Psychotherapy can be a mirror into the soul, enabling access to one's potential for healing, growth, and empowerment. I utilize a variety of modalities, including CBT and DBT informed interventions, Emotion Focused therapy, Interpersonal and psychodynamic theories and interventions to address anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties , and, problem solving in all realms. As an RN and LCSW-C I have many years experience. I welcome adults of all ages.
The human mind is an amazing entity, its capacity unparalleled, and yet we sometimes work against our own best interests and purposes. Psychotherapy can be a mirror into the soul, enabling access to one's potential for healing, growth, and empowerment. I utilize a variety of modalities, including CBT and DBT informed interventions, Emotion Focused therapy, Interpersonal and psychodynamic theories and interventions to address anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties , and, problem solving in all realms. As an RN and LCSW-C I have many years experience. I welcome adults of all ages.
(443) 272-4156 View (443) 272-4156
Photo of Andrew B. Bertell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Andrew B. Bertell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21211
As a lifelong learner, I have years of eclectic training, though I draw most from relational psychodynamic/analytic psychology.
Hello and thank you for visiting my profile. A decision to face what ails and challenges us, to commit to growing and making more of our own happiness and fulfillment is a distinctly personal one. And it is one that I would be glad to partner in with you.
As a lifelong learner, I have years of eclectic training, though I draw most from relational psychodynamic/analytic psychology.
Hello and thank you for visiting my profile. A decision to face what ails and challenges us, to commit to growing and making more of our own happiness and fulfillment is a distinctly personal one. And it is one that I would be glad to partner in with you.
(443) 666-3249 View (443) 666-3249
Photo of Empower You Therapy LLC, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Empower You Therapy LLC
Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21218  (Online Only)
Specializing in the use of evidence-based interventions, Helen uses a psychodynamic, person-centered, and compassionate approach to helping clients feel more empowered.
My ideal client may be struggling with ADHD, emerging adulthood, identity, life transitions and career concerns that have kept them stuck. They may have anxiety and/or depression which negatively impacts the relationship with themselves and others but are wanting to feel more empowered in life. I support individuals seeking to improve and deepen the quality of the relationship to self and others.
Specializing in the use of evidence-based interventions, Helen uses a psychodynamic, person-centered, and compassionate approach to helping clients feel more empowered.
My ideal client may be struggling with ADHD, emerging adulthood, identity, life transitions and career concerns that have kept them stuck. They may have anxiety and/or depression which negatively impacts the relationship with themselves and others but are wanting to feel more empowered in life. I support individuals seeking to improve and deepen the quality of the relationship to self and others.
(410) 346-3650 View (410) 346-3650
Photo of Courtney McCubbin, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Courtney McCubbin
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21201
My therapeutic approach is psychodynamic, integrative, and intuitive.
Your past experiences do not define you! We can learn and grow through every experience--no matter how challenging or painful it might be. In the therapy room, I create a loving, safe space to truly explore your deepest inner workings, dreams, past hurts, desires, difficult feelings, and hopes for the future. I work with individuals, couples, and groups to help you become your best self and heal from experiences you may be struggling to overcome. Together we will build your capacity to be in relationship to yourself and others--to play, to grieve, to love, and to feel all your feelings.
My therapeutic approach is psychodynamic, integrative, and intuitive.
Your past experiences do not define you! We can learn and grow through every experience--no matter how challenging or painful it might be. In the therapy room, I create a loving, safe space to truly explore your deepest inner workings, dreams, past hurts, desires, difficult feelings, and hopes for the future. I work with individuals, couples, and groups to help you become your best self and heal from experiences you may be struggling to overcome. Together we will build your capacity to be in relationship to yourself and others--to play, to grieve, to love, and to feel all your feelings.
(301) 215-3063 View (301) 215-3063
Photo of Hannah Rose, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Hannah Rose
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210  (Online Only)
Using an insight-oriented and psychodynamic approach, we help our patients to navigate through their journey into wellness.
Hi there! I founded and run Rose Wellness, a private practice that is fully virtual and catering to Maryland clients. Our clinicians have a variety of specialties which can be seen on our website, including but not limited to depression & anxiety, relationships, substance use, LGBTQIA+ and gender affirming care, with clinicians who are trauma-informed, trained in EMDR, and treat children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults. While I no longer accept new clients, we have 16 incredible therapists here at Rose Wellness, one of whom may be the right fit for you! www.rosewellnesscounseling.com/team
Using an insight-oriented and psychodynamic approach, we help our patients to navigate through their journey into wellness.
