Existential Therapists in Newtown Square, PA

Photo of Dr. Arthur Dalton, Psychologist in Newtown Square, PA
Dr. Arthur Dalton
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newtown Square, PA 19073
After struggling with anxiety or depression for long enough, you may start to feel stuck. Anxiety and depression can make us think and act in ways that ironically leave us feeling even more anxious and depressed, creating a kind of "vicious cycle." Fortunately, advances in evidence-based therapies have given rise to interventions that can reliably interrupt this cycle, so you can stop struggling and start living.
After struggling with anxiety or depression for long enough, you may start to feel stuck. Anxiety and depression can make us think and act in ways that ironically leave us feeling even more anxious and depressed, creating a kind of "vicious cycle." Fortunately, advances in evidence-based therapies have given rise to interventions that can reliably interrupt this cycle, so you can stop struggling and start living.
(484) 749-0745 View (484) 749-0745
Photo of Laura Wozniak, Pre-Licensed Professional in Newtown Square, PA
Laura Wozniak
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Newtown Square, PA 19073
Life is full of seasons. Joy and sorrow, success and failure, pleasure and pain. These are the seasons of the human experience. And although we can’t always control our circumstances, we can choose to step back, take a breath and look at our situations under a new light. I provide the safe and supportive space for you to do just that. I work with adults and adolescents who want to reconnect with their inner wisdom and resiliency, and break free from daily suffering. Our therapy sessions will help you to understand and make meaning of your past experiences and present day struggles, so that you can turn them into strengths.
Life is full of seasons. Joy and sorrow, success and failure, pleasure and pain. These are the seasons of the human experience. And although we can’t always control our circumstances, we can choose to step back, take a breath and look at our situations under a new light. I provide the safe and supportive space for you to do just that. I work with adults and adolescents who want to reconnect with their inner wisdom and resiliency, and break free from daily suffering. Our therapy sessions will help you to understand and make meaning of your past experiences and present day struggles, so that you can turn them into strengths.
(484) 246-7958 View (484) 246-7958
Photo of Maternal Mental Health Provider Laura Khan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Newtown Square, PA
Maternal Mental Health Provider Laura Khan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Newtown Square, PA 19073  (Online Only)
I am a maternal mental health provider, working with moms who are longing for something more. Perhaps motherhood has found you feeling depressed, anxious, or overwhelmed with all your responsibilities. Perhaps you wonder if you’re doing this whole motherhood thing right and you worry about your future relationship with your children. Motherhood can be lonely, and I would love to journey alongside you using art therapy and counseling to help uncover patterns that keep you stuck. Your past doesn’t have to repeat as you parent your children. I can teach you tools to manage your emotions, build community, and THRIVE in motherhood.
I am a maternal mental health provider, working with moms who are longing for something more. Perhaps motherhood has found you feeling depressed, anxious, or overwhelmed with all your responsibilities. Perhaps you wonder if you’re doing this whole motherhood thing right and you worry about your future relationship with your children. Motherhood can be lonely, and I would love to journey alongside you using art therapy and counseling to help uncover patterns that keep you stuck. Your past doesn’t have to repeat as you parent your children. I can teach you tools to manage your emotions, build community, and THRIVE in motherhood.
(412) 910-2784 View (412) 910-2784
Photo of Chris Joseph Farrell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
Chris Joseph Farrell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newtown Square, PA 19073
I have been doing this work for 25 years. I have gained a lot of experience in that time. I draw from a lot of my own personal experience as well as all the people that I have worked with over the years. I have a background in Jungian Psychology. I feel that the human spirit is an important component to consider in therapy. People come to therapy because they are not happy. I see my job as helping my clients discover the blocks to their happiness and helping them to remove these blocks. The goal of therapy, I believe, is to become happy and to find joy, fulfillment and meaning in life.
I have been doing this work for 25 years. I have gained a lot of experience in that time. I draw from a lot of my own personal experience as well as all the people that I have worked with over the years. I have a background in Jungian Psychology. I feel that the human spirit is an important component to consider in therapy. People come to therapy because they are not happy. I see my job as helping my clients discover the blocks to their happiness and helping them to remove these blocks. The goal of therapy, I believe, is to become happy and to find joy, fulfillment and meaning in life.
(484) 209-1295 View (484) 209-1295
Photo of Momentum Counseling & Coaching LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Newtown Square, PA
Momentum Counseling & Coaching LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CEDS-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newtown Square, PA 19073
"Sometimes the smallest step in the right direction ends up being the biggest step of your life. Tip toe if you must, but take the step." You always have the capacity to live your life to its fullest potential. The team at Momentum Counseling & Coaching work closely with their clients to help them uncover their authentic self and start living the life they deserve. We encourage our clients to draw on their strengths and talents, as well as to develop intuitiveness, support, daily structure and coping skills. Therapy in a supportive environment has the potential to heal and guide clients to long term changes.