Hi there! I founded and run Rose Wellness, a private practice that is fully virtual and catering to Maryland clients. Our clinicians have a variety of specialties which can be seen on our website, including but not limited to depression & anxiety, relationships, substance use, LGBTQIA+ and gender affirming care, with clinicians who are trauma-informed, trained in EMDR, and treat children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults. While I no longer accept new clients, we have 16 incredible therapists here at Rose Wellness, one of whom may be the right fit for you! www.rosewellnesscounseling.com/team
(443) 991-8205 View (443) 991-8205
Photo of Eliza Pelton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Eliza Pelton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210
My practice draws on the evidence-based approaches of Psychodynamic Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Mindfulness.
My goal is to help you identify your needs, plan and act for positive change, and create balance in your life. During our sessions, I strive to empower and support you while helping you build the tools to manage stressful life events and reach your goals. Most importantly, I will meet you where you are (mentally and emotionally) and personalize therapy to your needs. I have experience across a broad spectrum of topics and specialize in treating eating disorders, substance use, anxiety, depression, and mood disorders.
My practice draws on the evidence-based approaches of Psychodynamic Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Mindfulness.
My goal is to help you identify your needs, plan and act for positive change, and create balance in your life. During our sessions, I strive to empower and support you while helping you build the tools to manage stressful life events and reach your goals. Most importantly, I will meet you where you are (mentally and emotionally) and personalize therapy to your needs. I have experience across a broad spectrum of topics and specialize in treating eating disorders, substance use, anxiety, depression, and mood disorders.
(443) 596-6895 View (443) 596-6895
Photo of Jess Dunn, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Jess Dunn
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21230
My style of therapy is a mixture psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapeutic techniques.
----NO LONGER ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS. WILL UPDATE WHEN AVAILABLE.----- Maybe you are suffering, but are not sure why or have trouble speaking about it. Perhaps you've noticed that you keep repeating the same patterns, but are not certain how. I have worked for over eight years with people suffering from a range of symptoms, those who have suffered with trauma and loss, and those dealing with problems in loving and/or working. I enjoy working with those who identify as LGBT+, queer or kinky, with racial, ethnic, and religious minority individuals, and those from a range of socio-economic backgrounds.
My style of therapy is a mixture psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapeutic techniques.
----NO LONGER ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS. WILL UPDATE WHEN AVAILABLE.----- Maybe you are suffering, but are not sure why or have trouble speaking about it. Perhaps you've noticed that you keep repeating the same patterns, but are not certain how. I have worked for over eight years with people suffering from a range of symptoms, those who have suffered with trauma and loss, and those dealing with problems in loving and/or working. I enjoy working with those who identify as LGBT+, queer or kinky, with racial, ethnic, and religious minority individuals, and those from a range of socio-economic backgrounds.
(410) 983-3306 View (410) 983-3306
Photo of Louis Blasetti, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Louis Blasetti
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21211
My approach to therapy is eclectic and combines person-centered, solution focused, psychodynamic, and behavioral practices.
My goal is to create an approachable and non-judgemental environment, in which you can discuss any concerns you may have. Maybe you need support in a recent life transition? Maybe you are experiencing intrusive or racing thoughts? Maybe issues from the past keep affecting your present day? Maybe you just came out to your family? I want to create a space in which you feel you are able to process these events.
My approach to therapy is eclectic and combines person-centered, solution focused, psychodynamic, and behavioral practices.
My goal is to create an approachable and non-judgemental environment, in which you can discuss any concerns you may have. Maybe you need support in a recent life transition? Maybe you are experiencing intrusive or racing thoughts? Maybe issues from the past keep affecting your present day? Maybe you just came out to your family? I want to create a space in which you feel you are able to process these events.
(443) 552-5143 View (443) 552-5143
Photo of Maggie J Welling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Maggie J Welling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21230
Looking for a down to earth, inclusive therapist who celebrates authenticity? Collaboratively and through a trauma informed lens we will work together to support you with healing, self growth, and self love. I will also provide tangible coping and management skills to take far beyond the therapy room. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, & sport psychology. I incorporate elements from Psychodynamic Therapy, CBT, ACT & Somatic Practices for a holistic therapeutic approach. I received my Master's from Columbia University & currently completing certifications for Somatic Trauma Release & Sports Clinical Social Work.
Looking for a down to earth, inclusive therapist who celebrates authenticity? Collaboratively and through a trauma informed lens we will work together to support you with healing, self growth, and self love. I will also provide tangible coping and management skills to take far beyond the therapy room. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, & sport psychology. I incorporate elements from Psychodynamic Therapy, CBT, ACT & Somatic Practices for a holistic therapeutic approach. I received my Master's from Columbia University & currently completing certifications for Somatic Trauma Release & Sports Clinical Social Work.
(443) 448-8733 View (443) 448-8733
Photo of Richard A Koch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Richard A Koch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21210  (Online Only)
Psychoeducational and Psychodynamic approaches are used with other techniques.
Stress is at all time highs. Anxiety, depression and adjusting to stress are on the rise in a difficult world. It is important to know how to cope in this complex world. With the support of therapy, one can find relief, answers and solutions to difficult life situations. In practice since 1991 working with diverse populations with experience in Private Practice, Clinic Practice, Crisis Intervention, Consultation and Liaison in Hospital settings and Private Nonprofits has given me experiences with a variety of circumstances people encounter. Please contact me via email.
Psychoeducational and Psychodynamic approaches are used with other techniques.
Stress is at all time highs. Anxiety, depression and adjusting to stress are on the rise in a difficult world. It is important to know how to cope in this complex world. With the support of therapy, one can find relief, answers and solutions to difficult life situations. In practice since 1991 working with diverse populations with experience in Private Practice, Clinic Practice, Crisis Intervention, Consultation and Liaison in Hospital settings and Private Nonprofits has given me experiences with a variety of circumstances people encounter. Please contact me via email.
(443) 378-3513 View (443) 378-3513
Photo of Dr. Rebecca Silver, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Dr. Rebecca Silver
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21211
I have been working with teenagers and adults for over 15 years and have expertise in the approaches of psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, interpersonal, relational, and trauma-based/attachment therapies.
Have you been feeling stressed, sad, stuck, lost and/or anxious? In therapy, we can create healing and inner peace by increasing self awareness and enhancing skills to soothe intense emotions/symptoms that accompany complex life stressors. I specialize in the areas of anxiety, infertility, parenting challenges, relationship/marital conflict, and childhood/adult trauma. I'm a compassionate listener who will challenge problematic ways of thinking/being with intention, humor, and warmth. Together, we'll explore past experiences, process ongoing struggles, and work collaboratively to maximize your emotional wellness and personal growth.
I have been working with teenagers and adults for over 15 years and have expertise in the approaches of psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, interpersonal, relational, and trauma-based/attachment therapies.
Have you been feeling stressed, sad, stuck, lost and/or anxious? In therapy, we can create healing and inner peace by increasing self awareness and enhancing skills to soothe intense emotions/symptoms that accompany complex life stressors. I specialize in the areas of anxiety, infertility, parenting challenges, relationship/marital conflict, and childhood/adult trauma. I'm a compassionate listener who will challenge problematic ways of thinking/being with intention, humor, and warmth. Together, we'll explore past experiences, process ongoing struggles, and work collaboratively to maximize your emotional wellness and personal growth.
(443) 231-3220 View (443) 231-3220
Photo of Tracy Hunt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Tracy Hunt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21214
My therapeutic style is influenced by psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based approaches to healing.
The journey of life can lead us to challenging spaces and take unexpected turns. You may find yourself needing support, direction, or relief. Therapy maybe just the support you need to guide you through your experiences. It’s a safe space that promotes healing and growth.
My therapeutic style is influenced by psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based approaches to healing.
The journey of life can lead us to challenging spaces and take unexpected turns. You may find yourself needing support, direction, or relief. Therapy maybe just the support you need to guide you through your experiences. It’s a safe space that promotes healing and growth.
(410) 941-3829 View (410) 941-3829
Photo of Melissa Weaver, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Melissa Weaver
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21211
Each of us experiences life’s struggles or can get stuck in patterns that limit our emotional freedom and joy. I welcome the opportunity to act as a guide to support, create safe space, and provide objective feedback and gentle nudging out of the comfort zone that’s limiting your fullest potential. Through insight-oriented, psychodynamic, and cross-cultural lenses, my goal is to empower you to gain greater self-awareness, overcome challenges and enhance your quality of life. I utilize a holistic approach to help you process and feel your feelings while you remain open to self-reflection and the willingness to implement new changes.
Each of us experiences life’s struggles or can get stuck in patterns that limit our emotional freedom and joy. I welcome the opportunity to act as a guide to support, create safe space, and provide objective feedback and gentle nudging out of the comfort zone that’s limiting your fullest potential. Through insight-oriented, psychodynamic, and cross-cultural lenses, my goal is to empower you to gain greater self-awareness, overcome challenges and enhance your quality of life. I utilize a holistic approach to help you process and feel your feelings while you remain open to self-reflection and the willingness to implement new changes.
(410) 220-1148 View (410) 220-1148
Photo of Lauren Marks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Lauren Marks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21230
I use a mixture of mindfulness-based techniques, brainspotting, psychodynamic therapy, & attachment interventions to help you make sense of your past & take ownership of your future.