"Sometimes the smallest step in the right direction ends up being the biggest step of your life. Tip toe if you must, but take the step." You always have the capacity to live your life to its fullest potential. The team at Momentum Counseling & Coaching work closely with their clients to help them uncover their authentic self and start living the life they deserve. We encourage our clients to draw on their strengths and talents, as well as to develop intuitiveness, support, daily structure and coping skills. Therapy in a supportive environment has the potential to heal and guide clients to long term changes.
(610) 816-6111 View (610) 816-6111
Photo of Tom Meredith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Newtown Square, PA
Tom Meredith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CAADC
Verified Verified
Newtown Square, PA 19073
Are you looking for someone with whom you can have an open, honest, direct, and thoughtful conversation about whatever matters most to you? Someone who will listen carefully and attentively to you? Someone who will engage you in warm, candid, and supportive dialogue in ways that encourage you and help you to grow as a person? Someone who will help you to repair whatever has been ruptured in your life? If so, we would likely work well together! At the most basic level, therapy is an opportunity to make an intentional connection with each other in order to bring about greater awareness and understanding, and, ultimately, healing.
Are you looking for someone with whom you can have an open, honest, direct, and thoughtful conversation about whatever matters most to you? Someone who will listen carefully and attentively to you? Someone who will engage you in warm, candid, and supportive dialogue in ways that encourage you and help you to grow as a person? Someone who will help you to repair whatever has been ruptured in your life? If so, we would likely work well together! At the most basic level, therapy is an opportunity to make an intentional connection with each other in order to bring about greater awareness and understanding, and, ultimately, healing.
(610) 995-6734 View (610) 995-6734
Photo of Nicholas G DeMaria, Licensed Professional Counselor in Newtown Square, PA
Nicholas G DeMaria
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Newtown Square, PA 19073
Do you feel like you need to take a closer look at your life? Maybe something doesn't feel quite right, and you're looking for guidance to identify and overcome that challenge. Therapy with me is a process which involves examining your feelings and experiences to illuminate a path to a better quality of life. Getting the help you need through therapy can be courageous and empowering. It would be my privilege to help light the way forward for you.
Do you feel like you need to take a closer look at your life? Maybe something doesn't feel quite right, and you're looking for guidance to identify and overcome that challenge. Therapy with me is a process which involves examining your feelings and experiences to illuminate a path to a better quality of life. Getting the help you need through therapy can be courageous and empowering. It would be my privilege to help light the way forward for you.
(610) 600-6461 View (610) 600-6461
Photo of The Wellness Center at Grace Lutheran Church, Marriage & Family Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
The Wellness Center at Grace Lutheran Church
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Newtown Square, PA 19073
At the Wellness Center of Grace Lutheran Church, we help people from all backgrounds navigate life's turning points and challenges. We are licensed and professionally trained clinicians who combine the wisdom, insights, and best evidence based practices of psychological and spiritual care in order to provide holistic healing and care for your mind, body, and spirit. We are an inclusive practice where everyone can discover a renewed sense of identity, belonging, and purpose.
At the Wellness Center of Grace Lutheran Church, we help people from all backgrounds navigate life's turning points and challenges. We are licensed and professionally trained clinicians who combine the wisdom, insights, and best evidence based practices of psychological and spiritual care in order to provide holistic healing and care for your mind, body, and spirit. We are an inclusive practice where everyone can discover a renewed sense of identity, belonging, and purpose.
(610) 859-4162 View (610) 859-4162
Photo of Cynthia Burke McPherson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
Cynthia Burke McPherson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newtown Square, PA 19073
Feeling overwhelmed despite your best efforts? Are you questioning your path or purpose or experiencing self- doubt? Clients come to see me for a variety of reasons including navigating a difficult life transition, recovering from a painful heartbreak, loss or trauma, parenting support or simply longing for more self awareness and to improve their relationships or marriages. I enjoy working with motivated clients to identify obstacles and barriers that hinder their personal growth. It's hard to see possibilities when you are overwhelmed. That's where I come in. Call me and let's discuss what success looks like for you.
Feeling overwhelmed despite your best efforts? Are you questioning your path or purpose or experiencing self- doubt? Clients come to see me for a variety of reasons including navigating a difficult life transition, recovering from a painful heartbreak, loss or trauma, parenting support or simply longing for more self awareness and to improve their relationships or marriages. I enjoy working with motivated clients to identify obstacles and barriers that hinder their personal growth. It's hard to see possibilities when you are overwhelmed. That's where I come in. Call me and let's discuss what success looks like for you.
(610) 726-0782 View (610) 726-0782
Photo of Stephanie Brooks Pirozzi | Meyerbrook Counseling , Licensed Professional Counselor in Newtown Square, PA
Stephanie Brooks Pirozzi | Meyerbrook Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Newtown Square, PA 19073