Brainspotting spots available- Do you feel stuck? Do you suffer from anxiety? Do you have a phobia that you want to move past but don't know how? Do you have writers block or feel that you have lost your sense of creativity? Do you want to try something new and find relief from past traumas or daily life stressors? Brainspotting is an effective modality to work on all of the above and more!
I use a mixture of mindfulness-based techniques, brainspotting, psychodynamic therapy, & attachment interventions to help you make sense of your past & take ownership of your future.
Brainspotting spots available- Do you feel stuck? Do you suffer from anxiety? Do you have a phobia that you want to move past but don't know how? Do you have writers block or feel that you have lost your sense of creativity? Do you want to try something new and find relief from past traumas or daily life stressors? Brainspotting is an effective modality to work on all of the above and more!
(443) 552-5977 View (443) 552-5977
Photo of John Magee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
John Magee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21212
I draw from many different theories and modalities such as attachment theory, psychodynamic theory, and mindfulness practices (both of body and mind).
I am a Certified Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have been practicing for over 10 years. I work mainly with adults experiencing including anxiety and mood disorders, trauma (including PTSD), psychosis, substance abuse, or more general life and relational stressors. I believe in a person-centered approach, providing a non-judgmental, safe space to work on identifying root causes of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors and to develop an awareness into a healthier, more integrative sense of self and of the world.
I draw from many different theories and modalities such as attachment theory, psychodynamic theory, and mindfulness practices (both of body and mind).
I am a Certified Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have been practicing for over 10 years. I work mainly with adults experiencing including anxiety and mood disorders, trauma (including PTSD), psychosis, substance abuse, or more general life and relational stressors. I believe in a person-centered approach, providing a non-judgmental, safe space to work on identifying root causes of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors and to develop an awareness into a healthier, more integrative sense of self and of the world.
(410) 936-7259 View (410) 936-7259
Photo of Levi Y. Breuer, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Levi Y. Breuer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21208
I draw from principles of psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, dialectical behavioral and attachment theories and I am client centered.
As a psychologist my number one goal is to approach you with acceptance, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. Through my work as a psychologist I have come to believe in the capacity of people to change. I welcome individuals that are questioning why their own attempts to improve the quality of their lives is not working. Often there can be mixed feelings about change. I recognize that change is difficult. I feel that self exploration is a challenge that often requires courage and risk.
I draw from principles of psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, dialectical behavioral and attachment theories and I am client centered.
As a psychologist my number one goal is to approach you with acceptance, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. Through my work as a psychologist I have come to believe in the capacity of people to change. I welcome individuals that are questioning why their own attempts to improve the quality of their lives is not working. Often there can be mixed feelings about change. I recognize that change is difficult. I feel that self exploration is a challenge that often requires courage and risk.
(410) 695-6178 View (410) 695-6178
Photo of Rose Wellness, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Rose Wellness
Counselor, MS, ACRPS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21224  (Online Only)
Using an insight-oriented & psychodynamic approach, we help our patients to navigate through their journey into wellness.
At Rose Wellness, our clinicians have a variety of specialties which include depression & anxiety, relationships, substance use, LGBTQIA+ and gender affirming care, and who are trauma-informed, trained in EMDR, and treat children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults. We currently have 17 amazing therapists, and most are in network with Carefirst, United, Aetna, Cigna, and Medicaid.
Using an insight-oriented & psychodynamic approach, we help our patients to navigate through their journey into wellness.
At Rose Wellness, our clinicians have a variety of specialties which include depression & anxiety, relationships, substance use, LGBTQIA+ and gender affirming care, and who are trauma-informed, trained in EMDR, and treat children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults. We currently have 17 amazing therapists, and most are in network with Carefirst, United, Aetna, Cigna, and Medicaid.
(443) 323-2059 View (443) 323-2059
Photo of Nicole Martyn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Nicole Martyn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21224  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I lean toward a psychodynamic orientation, and integrate techniques and concepts from cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, IFS and EMDR therapies.
I believe the first and most sacred job of a therapist is to create a safe, nurturing space where you are fully seen and heard. From that space, I will walk with you along your path of growth and healing, helping to guide you on your journey.
I lean toward a psychodynamic orientation, and integrate techniques and concepts from cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, IFS and EMDR therapies.
I believe the first and most sacred job of a therapist is to create a safe, nurturing space where you are fully seen and heard. From that space, I will walk with you along your path of growth and healing, helping to guide you on your journey.
(443) 991-8192 View (443) 991-8192
Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.