“You’ve always had the power, you just had to learn it for yourself.” These famous words echo a universal truth; no matter what your life experience, personal power lies at the heart of who you are. As a holistic, strength-based therapist, I understand how all aspects of self - mind, body and essence - work together to access inner wisdom and inspire the best version of you. I work with adolescents, adults and families in the treatment of depression, anxiety, mood dysregulation, grief and relational problems to help identify and dismantle disruptive thought and behavior patterns that get the way of living your best life.
“You’ve always had the power, you just had to learn it for yourself.” These famous words echo a universal truth; no matter what your life experience, personal power lies at the heart of who you are. As a holistic, strength-based therapist, I understand how all aspects of self - mind, body and essence - work together to access inner wisdom and inspire the best version of you. I work with adolescents, adults and families in the treatment of depression, anxiety, mood dysregulation, grief and relational problems to help identify and dismantle disruptive thought and behavior patterns that get the way of living your best life.
(484) 218-5445 View (484) 218-5445
Photo of Lillian Rozin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
Lillian Rozin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CYT, MFA
Verified Verified
Newtown Square, PA 19073
Thank you for considering me as your therapist! I am very interactive, utilize humor, my own experience, and a lot of mindfulness in my approach. I am trained in yoga and other meditation techniques, and often integrate that background into the therapeutic process. I believe that you are the expert of yourself, and my role is to accompany you in recognizing and owning that. I will help you not only understand why you are suffering, but also learn tools from many different traditions for dealing with life's challenges. I specialize in helping motivated people navigate the challenging changes in life.
Thank you for considering me as your therapist! I am very interactive, utilize humor, my own experience, and a lot of mindfulness in my approach. I am trained in yoga and other meditation techniques, and often integrate that background into the therapeutic process. I believe that you are the expert of yourself, and my role is to accompany you in recognizing and owning that. I will help you not only understand why you are suffering, but also learn tools from many different traditions for dealing with life's challenges. I specialize in helping motivated people navigate the challenging changes in life.
(484) 255-4676 View (484) 255-4676
Photo of Arielle Ettinger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
Arielle Ettinger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newtown Square, PA 19073  (Online Only)
I utilize a psychodynamic and relational approach to therapy, greatly valuing the therapeutic relationship built together as an important place for understanding to begin and healing to occur. I aim to provide a supportive space to build a deeper personal understanding of yourself and exploring how early life experiences and relationships support or bring obstacles to present day life. Together, we can work to rediscover the value in all of the unique parts of yourself, and gain the capacity to experience, feel, and safely regulate difficult emotions, working towards living a more authentic and vibrant life.
I utilize a psychodynamic and relational approach to therapy, greatly valuing the therapeutic relationship built together as an important place for understanding to begin and healing to occur. I aim to provide a supportive space to build a deeper personal understanding of yourself and exploring how early life experiences and relationships support or bring obstacles to present day life. Together, we can work to rediscover the value in all of the unique parts of yourself, and gain the capacity to experience, feel, and safely regulate difficult emotions, working towards living a more authentic and vibrant life.
(484) 214-2267 View (484) 214-2267
Photo of Bridget Carango, Licensed Professional Counselor in Newtown Square, PA
Bridget Carango
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Newtown Square, PA 19073
I believe in cultivating an honest and secure relationship between myself and each client. We will pay attention to relevant interpersonal dynamics that present themselves throughout our therapeutic work. Our prior experiences and significant events greatly impact the way that we relate to others and connect to the world. This can make it difficult to be transparent and vulnerable in therapy. We will first work collaboratively to establish trust and set expectations for our therapeutic work.
I believe in cultivating an honest and secure relationship between myself and each client. We will pay attention to relevant interpersonal dynamics that present themselves throughout our therapeutic work. Our prior experiences and significant events greatly impact the way that we relate to others and connect to the world. This can make it difficult to be transparent and vulnerable in therapy. We will first work collaboratively to establish trust and set expectations for our therapeutic work.
(484) 552-9237 View (484) 552-9237
Photo of Karina Suero, Marriage & Family Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
Karina Suero
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Newtown Square, PA 19073
Being a parent seems harder everyday. After trying everything, nothing seems to work. It feels helpless. Is there anything you can do? If your child seems to be living in other world, where there is no space for you, we need to find a way to reach out. If your child is out of control, leaving the house and/or being aggressive, we need to think what can be done. If your child is cutting, or increasingly more isolated, your influence is very, very important. Call me and let’s explore solutions. Together.
Being a parent seems harder everyday. After trying everything, nothing seems to work. It feels helpless. Is there anything you can do? If your child seems to be living in other world, where there is no space for you, we need to find a way to reach out. If your child is out of control, leaving the house and/or being aggressive, we need to think what can be done. If your child is cutting, or increasingly more isolated, your influence is very, very important. Call me and let’s explore solutions. Together.
(484) 441-0508 View (484) 441-0508

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Dr. Carolyn Saligman, Psychologist in Newtown Square, PA
Dr. Carolyn Saligman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004
Research & practice in the field of stress, resilience & coping since 1995 informs my work with these and other existential issues through examining beliefs, motivations and values to gain clarity on what matters most.
I am a licensed psychologist with 25 years in clinical practice working with adults of all ages and backgrounds. My practice is located in Philadelphia where I work with a broad range of problems including anxiety, mood and adjustment disorders, interpersonal problems, attention, avoidance, overuse of screens, technology, substances & other problem behaviors. My strength is in helping clients to better understand, face & manage problems through a wide range of evidence-based treatments - with short-term focus on reducing symptoms and ultimately, increased confidence and motivation to make changes that lead to better functioning.
Research & practice in the field of stress, resilience & coping since 1995 informs my work with these and other existential issues through examining beliefs, motivations and values to gain clarity on what matters most.
I am a licensed psychologist with 25 years in clinical practice working with adults of all ages and backgrounds. My practice is located in Philadelphia where I work with a broad range of problems including anxiety, mood and adjustment disorders, interpersonal problems, attention, avoidance, overuse of screens, technology, substances & other problem behaviors. My strength is in helping clients to better understand, face & manage problems through a wide range of evidence-based treatments - with short-term focus on reducing symptoms and ultimately, increased confidence and motivation to make changes that lead to better functioning.
(215) 995-5060 View (215) 995-5060
Photo of Joshua Bowman, Counselor in Newtown Square, PA
Joshua Bowman
Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Havertown, PA 19083
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience working with clients of all ages on the issues that separate them from meaningful connection with themselves and others. I enjoy working with individuals, families, and groups, and I take an existential approach to dealing with anxiety, depression, and trauma-related disorders. As a counselor, I believe in the intrinsic worth of each human being and I would like to offer my assistance and support in helping to empower you to achieve your highest self. (As of today 5/22/24 I have openings in my schedule as soon as Thursday 5/30/24). Become ALIVE groups (ages14-17) starting soon.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience working with clients of all ages on the issues that separate them from meaningful connection with themselves and others. I enjoy working with individuals, families, and groups, and I take an existential approach to dealing with anxiety, depression, and trauma-related disorders. As a counselor, I believe in the intrinsic worth of each human being and I would like to offer my assistance and support in helping to empower you to achieve your highest self. (As of today 5/22/24 I have openings in my schedule as soon as Thursday 5/30/24). Become ALIVE groups (ages14-17) starting soon.
(717) 470-7458 View (717) 470-7458
Photo of A. Maria Marcelin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
A. Maria Marcelin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Media, PA 19063
I work collaboratively to address shame and suffering resulting from abuse, neglect, erasure, and power imbalances, including invisible/marginalized identities, moral injury and existential dread.
We’re in an age of overwhelm. I help clients develop healthy self-compassion as they balance responsibilities and relationships with the cumulative stress of unresolved traumas and/or the current economic, political, and environmental crises. When we explore patterns in our boundaries, families, and relationships, we can reveal deeper truths and unmet needs, and are empowered to make changes that promote safety and reduce the feeling of being stuck. It is important that you feel heard by a professional who supports you. Third Culture Kids, nomads, fish out of water, and micro-minorities welcome. We will create context.
I work collaboratively to address shame and suffering resulting from abuse, neglect, erasure, and power imbalances, including invisible/marginalized identities, moral injury and existential dread.
We’re in an age of overwhelm. I help clients develop healthy self-compassion as they balance responsibilities and relationships with the cumulative stress of unresolved traumas and/or the current economic, political, and environmental crises. When we explore patterns in our boundaries, families, and relationships, we can reveal deeper truths and unmet needs, and are empowered to make changes that promote safety and reduce the feeling of being stuck. It is important that you feel heard by a professional who supports you. Third Culture Kids, nomads, fish out of water, and micro-minorities welcome. We will create context.
(215) 273-3340 View (215) 273-3340
Photo of Lauren Dicair, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
Lauren Dicair
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MEd
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Broomall, PA 19008  (Online Only)
I connect best with adults who are seeking support with these topics areas: ACOA, long-distance relationships, grief and loss, life transitions, existential/spiritual crises, emotional effects of chronic illness, and immigration/acculturation.
At some point in our lives, we arrive at a crossroads where we realize that the ways in which we have been engaging in the world are no longer working for us. Our behaviors, values, and ways of thinking are so familiar and comfortable to us yet are simultaneously causing us grief and pain. We feel blocked from finding inner peace and reaching our full potential. The purpose of therapy is to help us recognize and work through these antiquated patterns so that we can start engaging with ourselves and the world around us in a fresh, new way that results in a healthier, happier, and more authentic life.
I connect best with adults who are seeking support with these topics areas: ACOA, long-distance relationships, grief and loss, life transitions, existential/spiritual crises, emotional effects of chronic illness, and immigration/acculturation.
At some point in our lives, we arrive at a crossroads where we realize that the ways in which we have been engaging in the world are no longer working for us. Our behaviors, values, and ways of thinking are so familiar and comfortable to us yet are simultaneously causing us grief and pain. We feel blocked from finding inner peace and reaching our full potential. The purpose of therapy is to help us recognize and work through these antiquated patterns so that we can start engaging with ourselves and the world around us in a fresh, new way that results in a healthier, happier, and more authentic life.
(484) 209-1365 View (484) 209-1365
Photo of Cameron O'Mara, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
Cameron O'Mara
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Verified Verified
Havertown, PA 19083  (Online Only)
Therapy creates a space in which you can openly explore your thoughts and feelings, try out new ideas, and make sense of past and present within a safe and supportive relationship. I see it as a source of understanding and empowerment - it allows us to better know ourselves and also to be ourselves in the world more fully and freely. I work with a variety of issues, including depression, anxiety, existential concerns, complex trauma, relationship difficulties, issues related to gender and sexuality, life transitions, and challenges that arise in academia. I welcome starting from either more immediate or long-term concerns.
Therapy creates a space in which you can openly explore your thoughts and feelings, try out new ideas, and make sense of past and present within a safe and supportive relationship. I see it as a source of understanding and empowerment - it allows us to better know ourselves and also to be ourselves in the world more fully and freely. I work with a variety of issues, including depression, anxiety, existential concerns, complex trauma, relationship difficulties, issues related to gender and sexuality, life transitions, and challenges that arise in academia. I welcome starting from either more immediate or long-term concerns.
(484) 254-5126 View (484) 254-5126
Photo of Joseph Kwak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newtown Square, PA
Joseph Kwak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAADC, CRPS
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Wayne, PA 19087
I am a Licensed Social Worker specializing in working with teens and adults experiencing issues around life stage transitions, self-esteem, existential crisis, and relational issues. I enjoy working with individuals who are motivated and curious to explore parts of themself which are often challenging to address ( like: guilt, shame, anger, inter-generational trauma). I have extensive experience working with clients in all levels of care addressing suicidality, addiction, self-harm, and sexual trauma. My therapeutic focus is to use system perspective and relational techniques to increase self-worth and self efficacy.
I am a Licensed Social Worker specializing in working with teens and adults experiencing issues around life stage transitions, self-esteem, existential crisis, and relational issues. I enjoy working with individuals who are motivated and curious to explore parts of themself which are often challenging to address ( like: guilt, shame, anger, inter-generational trauma). I have extensive experience working with clients in all levels of care addressing suicidality, addiction, self-harm, and sexual trauma. My therapeutic focus is to use system perspective and relational techniques to increase self-worth and self efficacy.
(484) 787-3305 View (484) 787-3305

See more therapy options for Newtown Square

Existential Therapists

How does existential therapy work?

Existential therapy focuses on a patient’s inner experiences. The therapist tries to help the individual comprehend and alleviate symptoms by exploring their interior life. By confronting negative disquiet and emotions, the individual will hopefully become more open to finding meaning and purpose. This therapy can be administered to individuals or groups.

Is existential therapy evidence-based?

Existential therapy is an evidence-based practice. Research has determined that existential therapy can lead to significant improvement in the mental health of patients, and for some people it can be just as effective as cognitive behavioral therapy. The benefits of existential therapy are enduring, even long after treatment has ended.

How long does existential therapy last?

The goal of existential therapy is to understand a person’s internal experiences, which may sound like a lengthy process, but it does not have to be so in-depth. However, sessions are not short-term, and therapy can continue for months or up to a year. And because patients learn the theory behind existential therapy during treatment, they can also practice its tenets throughout life after therapy sessions have been completed.

Is existential therapy effective?

According to research, many patients find success with existential therapy. Researchers note that the therapy is particularly useful in improving feelings of isolation, feelings of purposelessness, as well as conditions such as anxiety and depression. Improvements in problem areas can persist even after the end of existential therapy, as individuals can continue working on themselves by using the tools they’ve developed during treatment.